The problem of accumulating scientific knowledge, until recently, the beginning of practical work and modern valuation as a real warehouse part of the national wealth, has not yet been fully developed, regardless of those who formulated this problem. This is not from the primary ideas of classical political economy. This group of problems is often nicknamed a problem - a problem human capital. The development of human capital in the current economy transmits research on the problems of the huge economy to scientific and technological information, employing the labor force or highly qualified workers ii.
At the dawn of the development of machine production, if the production process required a private robot worker, having ended the role of an appendage of the machine, the accumulation of scientific knowledge in the production industry was reinforced by the knowledge and memory of other robot workers. Because of this, the appearance of machines in industrial processes has eliminated the increased qualifications of the most important part of their central participants, and has craved a mass replacement of skilled, qualified manual workers. With low-skilled robot workers, they are limited to a large number of private operations. Tim himself is a private worker for his functional role in the manufacturing process, and he himself was knowledgeable only about the position of the machine, as that's why so easily she successfully competed with him, keeping up with his production.
The root of the relationship between human and machine functions is the same as that of a machine. ontological The reason for the fact is that the theoretical doctrines that characterize the economic structure of the success of industrial technologies, go beyond the a priori economic equivalence of the living and institutionalized past, without putting the sum There is no legality of their equalization. However, the advent of the era of information technology may prompt the followers to radically reconsider this point of view, which in such a difficult time seemed natural and only possible.
Today's high-tech manufacturing processes, however, allow processors to forge elements of creative, intelligent technology, and themselves to perform the function of monitoring and controlling the operation of machines, and thus means that today’s proliferation no longer affects private workers, but universal workers, The general functions of any buildings must be eliminated unless the individual is completely blamed. Therefore, the inevitable consequence of the development of the information technology system will be the abolition of current outdated forms as a means of shackling people to their profession, and with it the ruination of the political system of private power sti.
At that very hour, the process is both trivial and extremely difficult, since the developments of science-based industrial processes, in general, do not prevent the working individual from completing private operations. As a butt, you can set the functions of the operator, which controls the direct robot of super-folding high-tech virtualization systems (for example, the EOM operator): this robot transfers visibility private a practitioner, and not a completely guilty individual, since it is based on not creative, but logical operations.
Due to the global changes that are unfolding before our eyes, the role of information is significantly increasing in the character, space and minds of everyday workers today. and qualifications. The current viral processes that take place in the most vulnerable parts of the world are expected to reach high levels literacy people to take part from them, so that until the creation of these people they can be drawn from the extra world, processed and fixed in a symbolic form with the information they need.
Relating a person’s literacy to their ability to read and write is a post-historical approach. There has been an hour in the history of mankind when just two skills were enough to be a literate person. However, today the number of skills necessary for full participation in normal reproductive processes is rapidly growing and becoming complex. The presence in an individual of a high level of awareness and intellectual development is a necessary change of mind before the processes of development, the technical and economic minds of which are consistent with a normal level. According to the words of K. Jaspers, humans themselves become one of the species of orchards that support the purpose of direct processing. This means that today's required principles are the methodological analysis of problems in the development of work force that the insurance company has created the information contained therein
The accumulation of human capital (information included in the workforce of highly qualified workers), as well as the accumulation of any scientific and technical information, is cumulative process, the side of which is described by logistic curves. The smells naturally arise in the process of tracking various phenomena that loom in the sphere of employment, unemployment, income and benefits.
Statistical data on the level of unemployment in various social groups based on the level of current education and qualifications, which is indicated in a number of recent publications, allows one to be inferred y in Fig. 5.8 level of probability of labor expenditure during an economic crisis by one or another healthcare worker (parameter R) from the aggregate investments of his human capital, generated over the course of his previous life (parameter G): It is a curved type of parabola, the legs of which are straight down, with a single point at the maximum.
It is true that spending work in times of crisis as a function of investment in human capital is subject to law normal to the bottom. Roughly speaking, the fairness of spending work for both a worker with a basic education and for an academician is small - it is maximum for people with unfinished or well-developed property (young teachers tsiv). This is one of the reasons for the sharp “rejuvenation” of unemployment in the countries, which is experiencing an economic crisis.
It's easy to understand that increase the designated normally distributed probability, which is expressed by the integral with a variable upper boundary, as a function of investment in human capital, can be well approximated to the logistic curve:
Small 5.8.Dependence of the probability of spending work on the total investment of human capital
In addition to the theoretical arrangement of the logistical nature of this storage, it is not important to note that the law declining productivity capital (changes in return on investment) must be paid to the equal world and before investment from human capital. Zokrema, the statistics of the guilty countries of the world show that spending on the production of average lighting brings a greater economic effect and pays off faster, less on the income, and the stink, in its own way, is efe active, spend less on retraining and advancing qualifications that are involved in miscem roboti. So, according to some estimates, the rate of return on investment in the average world is 11% in most countries, with the least in the range of 15-18%. The rate of return on investments will generally be set at 9% for large countries, and 13-16% for smaller countries. In this case, a pattern emerges in all groups of the region: the greater the zeal for enlightenment, the lower the return. So, for cob illumination it can reach 50-100%, for medium illumination - 15-20%.
The increasing productivity of human capital is closely related to the development and implementation of competent government policies in the field of education and science. Of course, the fact of declining productivity of human capital means that the achievement of formal literacy will bring a greater economic effect to prosperity, less than the preparation of superintellectuals for the evidence of non-literate people. population In fact, the very same law was dictated by the policy of the Cultural Revolution, introduced and implemented in our country during the first decade of the Radyan rule. A nation with the ability to read and write will, in the long term, be matched in technological development by a nation with the majority of the population unliterate, although in addition to the peculiarities of genius.
Respectfully, this formulation of the problem is fundamentally in line with the state's policy of enlightenment in most countries of the world (especially the guilty countries), the doctrine of enlightenment, adopted in our country and like the world є how I will carry out the meta-functioning of the system and not the preparation of fahivts for the people's rule, as it has always been, and satisfaction of intellectual needs with strengthened characteristics. However, it would be unreasonable to respect that the need for privacy in knowledge arises in the abstract and is independent of the need for survivability in qualified personnel. At the end of the day, with great illumination, the sphere of voluntary production (material and spiritual) is lost. Therefore, the nature and level of training of fakhivts in universities is determined by the needs of daily training.
The elaboration of logistic curves before describing the deposits that order the accumulation of human capital is based on the fact that a large part of the labor force of working individuals, which represents the totality of their knowledge, is There is no beginner, which characterizes their professional, background and cultural background, and the value - in other words, in part main capital, as opposed to working capital, which is not a “fund” in nature (stock), and "flow" (Flow). This idea, which lies at the basis of many modern theoretical approaches (zokrem, human capital theory), lies before the seminal ideas of classical political economics. Zokrema, A. Smith, looking at the creative potential of people as a warehouse part of the aggregate capital capital of a marriage: “The addition of such wealth, respectfully also replaces his volunteer with the pull of his training, the beginning of his apprenticeship, and the future of his life. є additional expenses, which are the main capital, as would be realized in his special features..." .
Much later, a similar idea was discovered by K. Marx, who means that the totality of the elements that characterize the existence of a person to the point of death, creates the stock of potential race. Marx lives the term Arbeitskraft, It is not entirely correct to translate it as “labor force”. Information that is included in the workforce of high qualifications and is a saved result of advanced work (knowledge, qualifications of the working individual, as well as his background and cultural wealth, which he can obtain at his leisure), is the main capital, which is not wasted immediately without surplus from the process of work created by this working individual, and transfer your passion in parts to the new product, to the point of complete moral destruction.
In this way, the sums that are advanced for the purchase of living goods cannot be fully included in working capital: according to the nature of the created part of the exchange capital is the fixed capital, and a part of this fixed capital is in the final stock And the work force is increasing more and more as the process of development The creation provides further benefits to the qualifications of working individuals and to the level of education. The very beginning of workers, increasing their qualifications (as saving a working day, which is necessary for the change of mind of this process) can be rightfully seen as the generation of the aggregate fixed capital of the suspense. stva.
Increasingly intensive efforts to address the problems of human capital creation indicate that the time has come for an ever-expanding view of investment in lighting scientific research as in the case of spending, the creation of beneficial sponukan is extremely poor in economic efficiency. The problem of the reduction of micro- and macroeconomic efficiency of investment in human capital is becoming an independent problem that deserves the utmost respect of economists.
The key point in monitoring regional and regional markets is the fact that these markets are divided into three distinct segments, each of which is characterized by distinct patterns and the logic of market dynamics. The approach is based on recognition of the fact that these three markets show three different types of fertility curves.
Significantly through c(t) more precisely the life of the working individual at the time t, and through i(t) Its direct investment in the creation of human capital. Let me go now at an hourly interval values are seen
Values / і With є average values are consistent with the function i(t)і c(t) at intervals or, based on my statistics, mathematical calculations of the types of continuously distributed variable values. To obtain adequate results, it is necessary that the interval If you finish it in a trivial way, because it is not due to the triviality of the entire labor career of an individual, then at least to the triviality of the industrial cycle (minimum - 5-6 jobs).
Variation curves that characterize the choice of a person between investments in human capital and current transactions, generated in coordinates (C, G), It's important to compete seriously obsessive separate resources.
The minimum price of living wages, which represents the entry of a working individual into a discriminatory labor market, is shown by the curve shown in Fig. 5.9. Optimal choice of companion, dot values A in Fig. 5.10 makes a minimal investment in human capital, which represents the level of awareness required to participate in technologically advanced manufacturing processes.
The famous investor, whose career began with the sale of bets for several soldos, maximizing his function of value, moving around the curve of virobial possibilities at a straight point A, indicated by the arrow in Fig. 5.9.
Because of the increasing price of living goods and, therefore, the total amount of resources that are distributed by the individual, the individual moves to a consistently normal market of goods, and the curve of his reproductive capabilities changes. so, as shown in Fig. 5.10. Cream to global optimum A, As indicated by the cost curve 1, the local maximum of the cost function arises IN, It is essential to invest in human capital, which allows an individual to work in the science-based sector of the economy.
Small 5.9. Investment choice of a partner: discriminatory
Small 5.10.Investment choice of a companion: a completely normal market
I have the utmost respect for those in whom the curve of creative potentiality (as it starts to fall monotonically) is not convex: the plot between the points Aі U in Fig. 5.10 shows the appreciation of the “dropouts”, whose investments in human capital have already reduced their ability to increase the flow rate, but still do not allow them to invest in an optimal return.
Further increase in the price of living goods will lead the individual to the so-called elite market, in which the creation of human capital plays a vital role. The growth potential curve, which indicates this segment of the market, is shown in Fig. 5.11. The optimal strategy for an individual in this market is to increase investment in human capital, which significantly outpaces the increase in flow-through obligations. A in Fig. 5.11). Although there is a local maximum of the korisnosti function, which is indicative of low-skilled work, as before the end (more often than not, it will not be completed), wine still flows correspond to the global maximum and the points of its closest surroundings. This fact is illustrated by Fig. 5.11 we note that the cost curve 1 lies further behind the cost curve 2, so it passes through the local optimum Art.
A fundamentally important point lies in the fact that there are three different types of curves of genetic possibilities, shown in Fig. 5.9-5.11, vary obligations total income, which is the total resources that are shared by a working individual between his current earnings and investments in human capital. Mutual retouching tsikh krivikh is shown in Fig. 5.12: curve No. 1 corresponds to the discriminatory market market, curve No. 2 – to the strictly normal, curve No. 3 – to the elite.
Small 5.11.Investment choice of a companion: elite market of goods
Small 5.12.
The minimally necessary amount of resources arises from the flow of growth (curve No. 1), and for the excess of this obligation, investments in human capital tend to grow insignificantly (curve No. 2). At the same time, if the main problems of flow growth, a further increase in the resources allocated to the individual, entail a sharp increase in investment in human capital, as well as an increase in flow liabilities The life is already small (D/ in Fig. 5.12 is clearly overweight AC). Whose power is the logic of the law? news needs: in the new role of the leader, it is not the rapid increase in the individual’s resources that is required, but the development and implementation of his creative living forces and abilities. Thus, Engel’s law also holds true that the obligation to produce goods of primary necessity is not very elastic with respect to income, so the obligation to produce goods and services will ensure the accumulation of human capital.
It is important to note that the innovation strategy is only available to those regions where there is a significant portion of the population that allows the establishment of an elite market using the cost function, which is specified by curve No. 3. If this portion is small, then greater population, in order to supply labor force to a completely normal market Therefore, aimed at maximizing the value function, using a strategy of “underinvestment”, which indicates the point A in Fig. 5.10. The very need for the creation of aggregate human capital, necessary for the independent development of the global technological community, will turn out to be extremely inaccessible, and will automatically be lost from technological storage from other most guilty countries.
This is one of the main reasons for the fact that the richest parts of the world concentrate high-tech production processes on their territory, trying to move technologically advanced and environmentally wasteful production on the territory of the countries that are developing, including Russia. In this case, the cult of cohabitation is actively imposed on the leading edges, which moves the companion's choice to the right and downwards along the skin from the considered curves of the virtuous possibilities: the inherited cult pulls with it an increase in the flow of cohabitation Individuals and, obviously, shortened investments in human capital. This strategy directly effectively eliminates competitors in the light market in Galusia, developing and promoting information products that act for the developed countries of the world as new industrial countries (as per Shoi, so and other things) and Russia.
MACROECONOMIC PROBLEMS
A.V. Suvorov, N.V. Suvorov, V.G. Grebennikov, V.M. Ivanov, O.M. Boldov, M.D. Krasilnikova, N.V. Bondarenko
GO TO VIMIRYU DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND EVALUATION OF INFLUENCE OF YOGO ACCUMULATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
The article provides an analysis of the main approaches to the calculation of human capital at the level of the national economy. Possible approaches to calculating the retrospective dynamics of this indicator for Russia on the basis of explicit statistical information are analyzed. The nutritional model of the reproductive function, which includes as a factor indicative of human capital, has been identified.
Understand the category "human capital". The beginning of the development of the theory of human capital as an independent subfield of economic analysis was laid by the work of J. Mintzer. In general, it appears to be designed in the works of G. Becker, T. Schultz, W. Bowen and others. The 1960s have rocks. Extensive theoretical and empirical aspects of the investigation of crime in robots by J. Kendrick, D. Jorgenson, C. Griliches, F. Machlup, S. Kuznets.
Under human capital is understood the “reserve” (potential) of wealth, skills, knowledge, instilled in a person (which largely corresponds to the Marxist category of labor force). It is obvious that spending on education, health care, training in the laboratory, and childcare are interpreted as investments in people, human capital.
To begin with, the theory of human capital is a little ideologically loaded: apparently before it, a worker becomes a “capitalist” who has gained knowledge of the mastery that economic value holds. The term “capital” is of key importance. It is clear, however, that this ideologized theory gave impetus to the development of the analysis of factors of economic growth. The very issue of the development of one employee depends only on the technical equipment of the work place (modified, transferred, the size of the fixed capital (funds) of one employee), and the type of worker: his knowledge, professional hip, I’ll become healthy (together with “human capital” "
In an economic analysis of the Vikorista category of human capital, two main aspects can be seen at first glance.
The first (essentially microeconomic) aspect lies in the calculation of the norms of income on human capital, which implies an increase in wages as a result of education and professional training with expenses for I'll be fine. The founders of the theory of human capital focused their respect on this very issue. The “essentially microeconomic” caveat means that, in principle, numerical differences in income rates can be adjusted to macroeconomic information.
1 The article was prepared with financial support from the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (project No. 13-32-11215).
Another (macroeconomic) aspect relates to: a) the importance and dynamics of human capital at the level of the national economy (across sectors, types of activities) and b) in assessing the contribution of its accumulation to the pace of the economy Good growth. In this case, the term “capital” itself may have a strong ideological meaning: we are talking about the appearance of a measure of “reserve”, similar to the value of fixed capital in constant prices, and its “productivity”, which is dying out contribution to the increase in production at constant prices.
In our opinion, this aspect itself is important for monitoring the prospects for the development of the Russian economy. The factor of accumulation of human capital is, first of all, behind the additional innovative process of creating new high-tech products as the basis of the future state of the economy and the clear characteristics of its labor resources. At the same time current investigations Daily detailed detailed analysis of the process of accumulation of human capital, methods of its death. However, such research is also necessary to establish a coherent relationship between the rate of economic growth, structural changes in the economy and the scale of accumulation of human capital for additional types of investment. in all economic agents - power, business, domestic dominions.
The problems of assessing the obligation of human capital are less on the level of the national economy. From the moment of the birth of the theory of human capital, there were two main directives for rozrahunkiv yogo obyagu only on the level of the national economy. First, the method of accumulating vitrates (vitrates) for the education of children, general education, special education, professional training and retraining, for the promotion of health. In a different way, the method of capitalization of income (salary payment), depending on how much income is deducted from the capital on human capital. The amount of income (rate of income) on human capital is calculated on the basis of either microeconomic data, or information about the average hundred prices for deposits and (or) other assets in the economy of the region.
p align="justify"> The method of capitalization of income does not allow assessing the commitment to human capital, which is considered as a factor of economic growth. This principle is best supported by the method of accumulated expenses. Vin allows you to induce an assessment of the obligation of human capital, which is completely analogous to the assessment of fixed capital.
The most complete form of this approach should be left to J. Kendrick, who wants to achieve the lowest possible value in his also victorious method of capitalization of income. The growth of the national economy is perceived as a function of the so-called aggregate capital (which is divided into two main variations - speech and non-speech capital), and is related to exogenous capital indicators. One of the elements of this aggregate capital is capital referred to as “investment in people.”
Speech (tangible) capital has a material, speech form; Intangible capital (intangible) does not take such a form, but is embedded in speech capital, promoting its vigor and productivity. The named parts of the aggregate capital are divided into capital that is not in possession of people (nonhuman capital), and “human capital” (human capital). Sometimes J. Kendrick takes this category as the basis for the classification of aggregate capital, and in the middle of these two groups he sees verbal and intangible capital.
The stock of verbal capital, not embedded in people (nonhuman tangible capital), includes traditional forms of national wealth - such as spruce, land and other natural resources, the possession of waste goods, stocks of commodity and material assets. The valuation of land and other natural resources is based on the capitalization of rent. When included in the wealth (and investment) of items of trivial trade and inventory, a mental rent was collected on them (with the addition of expenses for support), which confirms the author’s point about the need to include before expansion of capital and investment of all elements that go before them, at market prices. Regardless of the correction process, this part of the speech capital is calculated on the basis of traditional approaches.
J. Kendrick calls speech capital human tangible capital, which is one of the main elements of his concept. This part of the material capital is defined by the author as expenditures necessary for the physical development of a person, i.e., expenditures for the education of children (without accounting for expenditures due to their illumination). Like a century-old cordon
J. Kendrick took 14 rocks. The amount of these expenditures, which are considered as investments, is likely to change according to the amount of expenditures on medical care, and the remainder of expenditures on the medical care of children is considered as medical care for the elderly (“their effect is lost”) nya").
To intangible human capital (intangible human capital), J. Kendrick includes accumulated expenses for illumination and special training, part of the accumulated expenses for health care and expenses for the movement of labor force, but not for intangible capital. intangible nonhuman capital ) spend on fundamental and applied research and development.
The main element of the broader interpretation of capital and investment is awareness and special training, which J. Kendrick brings to intangible human capital. Estimating the cost of wealth and investment, the author believes that the most important method is the accumulation of expenses, and not the capitalization of future income, in order to keep the soil leveled. The view as a single whole of outdoor and special (professional) lighting also contains a framework, the fragments of outdoor lighting are the foundation of the special and, in addition, there is a continuous process of expanding the sphere illumination for this knowledge, which was previously respected by many specialists.
In the 1990s - 2000s, a large number of works appeared that, in essence, speculatively exploited the category of “human capital”. The term itself was abused, but only about other aspects of the creation of labor resources, which always does not allow us to clearly measure the dynamics of human capital and its contributions to economic growth.
In the 2000s, a new methodology of macroeconomic allocations of aggregate capital began to prevail, to the extent of human capital. This approach is depicted, for example, in the Svitovy Bank project for assessing national wealth (example, for example). Apparently, the total aggregate wealth is calculated as an integral of the river growth indicators taken from the discount. From the deducted value one can see the cost of virtual capital (the value of the installation, if anything) and the cost of natural capital (estimates of the net value of other natural resources, i.e., the amount that the investor is willing to pay this type of capital). Through the war, there is too much intangible capital to be consumed, to the extent of human capital. However, within the framework of this intangible capital, human capital is again valued on the basis of the method of capitalization of wages.
The report on the investigation conducted by . It is clear that the level of gross domestic product (G) is a function of industrial capital (K), natural resources (R) and labor force (L):
Y = F (K, R, L) = C + dK / dt, (1) de C - growth, dK / dt - increase in financial capital (investment in traditional terms).
Converging to Euler’s formula for linearly homogeneous functions, the following relationship is condensed:
Y = Fk K + FR R + FL L , (2) de FK is the limit of productivity of production capital; FR – marginal productivity (marginal rent) of natural resources; FL – wage rate (similar to the marginal productivity of the worker).
The variety of natural resources (N) is assessed as follows:
N = jFR~Fk(s~")ds .
The value of human capital (H) is determined by the method of capitalization of wages:
H = j FLL ~ Fk () ds. (4)
The underground wealth of the nation is assessed:
F = K + N + N, (5)
Changes to natural and human capital:
dNldt = ^ - GL, (6)
dHldt = Гк Н - Гь b. (7)
The formula means that all types of capital are subject to the same marginal productivity (rate of return).
To change the global wealth, it is necessary to enter the formulas in the warehouse:
¥k (K+^H) - C, (8)
The obvious amount of wealth is:
F = K + N + N = | C1 ~Pk (^)ds. (9)
where 8 is the coefficient of time-hour differences, "the elasticity of the limiting rate of growth, g is the rate of growth of life.
Having equated "to 1, and between integration to 25 rocks, and not inconsistencies, as in (9), and having calculated the total amount of wealth, you can calculate the amount of human capital with too much money.
Another approach for those who have intangible capital is non-additive, then. not just a sum of huge capital. Thus, the robot has connected the intangible capital of representations with a multiplicative function of three factors: the number of fates school learning(impacts internal human capital), “the index of the rule of law”, the amount of penny transfers from behind the border (improves human capital by the posture of the edge). Prote the doctors, who are obliged to pay intangible capital using an excessive method, and the total wealth is insured through summary insurance obligations, it is impossible to use similar indicators and due diligence for a correct analysis of the contribution of other factors in the economic sector. using methods of mathematical statistics.
It turns out that the elements of the theory of human capital are discussed in the assessment of the discussion about “relevant” national restrictions (i.e., they are considered to be more than flow values). This indicator is calculated as follows: from gross national expenditures (in the terms of the system of national accounts), the increase in fixed capital is added, the current expenditure on housing is added, and the estimated artistic displays of natural resource extraction and pollution dovkilla(Investments in human capital are then correlated with expenses for lighting).
In the USSR, the expansion of the possible influx of awareness of the growth of national income began as early as the 1920s. Strumilyinim. It should be noted that the founders of the theory of human capital were victorious about these results.
In the 1970s the rocks of A.I. Anchishkin conducted a further study of the economic assessment of labor resources. Many of their estimates were reduced to calculating the number of human resources engaged in material production, taking into account the types of illumination. In addition, on the basis of data on expenditures on the removal of other types of lighting, the author's assessment of the structure of lighting potential was obtained. Although these exhibitors were not victorious for their significant contribution to economic growth, stink, as shown by A.I. Anchishkin fundamentally changes the understanding of the possible role of living labor in economic growth and allows us to evaluate for the future the cost of spending on the cob for the development of special training and retraining of fawn workers.
For Russia in the 1990s - 2000s, the expansion of human capital by the method of accumulated losses was not carried out at all, except for the expansion based on the method of capitalization of wages (as evidenced in the work of R. I. Cape Lyushnikov).
in such a manner, current camp The study of human capital is extremely sensitive: for a large number of publications, the results cannot be traced but the study of the dynamics of human capital on the level of the national economy economics, not for a correct analysis of its contribution to economic growth.
As an analysis of Russian statistics shows, the main economic tasks are: exclusion from the federal budget allocation, which does not impair the provision of services to the population; the creation of dynamic series of indicators of expenses for education and health care at equal prices and the development of methodology (zocrema, brought to a single level throughout the analyzed period, the amount charged to wages); the type of depreciation of main assets; The evidence from the accumulated budgetary funds for the protection of the health of those who are employed by the population is also necessary (it is necessary to separate out the accumulated sums of funds that can be transferred to those borrowed from someone else).
In addition, it is necessary to introduce structural characteristics of human capital that reflect differentiation in the population’s access to health and education services, as well as differentiation in income (survival). This is necessary, since the high level of designated differentiation will inevitably lead to the degradation of a significant part of the labor force. Apparently, this same commitment to human capital can result in a clearly higher level of efficiency in view of the influx of its dynamics on economic growth. In modern minds, there is also the problem of determining the effectiveness of vitrates on lighting.
A significant number of workers who may be looking for professional knowledge, which will be available in the remaining 10-15 years, are not directly related to the platform and significant shifts in the work area. or, increasing professional skills and competencies of those employed in the economy. Currently, the market of goods (known in the mass sector) does not provide high labor force benefits. Due to the obvious indifference of employers' money on work force, in practice, retraining (retraining) is, as a rule, very short-term (no more than a few months). Such additional coverage is hardly sufficient for mastering highly professional skills. All this is to testify not just about the lack of requirement for high qualifications of workers, but about those that have a nominal obligation to invest in human capital along the lines of the names of types of education and training of the guilty mother obviously low return. The significance of the structural power of human capital is transferred according to the results of sociological research.
Problems of assessing the contribution of the accumulation of human capital to the rate of economic growth. The first methodical approach to assessing the influx of aggregate and human capital on the economic growth of capital by T. Schultz and later modifications by J. Kendrick. We rely on the current hypothesis: the level of income to the total accumulated capital is approximately unchanged over time. T. Schultz based his hypothesis on the fact that in the minds of the growing productivity of speech factors, the generation of intangible capital embedded in people is also growing to speech.
When setting the task in the simplest form of income, and the product (G) can be seen as a generation of aggregate aggregate capital (K) and “excess
exact factors (L) that influence the productivity of aggregate capital and which can be calculated as a coefficient that establishes equality between Y and K:
With the average income and capital, current prices L can be seen as the average rate of income, and constant prices - as an indicator of the average physical productivity of capital, which counters the net effect of the influx of officials, such as we are talking about capital and how to infuse the flow of a real product. In addition to this, it is possible to identify separate contributions to the economic growth of material capital (K1), both infused and not infused into people (extinct without adjusting changes in qualifications), and mother increased intangible capital (K2), as well as the pure effect of “excessive” factors:
U = K] (1 + K21K0L. (12)
This approach makes it possible to estimate the contribution of the liquid value of intangible capital per unit of river production and the increase in the aggregate productivity of river production factors.
In such a formula, the equal parts (11) or (12) (at U and K, expressed at constant prices) are divided by the amount of real intangible capital:
y/K=k/cl. (13)
The totality of all formulations in terms of real accumulated liabilities lies in the assumption that contributions to the output of products (and income) to the capital of the skin type are proportional to its size, i.e. productivity, and the net rate of income of the capital different species, equals. It is important to note that a change in the warehouse can be carried out in relation to the established gross indicators of goods and capital.
In addition to the extinction of components, J. Kendrick conducted experiments with generic functions of the Cobb-Douglas type and with functions of a heterogeneous type. How is the important indicator of the real gross product (enterprise sector of the economy), and the independent ones are the real gross liabilities of the vicorized intangible and human capital, not embedded in people, the human income and the human intangible? to okremo, and in a combination of speech and non-speech. and capital not infused into people. Although the correlation coefficients were high, the estimates of the output elasticity coefficients, as the author knew, often turned out to be implausible.
First-time associates should take a look at the model, which allows you to evaluate the flow of work force into the level and dynamics of work productivity. We tested this model for the beginning of the 2000s on data about the Russian industry for the 1990s - the beginning of the 2000s. Although it reflects only one aspect of the extinction of the accumulation of human capital at the rate of economic growth, on its basis it is possible to directly illustrate the development of analysis tools and problems of statistical security of development iv.
Whenever the indicator of labor resources is non-differentiated, the model of labor productivity is written based on the Cobb-Douglas variable function as follows:
y - I = a (to - I) + to, (14)
de y, to, I - annual growth rate of output, fixed capital and number of borrowed, and - elasticity coefficient of output for fixed capital, to - auto-
the number of the component of the rate of change in output (the rate of “technical progress”). Apparently (y – I) is the rate of increase in the productivity of the nation, (k – I) is the rate of increase in the capital-labor ratio of the nation.
In this case, it is necessary to replace the value of longevity, the indicators for the release and production factors are transferred uniformly. Therefore, all clear changes in the factors of production and reproduction, in the indicators taken from the production of the culprit, are reflected in the value of the parameter X.
It is acceptable that the display of busy representations across several light categories and changes in this structure are expected over time:
C = E A, Ua = A 1C, ^ * Ua + C (15)
de I – number of lighting category.
Therefore, if we can estimate a, then the coefficient (1-a), which characterizes the average elasticity of output based on the number of borrowed people, multiplied by the river rate of growth of the actual number of borrowed people, “behind the changes” shows the contributions change the number of people employed at the rate of increase in production to remain unchanged the structure of those occupied in his family is equalized with the previous one, and the effect of changing the structure of those occupied is distinguished by the value of X.
Possible estimates of the marginal productivity of the occupied various occupational categories gg■ can lead to an upcoming indication of the reduction of labor resources:
Apparently, for the rate of productivity growth, rewrites can be done in the following manner:
y -1 = a(to -1) + (1 - a)(~ -1) + ~, (17)
de dodanok (1 - a)(/ - I) - contribution of changes in the structure of labor resources by
The following data served as the basis for statistical information for assessing the productivity of the entire structure of those employed in the field of education:
Rosstat's number of industrial and production personnel for 1992-2002;
Materials of Rosstat's selection of reports on employment problems, since 1992;
Data from the Levada Center about the payment of work from different countries for 1994-2002 rubles;
Materials of fiber quilting by Derzhkomstat of the SRSR 310 thousand. families for 1989 rub.
Based on these data, a breakdown of the number of industrial and vegetable production personnel was carried out according to the level of education (Table 1).
As can be seen from these data, in the 1990s, the number of individuals with both wealth and average professional knowledge significantly increased among the industrial and manufacturing personnel. In general, the share of these two categories of adults grew by 39.8% in 1991. up to 51% in 1999, then it decreased, and in 2002. moved 50%. Thus, it can be stated that, regardless of the crisis in the economy, the clear characteristics of those employed in the industry have changed.
Table 1
Structure of industrial and production personnel in the region of 1992-2002, thousand. chol.
Everything is occupied, including the light of day
things professional middle profession other categories
1992 20020 2279 5682 12058
1993 18864 2267 5518 11079
1994 17440 2230 5129 10081
1995 16006 2209 5074 8723
1996 14934 2173 4877 7884
1997 14009 2174 4457 7378
1998 13173 2130 4353 6690
1999 13077 2142 4559 6376
2000 13294 2226 3953 7115
2001 13282 2390 4154 6738
2002 12886 2318 4227 6340
In tempo recording, the model of the vibrational function (PF), confirmed (14), is recorded at the beginning:
y = a k + (1-a) / + X. (18)
The most correct approach would be based on the basis of regression comparison, which includes the characteristics of labor resources, differentiated by the level of illumination. However, it is impossible to implement this without compromise due to the large number of evaluation parameters.
Therefore, based on the current data, the level of PF was initially assessed for the aggregate indicator of the number of employees, and its modification, on the basis of which the estimates of rg- can be subsequently removed, looks like this:
y = ak + £рг ytlt +X, (19)
de y - pita vaga i-i lighting categories in the legal obligation of those employed in the in-line work. With this value of the autonomous component, the output does not change and the following relationship follows:
(1 – a) = y, l = Z 7,1,. (20)
Obvious information has made it possible to stagnate the unforgivable approach that is in the inversion of the payment relationship and the marginal efficiency of working with the illuminating category. It is acceptable that among those employed in the industry, there is daily discrimination in pay and position depending on the level of education. Along with the data on the level of payment across different categories of labor, information can be obtained on the comparison of the marginal productivity of labor resources in these categories. Apparently, the available data about this relationship, based on the various categories of people involved and the estimates of weather coefficients, the elasticity of the issue for the number of people involved their registry (together coefficients (1-a)), it is possible to disaggregate a posteriori the average coefficients across light groups2.
2 Data about the division of workers behind the scenes are published in official reports of Rosstat. Data about the level of payment of the product, depending on the level of coverage, can be taken from the results of the survey to the Levada Center. In addition, such data is in the materials of the selected quilting 310 thousand. families of the SRSR, conducted in 1989. The data of this constraint are also quite consistent with the fact that the Radian planned system of the 1980s was characterized by a clear underestimation of the share of people in the world of increasing lighting. Therefore, the relationship in payment in 1989 gives an estimate of the lower limit of possible relationships in marginal efficiency.
During the course of specific investigations, only two lighting categories were seen (div. Table 1):
Individuals with wealth and average professional knowledge (sum);
Other individuals.
This type of understanding is based on close information about the importance of paying for the price, based on data from the Levada Center, as well as from the fact that there is more industry, less in other areas, for differentiation. It is the degree of vocational knowledge that matters, rather than the difference between the mean and with great illumination (moreover, individuals with great illumination are important service workers whose activities do not serve the process of product development).
In the table 2 presents the results of the breakdown based on the 1989 data and the Levada Center data, averaged for 1992-2002.
Table 2
Estimates of output elasticity coefficients (EEC) for the number of employees, differentiated by light categories
Rozrakhunok za danimi opituvan Levada-Center KEV Rozrakhunok za danimi obstezhennya 1989 KEV
Rik from those who can see that the average professional knowledge, which is not possible, may be seen and the average professional knowledge, which is not the case.
1992 0,803 0,583 0,726 0,633
1993 0,799 0,580 0,725 0,632
1994 0,784 0,569 0,713 0,621
1995 0,776 0,563 0,710 0,619
1996 0,760 0,552 0,697 0,608
1997 0,760 0,551 0,697 0,608
1998 0,755 0,548 0,695 0,606
1999 0,750 0,545 0,693 0,604
2000 0,762 0,553 0,698 0,608
2001 0,755 0,548 0,695 0,606
2002 0,751 0,545 0,694 0,605
Thus, in line with estimates based on data from the Russian planned economy, estimates of elasticity coefficients based on data from the Levada Center are richly differentiated. Once again it confirms that the historical data from the 1989 sampling indicates a lower differentiation between the contributions of the adjacent light groups borrowed from the manufacturing industry. It is also more important to understand the data from the Levada Center.
Differentiation of the indicator of employment between two light categories makes it possible to clearly identify the relationship between work productivity and the tempo form of PF.
As soon as we derive the PF correlations for differentiated indicators of labor resources, the productivity model is written as follows:
y -/ = ak + y1P1/1 + y2P2/2 + (1 - a)(/ -/) + X -/, (21)
de / - the rate of growth of reduced data from labor resources borrowed from
production, X is an autonomous component of the rate of change in output, “cleaned” due to the influx of the labor force creation factor.
This research (21) shows that the higher the rate of increase in the number of employed people, which may be the average professional education (total /2), the higher the rate of increase in the average number of employees. new productive
sti pratsi. At the boundary, when a portion of a given group of labor resources approaches 100% employed, this relationship transforms into: y -1 = ak + (P2 -1)1 + k, about 71 more than zero, and the rate of growth of reducing labor resources decreases slow down at an average pace increase in employment.
It is clear that a + p2 > 1, i.e., the model already has a positive effect on increasing the scale of production. If we look at the indicators of elasticity, analyzed according to the data of the Levada Center, then the average on the analyzed interval a + p2 reaches 1.113, i.e., the effect of scale, which, when looking at the differentiated characteristics of labor resources, appears for growth Its industry is even more significant.
Nutrition is a model of viral function, which includes as a factor indicative of human capital. The importance of human capital for those who have been given more, allows us to characterize them in Chinese terms. The obligation of human capital on the scale of the national economy and other sectors from the number of labor resources in which capital is assigned can, obviously, serve as a measure of the core of the labor resources that function in economics; The relationship between the dynamics of human capital and the dynamics of nominal labor resources characterizes the fluidity of their (labor) changes.
However, taken by itself, the indicator of the cost of labor resources cannot be a characteristic of the effectiveness of the supply of human capital in the people's state. Without repeating at this time many of the apparently hidden provisions of economic theory, it is right to talk about those that do not include a factor (or factors) in determining the economic results of the economic process and assessing the dynamics The names of the indicators can give an adequate indication of the relevance and dynamics of the effectiveness of the vicor factor (abo factoriv) virobnitstva.
It is especially important to note that, from a scientific perspective, the problem of a large-scale assessment of the effectiveness of the human capital factor in macroeconomic terms (that is, on the level of the national economy as a whole) is at the forefront. as fundamental as it is practical. The emerging trends that have resulted in changes in the effectiveness of the development of the factor of human capital are the basis for the development of management decisions in the area of rational directives for the development of educational systems, health protection as specific them factors in economic development.
The manifestation of the national Spodarsky and galuzevy release as a result of the stagnation of a certain set of officials in the production process in the production process means the operation of a multi-factor model of the production process, which establishes the connection “resource-release” (and “resource-release”), so then. virtual function. In fact, any design showing the effectiveness of the device is equivalent to any operating function.
From a theoretical point of view in the PF, which describes any kind of production process (unknown to the level of aggregation of data on expenditures and output), there are numerous factors that represent the characteristics and objects of work, living activities, as well as indicators that characterize the natural intelligence process . At the same time, it is traditional for macroeconomic analysis to present the output of the production system (people's state, Galusia, etc.) as a function of the resources of the production capital (funds), which is stagnant in the production process, and living resources pratsi:
Y = Γ(KL, (22)
de U - release, representations vartisnym (at current prices) and a natural display of obsyagu vyrobnitstva; K - virobnichiy capital, which, as a rule, vanquishes into the variant; b - living labor resource (most often the number of people-years employed or the number of people-years worked); E is the vector of structural parameters of the PF; the symbol t means that all quantities that appear in (22) are considered in the halal clause as changing in the hour, including, perhaps, the very functional form of the connective U, K and b.
Operating the obtained macroeconomic data on the practice of economical spending will result in a reduction in the special problems associated with the increase in the release of natural resources. In this case, however, it follows from the assumption that the methods of vibrating the changes that are included in (22) give an adequate description of K and L in terms of physical obligations.
Based on the multifactorial model of the process of generation in economic theory, it is customary to distinguish private and external (aggregate) indicators of effectiveness.
What is the case for a two-factor PF? The underlying indicator of the efficiency of the use of the economy's natural resources (which refers to the consideration of the macroeconomic PF of the sensory term) is a moderately important value from private indicators. efficiency - showing the productivity of work U/L and capital U/K. At this rate of change in the basic indicator of efficiency, the cost of capital and labor resources is nothing less than the rate of change in the output of the economic system for the factor “technological progress”.
In response to the influx of technological progress, economic growth is transferred to the explicit form of the PF, while accepting the hypothesis about the method of influx of the official on the dynamics of output (which infusion is at times associated with the effect of technical progress).
Various options for classifying forms of technical progress within the framework of PF, found in the literature devoted to the problems of economic growth, can be reduced to the concept of “increasing factors”. The following basic principles remain true: (1) technical progress is manifested in the increased efficiency (capacity) of the production factors that are being developed; (2) the infusion of an increase in the effectiveness (capacity) of any of the factors on the production is equivalent to receiving an additional amount of that factor for the constant effectiveness (capacity).
The type of technical progress is determined by what additional factor that occurs (technical progress) is consistent with. Since the PF looks like U = / (K, B (^) b), then we can talk about greater technical progress, since U = / (L (^ K, b) - about greater capital, since U = G (0 / (K, b) - about the product is larger (or autonomous), since U = / (L (^) K, B (^) b) - about the factor is larger. In another way, changes K, b are expressed in terms of physical obligations, apparently, L (()K and B(()b) in induced higher virases є factors of virogenesis, vimiryanі in “units of effectiveness”.
This implies the establishment of the formal method of vibrating the dynamics of the effectiveness of the coefficient of human capital in macroeconomic terms: up to PF type (22), instead of the nominal indicator of resource efficiency (b), the indicator of the human capital accumulated at the moment t is included italu (N); further to blame for the appointments of the type of functional fallow, which is related to the display
these resources and output, and an assessment of the PF parameters of the type G = Ft(Kt, N, based on modern macroeconomic data has been concluded. For the reason that the results of the PF assessment are statistically reliable and economically interpreted, retrospective weather increases in launch (G-Um) can be imagined at a glance the amount of contributions to the increase in fixed capital (KGK^), the increase in human capital (HHN^), and to inform the official of the hour (as it was determined above, for a priori standards, the diversity of the functional form of type (22) in the hour is allowed).
As stated, technological progress on the macro level may be associated with its influx both on the factor of livestock and on the factor of fixed capital; It is also hypothetically possible that in the economic system there will be changes in production obligations related to the influx of factors that are autonomous in relation to changes in obligations, and certain characteristics of capital and labor resources. This means that in the formal appearance of the model type (22) there may be presented indicators of capital and labor resources, calculated in “effective units”, as well as the diversity of hours of functional form, which is related є release and zastosovuvanі resources. As a result, the hypothetical hypothetical view of the macroeconomic PF may come to pass:
A0) Kb H = VC) b,
de L - obsyag fixed capital with improved characteristics; H - obsyag human capital; structural parameter ^ - change to the release of an economical system, autonomous up to N
With the help of the logarithmic differential function (23) we can see what can also be more important for practical additions:
yt=an (k1+a1)+ai (^ +bt)+Yt=aktkt+aLtlt+kl, (24)
"= aa a+ ai b+уь
de y, to, 1( - rate of change (variation of natural logarithms) in the output and production resources of the Russian Federation; t, AK, ai - elasticity coefficient of output for funds and resources; a, bt - rate of change as The main characteristics of the production resources; - autonomous (independent of the change in the circumstances of the stagnant factors of production) the rate of change in output, which reflects in summary the effect of a change in the structural parameters of the function (23);” - the total rate of technical progress ( the rate of technological change in terms of the PF theory), elasticity coefficient, and also - the essence of variable quantities that lie in K, L, and also in the time variable.
It is significant that the coefficient of elasticity of output for monetary resources is likely to depend on function (23) to be met at the same price of capital both in nominal and in “effective units”.
Obviously, the identification of the PF of the formal form (23) or the tempo record (24) on empirical data transfers the majority of low problems of an economic-statistical and mathematical-statistical nature.
In economic-statistical terms, it is necessary to develop statistical data to ensure the presentation of fixed resources to fixed capital and living expenses in “effective units”. Behind the first assumptions, such a standard for showing labor resources may be showing human capital. To carry out similar experiments, the capital needs independent statistical work. Further, the specification of the type of PF is due to the degree to which the factor can be
work on the dynamics of the exhaust. It has been determined that a computational method has been developed that will ensure the derivation of estimates of the structural parameters of the PF, which appear to be reliable criteria for mathematical statistics, and economic likelihood.
The analysis of the work on the PF problem makes it possible to confirm that the full implementation of the described approach is not possible, and before that, economical modification methods have been tested in practice to obtain certain characteristics and the main capital. In Italy and labor resources are deprived of discussion, regardless of the rich history of research in this galusia.
However, in our opinion, the main problem is the impossibility of estimating how many complex forms of PF on empirical data using traditionally used mathematical and statistical methods. For example, within the framework of PF of the Cobb-Douglas type, which is traditionally used both in theoretical robots in the field of economic growth, and in applied forecasting and analytical developments, the increased importance of various forms of technical progress is revealed independently znyanimi. At the same time, it is obvious that the analytical value of the PF tools, as well as the possibility of a scientifically correct rate of economic growth, lies behind the understanding mechanism of the influx of technology Good progress on economic growth. For example, if we assume the presence of capital-increasing type of technical progress in the economy, changing the rate of accumulation of fixed assets (for other equal minds) will allow for a greater influx of economic growth, more and more and labor-increasing type of technical progress. Trials in the macroeconomic analysis of PFs of a more conventional form (functions with stationary (CES) or variable elasticity of substitution (VES)) did not bring any significant results due to the difficult estimation of the parameter in the significance of the function and the insignificance of the evaluation results. Apparently, attempts at various classifications of forms of technical progress, which were worked by theorists of economic growth in various countries for the remaining 40-50 years, turned out to be generally unproductive in the scientific actual, fragmented types of PF, the functional form of which allows for the differentiation of forms of technical progress, it is important to verify the real economical information. In addition, the specificity of the pace of change in the production of natural resources and the obligation to release, which is of little importance to both the Radian (1970-1980s) and Russian (1990-2000s) economies , does not allow you to remove how many reliable estimates are given to the PF type Cobb-Douglas.
Our research in Galusi on the basis of macroeconomic and Galuzian PFs, as well as in Galusi in the development of computational methods for identifying the parameters of econometric models (div.), developed in the 1990-2000s, allows us to estimate just like that.
To describe the interrelationship between the output and production resources in the real sector of the domestic economy, a special design of the PF is used, in which indicators of fixed capital and living expenses are calculated in nominal units (then in the term x physical obsyagiv), and the pace of "technical progress" Xt z virazu ( 24) is specified as a function of the rate of change of the totality of various coefficients of material flow inputs, such as in the production process. The PF assigned to the type (as opposed to traditional PF types) will ensure a high level of approximation of actual statistical data, and economical interpretation of structural parameters.
A method for estimating linear regression models has been developed and implemented in the practice of statistical analysis, which ensures the identification of dynamic (which changes over time) structural parameters of these models. Remnants of any PF can be presented in a tempo record of type (24), a disaggregated computational method will ensure the identification of the variable elasticity coefficients aK, ab, as well as an indication of the rate of “technological progress” for the skin cancer of the retrospective period , on which is assessed PF (an absolutely hypothetical type of function, which is responsible for tying up obligations for the release and stagnation of virtual resources in absolute terms).
Through the war, it is possible to obtain an autonomous (which will require advanced development of indicators of labor and capital resources with the regulation of certain characteristics) assessment of the annual values of the total rates of technological change. This, in turn, means that it is more effective to invest in human capital in the national economy and assess its contribution to the rate of economic growth is possible based on the identification of a statistical model. , which relates to the slow (summary) pace of technological change and the rate of change in the value of human capital for one employed , so that the values of A i (I-1) are rozrahunkov, as the stench was assigned earlier. Thus, one of the possible (in terms of practical implementation) methods for assessing the effectiveness of human capital allocation is based on the established values of the type of growth rates, which are essentially flow values.
At the same time, about those, as it was determined by the world, the methods of dismantling human capital and the functioning of the economy, approaches inevitably loom. In addition, it should be assumed that the accumulation of human capital from divisions is constantly flowing into economic dynamics. In connection with this, an alternative way is to investigate the influx of the factor of human capital on the economic growth of connections from indicators of the “reserve” type (accumulated sums of weather indicators A and (kg1)), then per-by-week statistical models in the form:
L(0=C(I\(2Y)), (25)
L(0=C(I\ Nm, Hb-2, ..., W), (26)
de L(^= ^ At, ^ (yt-/t); - other changes that should be included before the model.
The transition to integral values, in principle, makes it possible to reduce the influence of possible influences on the influence of the weather indicators on the results of verification of the models that are being monitored. Other changes that need to be made in models of type (25-26) may be related (obviously (24)) to the specific characteristics of the fixed capital, as well as to factors that mean “non-materialization” of those late progress.
Based on the specifics of the functioning of the financial economy during the 1990-2000s, the most obvious clear characteristic of fixed capital, which may be included in models (25) or (26), is an indicator of the level of economic growth nothing to potential. If there are factors that distinguish “non-materialized technical progress”, then perhaps they can be obtained (accepting a hundred-centred economic economy). Our research shows that the modification of the PF, at what rate of “technological progress” is described as a function of the rate of change in the totality of the coefficients of the waste material streams that are generated in
The process of the revolution (about what was mentioned above), not only adequately describes the dynamics of the national output, but also makes a clear assumption about the presence of any additional factors (autonomous in relation to the dynamics of fixed capital resources, especially those displays of material expenditures), which could look at the dynamics of output in the period of the 1990-2000s. In view of the fact that the totality of capital and labor coefficients, as well as flow rate coefficients, is nothing less than a description of production technology in macroeconomic terms, it is right according to involve changes in certain characteristics of fixed capital and labor resources, including technological changes.
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5. Schultz T. Resources for Higher Education: an Economist's View // The Jougna1 of Ro1itica1 Economy. 1968. Vol. 76.
6. Bowen W. Investments in Human Capital1 and Economic Growth. N.Y., 1968.
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0Intro. 3
1. Human capital: essence and appearance. Formation of human capital 6
1.1. The essence of human capital as an economic category. 6
1.2 Classification of types of human capital. 18
1.3 Formation and accumulation of human capital. 27
2.Analysis of human capital in modern Russia. 35
2.1 State of human capital in Russia. 35
2.2 The main problems of forming human capital. 41
2.3 Investments in the human capital of Russia. 48
Visnovok. 54
List of Wikorista literature.. 57
INSTUP
Lyudina, її creativity, intelligence, strength and ability, with the help of some wines, transforming too much light into oneself, have come to the fore in adulthood.
Human capital today is the main value of immediate marriage and a key factor in the development of the country’s economy. The concept of human capital is the central basis of modern economic analysis, which is based on deep theoretical and methodological ideas and accumulates the latest tools that interpret significance, role, place, basic structures, types and methods of clear and clear assessment.
The concept of “human capital” is gaining great significance both among economic theorists and other enterprises. Most enterprises are interested in accumulating human capital, which is the most significant among all types of capital. The main driver of the accumulation of human capital is investing in people who are healthy and bright. Investigation of the problems of increasing the efficiency of stagnation of the productive forces of people, which are realized in the form of human capital, is considered not only relevant, but hangs up to a number of pressing tasks in the structure of social and economic sectors. Jen. This conveys deep scientific research into this problem.
The concept of human capital began to intensively develop among the world's science, having assessed the importance of rational activity, which necessitated the need for and high efficiency of investments in human capital.
The relevance of this lies in the fact that the development of human capital and its more effective use are, of course, a priority for the rich economically developed regions of the world. Investments in human capital, as evidenced by greater research, can lead to higher returns. The development of human capital on the macro level will lead to an increase in the level of life, and to increased competitiveness and economic growth of the region.
The purpose of this course is to look at the theoretical and practical foundations of human capital and its role in the development of the Russian economy.
The robot is expected to have the following tasks:
What matters is the essence and understanding of human capital;
Consider the main points of the concept of human capital;
look at the classification of types of human capital;
promote the development of human capital;
Significance to the human capital of Russia;
The main ways to improve the efficiency of human capital development are examined.
The object of investigation is human capital.
The subject of research is human capital and its role in the current economy.
Investigation methods:
Obrobka, analysis of scientific research;
Analysis of scientific literature, guides and collaborators on the researched problem.
The work consists of an introduction, two sections, a summary and a list of references.
1. Human capital: essence and appearance. Formation of human capital
1.1 The essence of human capital as an economic category
The foundations for the formation of the concept of human capital were laid down by the founders of classical economic theory: W. Petty, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, who introduced ideas about the importance of labor force into economic science, the richness of the people, and the creation of the growing wealth of the region.
For the first time, having introduced and adopted the category of “living, dignified forces of people” by W. Petty. We look at it in the context of national wealth as an important contributor to increasing the wealth of the region. A. Smith spoke of the importance of the role of human abilities in relation to the speech factor of production. It is important to note that increased productivity comes from the smartening of workers, the improvement of machines and tools. D. Riccardo appreciated the essential role of illuminating people and the population in an economically growing region.
The ideas of the founders of economic thought about the “human factor” of the economic development of marriage were summed up by K. Marx. Based on the ideas of the founders of the classical economic theory about the place of labor power in the economy, under the working power of the minds of “the totality of physical and spiritual abilities” of practitioners, as and become involved in the manufacturing process. Prote Marx developed these ideas. We emphasized the need and importance of special production and significant contributions from the created workforce.
At this time, the great Fachists believe that many modern economists completely ignore the ideas of Marx, the labor theory of labor in nutrition, and the replacement of the category of “human capital”. It is important for us to get out of this. Working in the era of industrial partnership, even K. Marx called the people themselves the main capital. In the era of post-industrial husbandry, the category of “human capital” is replenished with a new clear meaning.
The formation of the theory of human capital dates back to the middle of the twentieth century, during that historical period of economic development, when the rate of economic growth sharply increased between various industrial with other powers.
For example, between the 18th and 20th centuries, great contributions to the theory of human capital were made by L. Walras, J.M. Clark, F. List, J. McCulloch, G.D. McLeod, A. Marshall, I.F. Thunen, T. Weinstein, J. S. Walsh, I. Fisher.
The German economist Friedrich List relied on “intellectual capital” as the main source of the nation’s wealth – the gains from science, mysticism, etc. Arkush noted that nations would be willing to store up an amount of wealth, as a form of productive forces, forming that wealth.
The English economist Henry Dunning MacLeod was the main reason for the value of new bonds. p align="justify"> Credit and banking operations are of particular importance in the economic growth of the region. The chief official of the prosperity of the population valued the knowledge, evidence, and wisdom of the practitioner.
L. Walras, J. McCulloch, I.F. Thunen, T. Vinshtein, U. Farr, I. Fisher came up with the idea that human capital is absolutely human, and that it’s not just that – light, richness, etc. This position was later supported by A. Marshall. We introduced the concept of “personal capital”, which contains physical strength, flexibility, and mental capacity, which is associated with increased productivity.
F. List, J. S. Walsh, J. S. Mill understood under human capital not the people themselves, but their various abilities, both by natural abilities and by the abilities that become human in the process of their vitality. This development has developed in the economic views of R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer, K. Shmanlesi, who brought to human capital not only physical and labor abilities, but also spiritual and luminous features i – cultural, psychological, moral. A great role was given to the special characteristics of the individual in such social extremities, the process of making management decisions, the willingness to take responsibility for the unusual, the composure and resourcefulness of the most difficult and extraordinary situations. Ts on the senogodnish day є Basovoi iveo bangoha Fakhivtsiv at the galuzі leading in the pancakes of the formulant of the vigilant of the Council manager in the organized organized, the number of Vishicho Kerevnitvva of the submarine Meredaruvannya.
At the beginning of the 20th century, economics working within the framework of the concept of human capital began to make the first attempts to accurately assess the effectiveness of the human capital economy. They began to widely use economic-mathematical and statistical tools in such fields as: human kindness; infusion of the national lighting system into the economic growth of the region; family expenses related to the increased economic value of people; the formation and acquisition of state expenditures necessary for the education and enlightenment of the population. A large contribution from the research of these food was made by L. Dublin, F. Kram, I. Fisher, S.H. Force. Beyond the principles of economic views, these great economists were later used to formulate the modern theory of human capital.
The formation of the theory of human capital as an independent scientific one is directly related to foreign research in the 60s. the other half of the 20th century. This was followed by the particular socio-economic minds that formed before the other half of the last century.
The term “human capital” first appeared in the works of the American economist Theodore Schultz, who took into account that the goodness of poor people does not lie in the ground, technology and knowledge, as a result of human capital.
Schultz viewed human capital as “similar to an asset” and noted that a person’s potential for growth significantly outweighs all other forms of wealth, including knowledge. According to Schultz, human capital is formed from valuable assets that develop over the course of human life, which can be used for additional investments. The increase in human capital with the additional investment of the individual results in a change in the income structure. This is explained by the fact that human capital is not limited to innate abilities, but also includes skills and knowledge accumulated over the course of life.
Schultz saw a number of types of human capital in the form of investments that go into this capital: school education, job training, health promotion and protection, a growing stock of knowledge There are no changes that occur in the economy. Formed in the form of significant types of activity, human abilities can be used to determine a thorough assessment.
American economist Harry Becker conducts an in-depth investigation of the theory of human capital while explaining socio-economic phenomena. The concept of “human capital” is viewed as a collection of valuable assets and it is important that the approach to the theory of human capital is based on assumptions about the rational behavior of the individual, market equity and stability of advantages.
G. Becker, Schultz's colleague at the University of Chicago, expanded the scope of the theory of human capital in the course of explaining various social phenomena.
Under human capital, Becker understands the totality of skills, knowledge and motivation of people, and the basis of the approach to learning lies in the assumptions about maximizing behavior, market equity and stability of advantages.
Having looked at this strategy of rational families for a long time. Since the return on investment in the human capital of children is richly equal to the return on investment in other assets, then the return on investment in the human capital of children will be the same. Once the return of human capital to children is equal to the rate of return of other assets, the family begins to invest in them by transferring them as gifts and saving their children from the future.
Human capital, according to Becker, and the view of capital, let us categorize it as physical, against Volodya by similar authorities, and itself:
Human capital is the benefit of a waste of money;
Human capital will require capital for “repairs and repairs”;
Human capital can age even before it is born, as physical wear and tear occurs.
The main importance of human capital from the physical Becker is based, firstly, on the inadequacy of human capital due to the peculiarity of its nose, in another way, on the basis of human capital, it is expected to be effective There are activities in both the market and retail sectors, but the income from one can be taken as a penny , and not worth a penny. In Becker's opinion, people cannot improve their knowledge, skills, health, and values in the same way that they can improve their financial and physical assets.
Within the framework of human capital theory, Becker places particular emphasis on the concept of internal norms of giving, which can be both individual and social. The first type of return rates is viewed from the perspective of the local investor, and the other type is viewed from the perspective of the partnership.
In Becker's research, he concluded that on average the return on investment in human capital is equal to that on investment in physical capital, at which point it changes due to the increase in investment in human capital. Ital, while in other cases (aligned with other assets) changes little changes.
It is important to note that Schultz and Becker, in the course of their research, attempted to equate the role of human capital in the creation of a joint stock product with material resources.
Lester Thurow, an American economist, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was the first to establish the theory of human capital, giving great respect to the importance of the work. For Thurou, the human capital of people is constantly generating items and services. Having seen a number of people’s qualities, they also emphasize respect for the basic economic value that is established on the genetic level. “Economic property - we write, it’s not just another productive investment, like the individual. Economical building contributes to the productivity of all other investments.”
Dutch economist Mark Blaug points out that human capital is driven by early investments in new individuals. Spending past life on medical care, education and an individual’s health can be costly. This benefit comes from the fact that people’s productive capacities are stagnant, including the task of completing their tasks in the process of generating material wealth that will bring income to the ruler
Due to the wealth of research carried out by foreign scientists, the theory of human capital has become a well-known scientific phenomenon in the world, which has begun to be actively involved in lighting installations. On the basis of which the foundations of other branches of knowledge were directly laid: the economy of knowledge, the economy of knowledge, the economy of intellectual power. Human capital has begun to be interpreted in a broader way. Much later, it was fought first by the Radyans, and then by the Russians.
In the so-called “era of stagnation” in the USSR, there was a lack of talented work of Radian scientists who critically assessed the achievements of foreign fakivists in the Galusian theory of human capital under the guise of political economy and socialism: V.I. Basova, V.S. Goylo, A.V. Dainovsky, R.I. Kapelyushnikova, V.P. Korchagin, V.V. Klochkov, V.I. Martsinkevich. Example, R.I. Kapelyushnikov appreciates that human capital is a vast supply of knowledge, abilities and motivation, like the tamed people. On the one hand, the stench is a significant source of money for the daily income, on the other - a reliable source of earnings and income for the future.
The scientific theory of human capital began to be taken up as a fundamental issue in the early nineties of the last century, from the beginning of the radical economic reforms in Russia. At this hour the first fundamental robots appeared in this galusi S.A. Dyatlova, A.I. Dobrina, I.V. Illinsky, R.I. Kapelyushnikova, M.M. Kritsky, V.T. Martsinkevich.
The theoretical positions of the pre-students of history show a clearer distinction between essence, place, forms and types, development of minds, creation and accumulation of human capital. Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of the St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics Mikhailo Mikhailovich Kritsky among Russian scientists for the first time made positive research on the theory of human capital. In their work, they noted that human capital is not just sold and purchased, but also advanced, coded as fixed capital, and, obviously, it requires capital investments and has a long-term character of a capital resource. .
Kritsky, in the process of functioning and depreciation of human capital, seeing three warehouses that interact with each other: the living fund, the living service fund and the fund of dematerialized productive assets of the population.
In the great economic dictionary edited by O.M. Azriliyan human capital is the result of education, qualification, and development process; knowledge and skills inculcated in the workforce.” The very concept of human capital has become the most popular and the basis for the development of the theory and methodology of human capital by Russian scientists, including scientists from the St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance. For example, B.V. Korneychuk writes that human capital is “the totality of an individual’s assets, as well as the flow of penny income. The magnitude of the investment in light and health is impressive.”
Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov human capital means that it is formed as a result of investments and accumulations of human resources of health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivation, which are fully developed in this and other spheres of life new creation, will result in increased productivity of production and the effectiveness of production and thereby contribute to the growth of earnings (income) of this person"
Simkina Lyudmila Georgiyevna develops the Cretan look in her robots. Human capital is defined as a concept of livelihood that operates between time savings. Simkina examines the distinct forms of wealth in life that are manifested in the elderly and in fertility. The basis of this form of wealth is rational activity. Remnants of human activity are associated with increased growth, and the remnants of expanded creation are important as the basis for the generation of economical contributions to human capital. The identification of concrete and absolute forms of wealth in life through an additional shift in needs and needs makes it possible for Symkina to identify the historically specific form of human capital. “The productive form of human capital,” writes Vaughn, “seems to be the basic integrity of two warehouse elements - the central principle and the rational activity. These elements can act either as functions of one subject, or as organizational and economic forms of various subjects that enter one by one in an exchange of activity.”
A group of descendants under the leadership of Abalkin Leonid Ivanovich, who look at the problem of strategic development of Russia in the new century, will trace human capital as the totality of income generation, illumination, swelling of personal skills, moral-emotional and physical health, which will ensure the ability to generate income. Socio-economic progress is based on the new knowledge acquired by scientific and advanced practitioners and acquired through the process of education and training of healthcare workers. The main areas of activity that shape human capital are the scientific and educational complex, health protection and medicine that shape the minds of life and work.
Yuriy Grigorovich Bichenko means that human capital is:
a) the object of social contributions in the social-labor, information, professional, social, political spheres;
b) the process of interaction, which is seen as an investment in the formation of an individual;
c) accumulation of human knowledge, wisdom, skills, abilities, which have a clear and clear characteristic;
d) knowledge, value and skills of the individual, which serve as a basis for the activities of the state, other companies, families, and enterprises;
e) knowledge, knowledge and skills that individuals need to achieve in order to achieve their goals and status in the spheres of marital development;
f) the main indicator, which demonstrates the stage of the future goodness and the initial position of the country in the international arena.
Volodymyr Mikolayovich Kostyuk, depending on the socio-economic processes and the disintegrating power of the concept of development theory, human capital is defined as an individual asset of a person, which allows it to function in the minds of importance. The structure of human capital includes rational and intuitive warehouses. Their connections can be given to the ruler of human capital to achieve success where high qualifications and professionalism alone are not enough. He said that it is a necessary talent that requires a strong wine garden.
Among the current values of human capital, the main focus is the expansion of their expansion. A comprehensive understanding of human capital is consistent with its expanded interpretation in L.Sh. Suleymanova Vidpovidno until the appointment of L.Sh. Suleymanova’s “tse of births, formations as a result of investments and the accumulation of a wealth of health, awareness, skills, strengths, motivation, energy, cultural development, both of a specific individual, a group of people, and of marriage as a whole who are completely victorious in this and other spheres successful creation, promote economic growth and contribute to the amount of income of their ruler.”
CM. Klimov appreciates that human capital is an unknown category of the current intellectualized economy. As structural elements of human capital, he calls biophysical capital, social and intellectual resources of particularity. CM. Klimov notes that “the effectiveness of the development of human capital in the field of production largely depends on the factors of the gestational environment.” Having learned from the understanding of human capital S.M. Klimov, in our opinion, is able to emphasize the relevance of the development of human capital not only in the industry, but also beyond its borders. From this position, human capital is concentrated “not only in the workplace, but in everyday life, in life that goes beyond the working hour. Therefore, investments in the formation of intellectual resources, as well as human capital, are not supported by expenses for living expenses.”
The socio-economic form of human capital and its clear importance are described by Anatoly Fedorovich Dobrinin and Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov. “Human capital,” they write, “is a form of manifestation of the productive capacity of a person in a market economy, a similar form of acceptance of the productive efforts of a person, introduced into the system of socially-oriented market economy as the main one, creative official of sustainable creation.”
Russian economic literature does not have a comprehensive concept of “human capital”. Some of the physical and creative abilities of a person are still distinguished, in addition to knowledge, intelligence and skills, which, as a rule, generate income for households and businesses. Other descendants of human capital consider a set of things that people accumulate during their lives and then sell their investments.
1.2 Classification of types of human capital
Classification of types of human capital is possible for various reasons and for various purposes, which is presented in the literature on this issue. Many people know the reality and the main role of human capital.
1) At the same level, the amount of human capital is divided into:
a) Specific human capital - knowledge and skills that people have when working in a company or in a specific company.
There are two types of specific human capital:
Positive - capital, which guarantees a clear return investment deposits from a training specialist;
Negative - capital that generates return on investment.
The development of specific capital commitments with numerical expenditures for the preparation of fakhivts for the establishment of specific planting obligations in the singing work place.
The company may have to spend money after leaving the company, paying a reduced salary, but in this case, the employee may go to a similar position, leaving the company, as a result of which there will be an increase in their human capital. As a rule, specific human capital does not transfer stagnation of unique information and skills to another company. And here you spend on training in proportion between the worker and the company.
b) Underground human capital - knowledge and skills that, regardless of the fact that they were taken away, can be stagnated in other workplaces and companies.
2) Behind the main forms there is formation and accumulation:
a) Health capital is an important storehouse of human capital, the contribution to which is manifested in the saving of productivity for the reduction of illness and the promotion of a productive period of life. Physical strength, efficiency, immunity, and resistance to periods of intense work activity are needed by all people in every sphere of professional activity.
b) Labor capital is the capital that an individual acquires and accumulates through practical skills, which he then learns throughout his life in one or another sphere of activity.
c) Intellectual capital – Rozumova, creativity, which is a unique attribute of human intelligence and intelligence.
d) Organizational-entrepreneurial capital - the ability to generate constructive business ideas, adaptability, innovation, high reliability, resiliency, organizational viability, volunteer commerce Other secrets. The level of entrepreneurial opportunities is realized in the amount of capital, which allows you to see small, medium and large businesses. The capacity of the hospitality facilities is assessed for effective stagnation capital and stability and business development.
e) Cultural capital - intellectual property, intelligence, skills, work and daily morality, adherence to the law, what is the victorious individual in the process of social activity.
e) Social capital is the knowledge that can be transferred and developed through mutual relationships between employees and partners.
f) Organizational capital - the competence of the company is systematized, which will enhance its creative and organizational potential, directly affecting the product.
3) Behind the forms of decoration:
a) Living capital is capital that includes the accumulation of knowledge, intelligence, skills and health infused into the skin of a person.
b) Non-living capital is capital in which knowledge is associated with material and physical appearance.
c) Institutional capital - institutions that promote the effective stagnation of all types of human capital.
4) According to equals and particularities:
a) Individual human capital;
Individual human capital is an economical type of talent that includes the necessary individual qualities of a person, which are revealed through a particular free will, for example:
Physical and mental health;
Knowledge, intelligence, skills;
natural ability, prestige to morality;
Osvita;
Creativity, winemaking;
Courage, prudence, sleepiness;
Leadership, not transferred to the special trust;
Labor mobility.
The value of individual human capital in a university is expressed by the formula:
de Z - knowledge of the individual;
U - vminnya іndivіda;
Pro - dosvid іndivіda;
I - individual initiatives.
The intelligent, emotional, motivational values that individuals possess establish their renewed importance in marriage and enterprise.
The value that an individual makes is important in the form of capital—individual human capital. Smartly ask for help in the new deposits at the osvіtu. The theory of human capital considers lighting as a commodity that may be subject to economic gain. Individual human capital should be spent on investing in the recovery and preservation of health, which will lead to increased productivity of this human capital.
The broad value of individual human capital can be expressed through the formula:
de PS – cohabitation of individual human capital;
SUS-variety of old knowledge of individual human capital;
SDR-vartіst otrenih knowledge, umіn individual human capital;
CI – contribution to individual human capital;
y - coefficient of profitability of individual human capital
SZN is the wealth of tacit knowledge and capabilities of individual human capital.
Through additional knowledge transfer, human capital can be increased. The transfer of knowledge contains such elements as the source of knowledge, the addressee of knowledge, their components, the transmission channel and a single connection.
b) Human capital of the organization(Enterprises, firms);
Knowing what is at the heart of the organization is essential to ensure innovation, productivity, efficiency, and is a characteristic component of winning competition among buyers, technology, special knowledge, financing, which does not form material advantage. The dynamics of the formation of organization and place systems are based on the exploitation of intangible resources.
The concept of human capital in an organization can be interpreted in different ways. These may be ideas, technologies, possessions, scientific research, planting instructions, which lies before the singing organization. On the other hand, human capital is seen as the wealth of an organization in terms of personnel qualifications. The human capital of an organization is formed with the help of specialists, their native and infused knowledge, skills, abilities and talents. As a result, the human capital of an organization is seen as the aggregate wealth that shapes the company's competitive assets according to its capacity, skills, capabilities, and stagnant resources of the company.
The development of human capital of an organization is achieved in the following ways:
Prydbannya;
Lost and saved;
Development and preparation;
Dirt and clay.
The value of the human capital of the organization lies in the category of the worker. There is a great influx of human capital in the organization: high professional competence, intellectual and creative potential, ability to embrace innovation and be a participant in innovation, adaptation to the minds of innovation , which is rapidly changing, Volodinya dekilkom specialties, bindings. The commitment to the human capital of the organization is based on its global character.
The human capital of the organization sees the danger that is attributed to the economic plan. The value of this type does not convey the significance of the specialness of family, marriage, or other nuances of power social measures. The main emphasis of the human capital of the organization is to work inclusively on skills, knowledge and evidence of what people can do.
V) Regional human capital;
Nina's human capital is respected by the chief official of the socio-economic development of the region. The economic success of the region depends on the population living in the given territory, the capabilities of the regional human capital, and the level of unemployment. In regions with significant levels of unemployment, there is a loss of labor force as a result of a decrease in regional human capital. During this period, regions that are actively developing are experiencing a shortage of labor resources.
The power of mobility of human capital is stagnating in regional markets due to intra-regional transfer of human capital. The mobility of the population of the regions is determined by economic and social factors.
The region's human capital is based on suspіlnіy svidomosti, socio-political development Regional human capital is assessed by the population at a specific stage of development to aggregate economic activity and income. Knowledge and skills of the population of the region are important as the main contribution to the business competitiveness of the region.
The development of human capital on the regional level lies in the form of economic indicators:
an impact on the region's employment efficiency;
Expanding the capabilities of practicing the system.
The shortage of regional human capital is important for the exchange of investments in the region's economy. Promotion of professional and highly qualified personnel is one of the problems of reducing regional human capital. Globalization, regions that are actively taking shape, are poised for a great influx of talent from fewer regions.
G) National human capital;
National human capital is the reservoir of national wealth. The formation of human capital and the improvement of the quality of life significantly revolves around the implementation of national projects. Human capital is perceived as the population size, which ensures economic growth.
National human capital to take revenge:
Social capital;
political capital;
National intellectual priorities;
National competitive advantages;
Natural potential of the nation.
The national human capital is perceived as a resource that can be invested in different ways - through investments, through discounting methods. The size of the national human capital is determined as the totality of the human capital of all people. The national human capital will become over fifty hundred of the national wealth of the developing countries, and over 70-80% of the developing countries.
The characteristics of the national human capital were historical development world civilizations and ends of the world. National human capital in the 20th and 21st centuries is important due to the intensive intellectual development of the economy and marriage.
5) Supranational (global) human capital.
Globalization means free, natural transfer of existing resources. Globalization of the economy creates a supranational, world-wide level of development of human capital. Global mobility of human capital among global corporations and firms promotes economic returns.
Global human capital is the totality of knowledge, skills and specific skills that are represented in the labor force. The concept of workers as important assets leads to the formation of policies by international organizations in smaller countries.
The concept of global human capital shows and examines the indicators of high labor force values in various countries. Globalization of human capital intensifies enterprise to innovation. The development of human capital in any country can be realized through investments in lighting, health protection, and brainwashing family life, the giants are right.
This classification of types of human capital makes it possible to analyze human capital on the same level of people and the state as a whole.
1.3 Formation and accumulation of human capital.
The wealth of the region is the people. The economic growth of the region is due to the increase in financing of human capital, culture, health protection, etc. The development of the intellectual and spiritual values of people, the accumulation of human capital today is lost to the important tasks of any country. The main priority of budget expenditures is investment in human capital.
With the vitality of the skin member of marriage, there is a great potential for increasing the intellectual resource, which leads to an increase in the economy and to significant opportunities for marriage. The development of human potential is conveyed by:
The proliferation of minds in the life of the citizens;
It is important to increase the competitiveness of human capital;
Provision of friendly minds of all members of the partnership in the development of their activities.
In today's economically growing region, there is a need for the formation of human capital, which expands the knowledge, skills and abilities of the people of the region.
The formation of human capital has different types, forms and stages of an individual’s life cycle. The leaders see the factors that bring such groups together: social, institutional, integration, economic, regional, demographic, socio-economic.
Conceptually, the model for the formation of human capital in the socio-economic system includes different levels: estate, region, company and locality within its own subsystems. Subjects of the subsystem, which is controlled by the power, greater initial mortgages, businesses and organizations, families and partnerships and, most importantly, the people themselves. The object of management is human capital in this way.
Fig.1. Concept of the human capital formation model
p align="justify"> Formation of human capital is a trivial process of increasing the productive capacity of the workforce. The formation of human capital plays an important role for the long-term economic growth of the region, and contributes to the same achievements of new Innovative technologies for effective industrial ownership.
In the formation of human capital, professionalism, awareness and advanced qualifications take an important place. Lighting is a key element of human capital. It has two functions: Individual development It is more economical and also generates qualified labor force. It gives the opportunity to master the wealth of knowledge that has already been accumulated, and it absorbs the extraction of new knowledge from the process of practical activity, it forms sympathetic minds with the method of generation in the future. Additional illumination is supported by the importance of increasing the potential of human capital, which is part of the socio-economic development of marriage. It is not for nothing that we respect that in people there is a single path to progress - knowledge and understanding of all the crossings on this path - rationality.
The level of qualification of workers, their professionalism is an important warehouse component of the workforce. This problem exists in the secondary, secondary and high vocational education systems.
At this time, Russian universities are implementing extensive training for facists, which makes it possible to create a highly flexible system of education that will ensure students the ability to choose directly.
Professionalism is the special ability of people to regularly and effectively perform difficult work functions based on established indicators of agility. To what extent is there such a level of professionalism that meets the standards and objective benefits that exist in the world. People want to extract this brilliance from the result of special training and the accumulation of work.
The activity of a professional is based on a rich system, which includes not only external, but also complex, diverse internal functions. Professionalism is not without a high level of knowledge, including the results of a person’s activity in a person’s life, as well as the system of organization, information, and psyche.
Community institutions are located in absolutely all spheres of people’s lives and, in addition, absolutely all of them contribute to the formation of human capital. To see important institutions, we can define the concept of “funds” of human capital.
Creating funds of powerful human capital, people will be transferred to the system of social institutions that stabilize the entire sphere of activity, and to the system of informal institutions. Informal - those institutions that are not fixed in the formal view, prote, prote by installing method This and other spheres are involved in the formation and development of human capital. Formal institutions will manifest their actions, meaning principles, and directly influence the behavior of people.
Moreover, these people are subject to another influx of informal institutions that represent norms, values, traditions and beliefs. This may be due to the behavior of people in the sphere of activity. In order to identify your influx both between early organizations and individuals, and in the sphere of global institutional influx.
The accumulation of human capital precedes economic growth and is the basis of economic growth. The process of accumulating human capital will require significant investment costs.
Investments in human capital are classified based on the criterion of their functional directness. In the structure of invested human capital, investments in health and light, which are the most important in the form and accumulation (Fig. 2).
The formation and accumulation of human capital assets occurs during the investment process, between investors in the private and government sectors of the economy. The creation of human capital is carried out on an investment basis; the formation of secondary assets of human capital is presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Forms of human capital: features of formation and accumulation
|
Form human capital |
Dzherela accumulated |
The main characteristic of the accumulation process |
|
Health capital |
1. Investments of the community in the creation and development of the community system of health protection, physical education and sports; 2. Investments from enterprises in the development of a collective system of health care, physical culture, and sports. |
The basis of accumulation is the power of labor force. |
|
Labor Capital |
1. Investments of the estate in the development of the estate system of science and education, training and retraining, retraining; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective lighting system, in training and retraining, and advanced qualifications. |
Accumulation is gained from the process of accumulating knowledge, and one becomes familiar with the process of practice. |
|
Intellectual Capital |
1. Investments of the partnership in the creation and development of the partnership system of education and science; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective system of science and education, financing of NDDKR. |
Accumulation occurs in the process of intellectual appropriation. |
|
Organizational and entrepreneurial capital |
1. Investments of the partnership in the development of the partnership system of science and education, Sovereign support undertaking; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective lighting system, in training, retraining, and upgrading the qualifications of managers. |
Accumulation is gained in the process of accumulating knowledge, becoming a beginner and familiar with the process of labor and entrepreneurial activity. |
|
Cultural and moral capital |
1. Investments from the joint venture into the development of the joint education and training system; financing of cultural deposits, allowing for repairs; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective lighting system, in collective programs allowing for improvement, in the formation of tradition and organizational culture; dozvіllya that vіdpochinku. |
Accumulation is gained from the process of training, acquiring knowledge, and establishing the social and cultural sphere. |
There are three main stages in the accumulation of human capital. At the first stage, the mental accumulation of human capital is formed as a result of the investment system of the estate, organization, family, and a structure is created that will ensure the expansion of the potential of human capital. At the other end of the stage, the potential of human capital is being shaped, so that the totality of human power, which will form part of the process of huge growth. At the third stage, potential human capital is transferred to industrial-commercial activity, which is where the transformation from the potential form takes place into the form of real human capital. With this stated about the stages of accumulation of human capital, investments in people are not just an initial stage of formation and accumulation, but rather a desire to ensure the possibility of these processes.
Small 3 Stages of accumulation of human capital.
Having looked at all the stages of accumulation of human capital, you can come to the conclusion that investments in people are the beginning stage of formation and accumulation, and they are designed to ensure the possibility of these processes .
2.1 State of human capital in Russia
Human capital is formed from the results of investment investments and savings by individuals and represents a large reserve of health, knowledge, skills, and capabilities that directly contribute to the development of one or another sphere of global growth. To analyze the value of human capital, the level of living, literacy, education, medical status and GDP per capita are taken into account. These indicators are covered by the development of the human capital development index.
The Human Development Index is a coefficient that is based on three dimensions of human capital:
Long will be the state of health that is signified by the well-rounded triviality of life;
Realities are gaining knowledge that they are dying out in the middle and obvious trivalism of the beginning;
The need to achieve a decent standard of living, which is established in addition to the gross national income per capita.
The highest value of individual human development is 1.0. In order to measure human development as a whole, there are three types of indices: the gender inequality index, the gender development index, and the wealth poverty index.
The region with the greatest world of individual human development;
The edges of the middle stage of individual human development;
Regions with a low level of individual development of a person.
Table 2
The edge of the world behind the level of human development in 2017
Key indicators of Russia:
The average level of triviality of life is 70.3 years;
The average cost of education is 14.7 years;
Gross national income per capita - $22,352 per river.
The named cream is of great interest in research on how to carry out the Worldwide economic forum(WEF) together with the international consulting firm for human resource management Mercer - “Report on Human Capital-2016”.
In this regard, the WEF points out that in the 21st century the main intellectual development of the region and economic growth is human capital. Based on the development potential of people based on 46 indicators of the country, you can calculate the human capital index. This rating shows the potential for the development of human capital in different age groups, including accessibility and lightness; Possibility of advancement of qualifications; employment of the region's economy.
The top ten countries with the highest human capital index have increased: Finland – 85.78; Norway – 83.84; Switzerland – 82.59; Canada - 83.87; Japan - 82.74; Sweden - 81.77; Denmark - 83.45; Netherlands – 85.36; New Zealand- 82.88 and Belgium - 82.11, which included up to a group of fourteen countries, which ranges between 80%.
The index is designed to assess human capital through indicators of the level of education, qualifications and training of people, starting from 15 years and over 65 years. The goal is to evaluate the results of current and future investments in human capital and to ensure the ability to transfer the situation to the future.
Table 3
|
Names of exhibitors |
Significance |
|
Total population, million people |
|
|
Population of the ancient century (from 15 to 64 years), million people |
|
|
of which with great light, million chol. |
|
|
Pension income coefficient (%) |
|
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Potential substitution coefficient (%) |
|
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Middle age population, rocks |
|
|
GDP per capita (per PKS, in US dollars) |
|
|
Labor force participation rate (%) |
|
|
Population employment (%) |
|
|
Rural unemployment (%) |
Dzherelo: Federal service State statistics.
Before the INDEMS INFORMATION about Kilkiy, the Potochnykhs of the Non -Chodavniykh Valnitnikivs at the basic Galuzi doslizen at the skin of the Robochoi of the Robochoi, and Takozhen Ovvyti.
The results indicate that Russia is in a high position in the ranking for equal coverage and qualifications of the workforce. Behind the level of cob, middle, middle special and great enlightenment, Russia includes up to the group of leaders for all century groups.
Depending on the distribution of the population, there is a noticeable trend in the types of economic activity that is typical for countries with a rural agricultural structure.
Table 4
Breakdown of employment by type of economic activity and profession in 2016, %
|
Hundreds of people occupied in |
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Silk State |
industries |
||
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Managers, specialists and technicians |
|||
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Clerks, trade and service workers |
|||
|
Qualified rural and labor professions |
|||
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Operators of installations and machines, pickers |
|||
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Pochatkova profession |
|||
Dzherelo: Federal State Statistics Service.
For the purposes of investigation, a century-old group is presented, designed to provide insight into full-time education – from 15 to 24 days.
Table 5
Indicators of awareness in the age group from 15 to 24 June 2016
Continuation of table 5
Dzherelo: Federal State Statistics Service.
The strong position of the power lies in the availability of the system of illumination of all levels from the beginning to the highest level of illumination. In terms of the initial availability of lighting, Russia occupies a high place. Weaknesses of Russia include demographic factors, i.e., a small proportion of the population, a high rate of unemployment, a lack of education and health of the population.
In direct preparation, the most important were social sciences and business studies. A positive impact for the economy is the training of professionals in the field of education, literature, education and science.
Table 6
Students for direct training 2016
Dzherelo: Federal State Statistics Service.
This century-old group, WEF experts, had extensive information about the economic fate and wealth of the younger generation. The results are shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Economic fate and skills 2016
Dzherelo: Federal State Statistics Service.
The table data is reduced to significant numbers. Russia is in fifth place with unstable employment.
Based on the indicators of the lighting system, economical participation, and the beginning of the work place, Russia occupies the same place as indicated in Table 8.
Table 8
Profile of the edge of the section of age-old groups, 2016
Dzherelo: Federal State Statistics Service.
The increase in the human capital of Russia is indicated by the analytical center under the Government of the Russian Federation. It is based on the human capital index of higher representations.
2.2 The main problems of forming human capital
The problem of human capital development is of great significance, both in the world and in Russia. There are objective difficulties that interfere with the normal formation of human capital.
We have to face the low wages in Russia, which are equal to those in other countries. According to the data of the International Organization of Labor in 2017, in the middle of 71 countries, Russia is in 51st place with an average monthly salary of $570.
Table 9
Average salary in the countries of the world per month for PPP 2017 rubles, $
|
Average salary per month for teaching staff, $ |
||
|
Luxembourg |
||
|
Pivdenna Korea |
||
|
Great Britain |
||
|
Republic of Cyprus |
||
|
New Zealand |
||
|
Australia |
||
|
Slovakia |
||
|
Malaysia |
||
The concept of human capital is today one of the main theoretical directions in economic sociology and management. For this crime, two Nobel Prizes in Galusi economics - to the Americans Theodore Schultz, born in 1979. and Geri Becker born in 1992
According to this concept, human capital is formed as a result of investments and accumulations of people's stock of knowledge, skills, motivation, skills and health, which corresponds to increased productivity and income per share. people. Investments in human capital include, most importantly, spending on education (primary and special, formal and informal), health care (illness prevention, medical care, nutritional care, mental health care) and uniforms. I do not have the necessary value and ethical norms (for example, loyalty ). your company). The remainder that will be spent in the future will be largely compensated by income, some of which will be productive and some not sustainable.
During the period of radical economic reforms in Russia, there was a sharp decline in the knowledge, evidence and skills that people had taken away from the Radian system of enlightenment and from the process of viral activity in the Radyan system of domination. The market has now pushed new opportunities to the core of labor force, and the accumulation of human capital has actually begun anew - if not “from scratch”, then it will reach low marks.
Today, in the development of the human potential of Russians, significant dollars are directly and indirectly invested - as a power, and by employers and by the workers themselves. The most extensive form of these investments is: basic and additional education, advanced training courses, seminars, trainings.
How effective is this investment in today's Russian minds? What will increase the stink of the “variety” of the worker and his demand on the market?
21 - 22 April 2007 to the All-Russian Center for Research and Development in 153 localities in 46 regions of the Russian Federation. From 1260 feedings from 18 to 60 years, 858 individuals (68.1%) worked either continuously or hourly. An analysis of the distribution of their nutritional responses to work activity served as the basis for this study.
Formal illumination, peredusim – vyshcha, and the main form of investment in human capital. Moreover, the real size of this capital is determined not so much by the presence of a certified diploma, but by acquired knowledge, names, skills and social connections.
Gary Becker began to focus on the economical effectiveness of high-quality lighting. According to this concept, the salary of a worker with a high level of training can be submitted as such, which consists of two main parts. Persha – these are the ones that have been removed from the bi, looming “zero” radius of illumination. The other is the income on “light investments”, which consists of direct expenses for investments and “spent earnings”, that is. income that was not withdrawn from studies at the time of commencement. For example, having calculated the return on investment from the beginning as the setting of income before expenses, Becker took away the average figure for the United States of 12 -14% of the river income.
Thus, the real value of illumination for one’s immediate life and in general for marriage is manifested in the fact that the practitioner is more high level Higher income is possible.
According to the opinion of many economists and sociologists, 15-20 years ago, in our region, the availability of a university diploma had little impact on the material development of a volunteer. How can you do it now?
Current respondents were asked to indicate the amount of their earnings, income from the main work, withdrawn from the previous month (that is, from the beginning of 2007), including bonuses, vacation pay and other payments, after taxation of contributions, to an accuracy of (+/-) 100 rubles.
For the group of working respondents between the ages of 18 and 60, their income averaged 9,800 rubles. The incomes of people with wealth turned out to be approximately 1.3 times higher than the average for the group - on average 13,500 rubles, with unfinished property by 1.1 times - 10,900 rubles. The income of respondents from the average and average special education was added up to 8,100 and 9,600 rubles respectively.
Assessing the level of their material well-being, respondents with great clarity, less often than average, raised themselves to “possible” - 21.0% (12.0%), even more often to “average income” - 49.3% (46. 2%), up to the number of “poor” and “even poor” - obviously 23.5% and 3.7% (30.3% and 9.3%).
In addition, respondents more often, less than the average of the group, said that they were “satisfied with the salary” with the amount of their salary 54.8% (the average was 38.7%) and even more so that they were “not satisfied” with the amount of their salary satisfied" 54, 1% (59.6%).
With this in mind, we can say that in Russia, earning a university degree will ensure a significant increase in earnings - according to our research, on average by about 1/3. Varto note that the increased value of the “premium for illumination” should become 50 to 100%.
“The cash flow with human capital” promotes chances not only for winning higher earnings, but also for winning jobs like that. How can we talk about a similar effect on the Russian market?
As can be seen from the results of the investigation, the level of education and employment of Russians are directly related to each other.
From 1060 animals to the highest economic activity - from 22 to 55 animals, 791 individuals work continuously or hourly, or on average 74.6% per sample. Among those who see light in this group, there are 82.9%, the average special – 76.0%, the average – 71.2%.
82.2% of fed men and 67.6% of fed women of the designated age perform either steadily or hourly; among those who have a high light – obviously 93.0% and 76.4%, the average special – 81.9% and 71.0%, the average – 81.3% and 59.4%, unfinished work – 67.4% and 47.5%.
Thus, a direct connection between the light and the reality of work is especially characteristic of women. It is obvious that many wives who did not continue their education after finishing school are engaged in domestic affairs and children. It is important to say what is the cause here, and what is the legacy.
Among respondents from 18 to 60 years of age, there is a large number of registered unemployed people: they become less than 1.8% of their number, while the average for the sample is 2.7%, among those who may be in the middle New light – 3.8% , average special – 2.7%.
This is a trend in great places, so regions. We took away the data to witness, which is less population point, Tim is the lower one for a new job. There is less unemployment among respondents with greater awareness everywhere, below the average for the sample.
In Moscow and St. Petersburg, 78.0% of respondents aged 18 to 60 are working, including 79.2% with advanced education; in places with a number of 100 - 500 thousand meshkantsiv - apparently 70.6% and 75.0%; in places with numbers up to 50 thousand. Mescants - 63.9% and 73.7%; in villages – 54.5% and 76.2%.
Thus, in Russian minds, a higher level of awareness of the truth will significantly strengthen the competitive position of practitioners in the market.
In addition to the elimination of formal education, the most important form of investment in human capital is the accumulation by the practitioner of practical training knowledge, then. Professional training. According to some data, in other countries the obligation to invest in training in the field of education can be approximately equal to the obligation to invest in formal education.
Geri Becker is divided between special and outside professional training. Special training equips workers with knowledge and skills that will help them get away with it in such a company, even if they get rid of it. It is largely financed by the companies themselves, and they receive the main income from it. During the course of in-depth training, the worker acquires knowledge of skills that may be found in other workers. External training is indirectly paid for by the workers themselves - if they improve their qualifications, they are expected to receive a lower salary as the salary increases. Then they still have “investment income” in the form of a high salary.
How do we cope with professional training in our region?
In response to the question “How many times have you had the opportunity to complete professional training in the last three years?” More than 2/3 (67.1%) of the total number of working respondents from 18 to 60 years old responded negatively.
29.8% underwent such training; in addition: courses to advance qualifications for their profession - 14.2%; mastering a related profession or specialty close to one’s own – 6.7%; primary professional training for those who do not have a profession or specialty - 5.0%; retraining for a new, different profession, specialty – 4.0%.
In Moscow, St. Petersburg and local millionaires, nearly 40% of residents received professional training over the past three years, and in rural areas - about 25%; Residents of small and medium-sized places are stuck here in the middle. It’s true that in big places people more often change their profession or give up their money to a friend, and in villages and small places they move their qualification beyond the obvious.
The differences between representatives of different age groups were found to be significant. Among the working respondents of 18-24 years of age, there is a noticeable surge in initial professional training, which will then go away with age, and a smaller number of those who have undergone retraining. The saturation in age-old groups 24-34, 34-44 and finally 45-59 years of age is the last hundred of those who, having given up professional training, slightly increase from the average numbers behind the sample, so affirms the truth - it’s not too late to read it.
Significant proportions of respondents have received extensive professional training: 43.1% have completed secondary specialized training (technical school, college) – 34.6% and the average oyu (school, vocational school) - a total of 22.1%. Faculty members with VNZ diplomas, for example, are much more likely to take advanced qualification courses for their profession - 24.1%, lower technical school (14.1%), who have completed school (6.7%). In this way, the more you are illuminated, the more you strive to advance your professional level.
It would seem that the competitive market environment would be more effective, without being “budgetary”, in stimulating healthcare workers to advance their professional level. Protean "public sector employees" (practitioners of science, culture, education, the government apparatus; military service and law enforcement) for the remaining three years have completed professional training more often (54.1%), below the group average і (29.8%).
It is possible to explain this fact: many practitioners do not understand the need to advance their “capitalization” in the way of professional training, and therefore realize that It will be carried out with the initiation and cost of the robot seller. To the question “Who do you think is responsible for the professional growth of medics?” The most common types of respondents among the respondents of this century were the following: “robot sellers” (58.6%), “medical workers themselves” (24.3%), “power” (12.3%). Private robot sellers, on their side, may not be in a hurry to invest money in the development of new technologies. As a result, the “sponsor” of professional development is often the power itself.
Opportunities for professional development are a priority for most Russians. I shared with the group of practical people what they do, testimonials to the question “If you had to get involved in a job, what would be the most important thing for you? (no more than 3 types)” shows: in the first place with the great trend is “the amount of wages” (74.5%), then – “the provision of social guarantees prescribed by law: paid leave, medical days, various payments and compensation "(37.2%) and only a third - "the possibility of professional self-realization, the type of work with obvious qualifications, professional growth" (28.2%).
Possibly, the weak correlation with advanced qualifications is explained by the fact that, in the author’s terminology, the advanced qualifications are not related And in the concept of human capital, most often “special” rather than “formal” professional training?
Proceeding from the equalization of the size of earnings, income from the main work, taken from the bank in 2007, including bonuses, allowances and other payments, after the recovery of contributions, shows: current respondents in the age of 18 to 60 fates that occurred during the remaining three fates of any form professional training, on average a small or high level of earnings (8600 rubles), the lower level was not deducted (6900 rubles).
The human capital theory explains why the salaries of workers increase with age. In youth, great investments in education, professional qualifications and training, gradually the investments dwindle, and workers begin to withdraw profits from them.
In the guilty countries, the average salary level reaches a maximum of 50 - 60 rubles, after which it begins to decrease, leaving behind the factors of “depreciation of capital” - health problems, old knowledge and new knowledge, passivity , lowering the building value until the beginning and the creation of a new one.
Analysis of the distribution of respondents' nutritional profiles based on the size of their earnings, income from the main job, taken away from the previous month, showing speciality– the average maximum income of fed Russians reaches the age of 31-35, after which it begins to decline. Thus, the average income in 2007 for the group of workers 18-24 years old became 8,200 rubles, 25-34 years - 11,000 rubles, 35-44 years - 10,900 rubles and 45-60 years – already 9,000 rubles.
This trend - a maximum of income at 31 - 35 years of age and then a sharp decline - is especially characteristic of people who may be in the light (div. diagram "Trends in the dynamics of the average salary of respondents is carefully considered Illuminate their century").
Stand between the upper and lower dotted lines - this is a bonus for greater light. We really appreciate that in young and middle ages, the investment rate is 50-100%, which is typical for developed countries, but up to 60 years of age is practically known.
The explanation can be forgiven. The labor force in Russia is divided into two groups – those who have begun to accumulate “their human capital” during the 1940s, at the beginning of radical market reforms, and those who have formed themselves as workers in the new, market era.
Russians, about 30-35 years old at a time, graduated from school and started working, starting just from the 80s to the beginning of the 90s. Among those who were formed as workers, including the market era, they have accumulated the maximum amount of knowledge and professional knowledge and therefore the highest appreciation of the current economy.
Human capital, investments over the past few hours, however, have significantly decreased. This is clear on the everyday level - the greater the burden of the “Radyan” enlightenment, knowledge, mentality, values and spirit that a person carries with him in life, it is more important for her to know that the market is highly paid at the robot.
I’ll pay myself a lot of money, and don’t be like a robot! As shown in the diagram “Trends in the dynamics of respondents’ employment dynamics over the past century,” the older group has about the same percentage of workers as in other groups.
Well, the laws of accumulation of human capital apply in Russia: more educated and qualified accountants and we have a great chance of losing a prestigious and highly paid job.
Since the 1990s, a significant part of human capital has been lost, but the accumulation has actually started anew. Because in other countries today it is representatives of the older generation who are capitalized on the market, while in Russia there are 30-35 generations of workers. It can be assumed that the “normal” picture will reappear in about a quarter of a century - if the lower 35-year-olds themselves reach the pre-retirement age...
Keywords:
1 -1
Nesterov A.K. Accumulation of human capital // Encyclopedia of Nesterovs
The accumulation of human capital is characterized by the inherent nature of increasing the effectiveness of its investment, since the increased knowledge and awareness of individuals manifests itself in practice almost immediately, as a result of the productivity of the process. Advances due to delays.
The need to accumulate human capital is driven by the need for people to have a system of needs.
The structure and specific needs of everyday people appear to be a complex system of goals, from which the satisfaction of specific needs is determined. In this case, the needs are grouped into material, spiritual and social ones, and all at once they are directly at the forefront of production. Thus, people's needs act as the main motive for economic activity.
As a result, in order to ensure the advancement of their level of life, people are concentrated in the accumulated human capital, which will increase the value of their work and allow them to satisfy more than their needs, add to keep your needs in order. This is a subjective side to the accumulation of human capital.
On the other hand, in current minds, long-term economic growth is based on technological progress and innovation, which will require a clear thoroughness of human activity. Also, the objective side of the accumulation of human capital is associated with the advancement of his role as the head official of economic growth, which is one of the brains behind the development of the national economy.
From the perspective of the current minds of the government, human capital is characterized by the viciousness, desires and spontaneities of people that conceal their productive work activity.
There are 3 warehouses at the development:
The promotion of the role of human capital to the modern economy is obvious. It is necessary to create a large-scale systemic framework that stimulates the accumulation of human capital. Doctors' minds, the problems of economic growth and development, which affect the current economy, the accumulation of human capital and, furthermore, allow for the rich supply associated with the development of humanity and economic growth.
In today's economy, the role of people has grown greatly, equal to the past centuries, which means that the strong influx of human capital is reflected in the economic growth and development of the country's economy. Human capital allows for a clear streamlining of industrial processes and creates changes in thinking about intensive economic development, reducing the role of extensive economic growth.
The accumulation of human capital is of a trivial nature and is reflected in people’s daily investments, both penny and hourly. Once progress in economic development lies heavily in the accumulated human capital, the role of people in the economic environment is even greater.
The most effective is economic growth, based on the clear growth of production, the minds of life and the goodwill of the country. This whole thing can be reached, vikorista as the main official of human capital. The skin of a person may be sealed with the steady accumulation of human capital like his ruler. The motives for accumulating human capital are the needs of people, which are the main incentives for their behavior in current market minds.
The process of accumulating human capital, as a rule, prolongation at the hour, in order to protect the pace of economic development. Therefore, as the main motive for investing in human capital, it was necessary to increase the income equal to the income, both for the rulers of human capital, and for enterprises of the country. Increasing income in the pre-line period due to the increase in the human capital of the bagatorase is changing investment rates.
The specifics of the accumulation of human capital are related to the introduction of new markets to the strength of the working force. If on the market of practice there are high vimogi until the knowledge of professional knowledge, then the accumulation of human capital intensifies, at one time the process of the greatest manifestations among practitioners, your development.
Nina's human capital is invested significantly on 3 levels.
|
Description |
Characteristic |
|
|---|---|---|
|
Sovereign |
On the sovereign level, look at the light, protect your health toshcho. |
|
|
Range of enterprises |
We look at the direction of practitioners for the work of undertaking on paid trainings, seminars, conferences with the method of advancing their qualifications and organizing internal training trainings and seminars. |
|
|
The third rіven represents investing in human capital without intermediary yogo's hairdresser in seeing the health of additional education, self-advancement of qualifications and the health of new professional skills. All these investments are allowed to increase the special human capital of the practitioner |
The main form of accumulation of human capital is enlightenment, peredusіm, vishcha, in the sphere the priority is given to knowledge, zdіbnosti, newcomers, to win them over to work.
The current salary can be based on two parts: the first is the amount of income that a person would receive, without any slightest illumination, and the other is the amount of income on investment, money spent on education. Investments in lighting include direct expenditures on the start-up and alternative benefits in the form of income spent during the start-up period. Based on this approach, the real value of illuminating human capital for the government and, in general, for the economy and prosperity is manifested in the fact that a practitioner with a higher level of awareness, and therefore, with greater With the help of human capital, there can be more high income.
Traditionally, it is important that the income of people with higher education is approximately 1.3-1.5 times that of the income of people with average special education, at the same time, low profession, which means the presence of higher education , paid less than the rich worker professions. Father, accept this firmness, as the absolute truth, it’s been a year. However, it is necessary to ensure that the volodinnya, with the light of the light, will ensure the song growth in the earnings.
The presence of human capital is added as a way to increase a higher income, and it increases the chances of planting a large number of promising vacancies. Rivne that lightness illuminates that labor employment may show the fallowness among themselves. This trend is typical of both great places and sometimes small ones. The number of unemployed people with a high level of illumination is smaller, compared to those who may have average or average special illumination.
Also, the greater intensity of awareness and the greater size of human capital will strengthen the competitive position of market practitioners. Slid designate what is the main competitive advantage in the practice market. Others behind the list are professional certificates.
The next important form of accumulation of human capital is the withdrawal of practical training skills and professional training.
The general obligation of investment in professional training and advancement of qualifications can be approximately equal to the obligation of investment in traditional education.
It is necessary to recognize the difference between special and outside professional training.
It should be noted that in Russia there is a popular resentment towards the accumulation of human capital.
Also, Russian enterprises, zdіysnyuyut іnvestitsії in human capital, pragmatically organize such a smart work, so that the spіvrobіtniki did not go out of the enterprise, oskolki tse vede before spending their investments. The most popular among Ukrainian companies are corporate trainings, team building, practical group employment in a narrow direction, related to the specifics of work.
As earlier, the number of practitioners, who promoted their professional training for their own initiative, was not large, then this year's trend has changed, the development of their own professional skills same requirements. There is an obvious tendency in a positive direction, more truth, less money for a rіven, oskіlki the main type of professional training, how people go through with their own initiative, є courses for promotion of qualifications for fakh. Other types of outside professional training are less necessary.
In addition, it should be noted that workers in the public sector, government agencies, and government companies pursue professional training much more often than professional workers in commercial organizations. For low-income professions in the public sector, there is a shift in professional training every 1, 2 or 3 years.
In commercial enterprises, many workers do not understand the need to accumulate human capital through advanced professional training, fortunately, it may now be possible to obtain additional oh employer and from this initiative. However, private companies, especially small ones, will not hesitate to invest money from the development of their employees. Also, the budgetary sector has special programs, within the framework of any requirement for compulsory advanced qualifications. Whenever the investor of a professional venture is often the country itself.
The third form of accumulation of human capital is independent development, which is expected to develop as a major source of additional education, new professional skills, and so on.
This form is the least broad, the weak emphasis on independent advanced qualifications can be explained by the low level of motivation for accumulating power in human capital among the majority of the population. Often people do not have any prospects for increased salary if they undergo advanced qualifications. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate workers to see an increase in their wages depending on the level of qualifications and professional knowledge.
Vidpovidno to the extreme position of the theory of human capital, the salaries of practitioners grow over the centuries, to that in youth there are great investments in education, professional education and training, then their intensity the willfulness vanishes, and the practitioners begin to flourish with the fruits of their labors for the formation of human capital.
With the age of accumulation of human capital, the formation of professional skills and the accumulation of income will continue, and at the same time the level of income will increase.
In line with the current trend in the formation and development of human capital, a worker reaches his maximum income in the region of 45-50 rubles. After this point, the general level of income begins to decline, and the depletion of human capital begins to take place: knowledge and skills become outdated, health problems appear, the level of communication decreases, and progress There is passivity then.
The additional amount of income for the period of high light begins to disappear after 40-45 years, at the time of retirement, the income stops adding up to the level of income. This is explained by the fact that the beginning of the accumulation of the main part of human capital is avoided through the creation of great illumination (22-25 years), after which a person sets foot on the labor path and begins to supplement his professional qualifications I'm going home. Having started working, people are constantly increasing their professional ranks, increasing their human capital.
Starting from 30-35 years, people have already accumulated sufficient knowledge and acquired the necessary professional skills, which are highly valued by the current economy and employers. At the same time, the workers who have been developing their human capital all this time are facing a turning point. Their accumulation of human capital seems to have been achieved and investments in new capital have depreciated, so it is more important for them to find a highly paid job. This is often due to the lack of willpower to self-development in a professional sense, and often to the low level of professional awareness that respects robots in the minds that have changed.
In the period from 30-35 years to 40-45 years, a person must develop their human capital through professional development, special training and professional development, so that after 40-45 years, professional development ensuring a higher level of additional income, below all else.
In this manner, you can make a note:
The accumulation of human capital does not depend on the creation of a wealth of information, new professional skills, new jobs, special skills, etc., but can be continued for the period of additional education and special professional development. The more credentials, qualifications and apologies the fahive has, the greater the chances of winning a job with a high level of payment.
Among the peculiarities of the development and accumulation of human capital in Russia, it is necessary to identify positive trends to increase the number of workers who can increase their human capital by increasing their qualifications These are the beginnings of new professional skills. This is definitely a plus. At the same time, there is a low culture among workers and workers in order to refinance human capital and provide an intermediate basis for intensive economic growth. In current minds, human capital in Russia is the main driver of intensive economic growth. In addition to increasing human capital, it is possible to increase the level of economic development, strengthen the national economy, technological modernization of industries, increase productivity and stimulate the economy A constant growth in the minds of the current voices with which Russia has emerged.
Literature
