On the basis of the identified problem, the designation of the object subject matter be restored meta follow-up.
Meta follow-up straightened out the solution of the problem posed, in view of it, to lay down the whole period of further research.
Meta follow-up- those who can be taken away by the gravest work.
For the purpose of honoring in the past robots, which are celebrated on the first and the other slabs of higher illumination, you can use the honorifics of different approaches. This is the reason for the scientific directing of robots, which are consecrated in the magistracy, for which, for us, an important scientific result.
So, when formulating master's dissertations, it is recommended to indicate the main scientific result, which can be taken away, and then add it to the practical requirement, for satisfaction with the completion of the set task (div. Fig. 2.2). So it is very important to go to the formulary of the term papers at the magistracy.
The formula of meti begins to sound with the words: "Meta help work - ...".
For example, a meta master's dissertation on the topic "Key factors for success in IT consulting" can be formulated as follows: "Expand a set of key success factors in order to ensure the improvement of the competitive position of a company in IT consulting."
In robots, which are familiar with the initial process at the first stage of education (at the bachelor's degree), meta robots are most often practical in nature, the shards of the elements of scientific novelty are not obov'yazykovoy vimogoy for a robot equal. The main information blocks will describe the representation in fig. 2.3. The order of the chosen choice is established at the discretion of the author of the work.
Наприклад, мета випускної кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра на тему: "Вплив розвитку ІТ на портфель консалтингових послуг системних інтеграторів" може бути сформульована так: "Для підвищення привабливості послуг та підтримки конкурентоспроможності системних інтеграторів розробити обґрунтовані рекомендації з розвитку портфелів консалтингових послуг .
After the appointment of the follow-up, the follow-up hypothesis is formulated 6 type Greek. hypothesis - basis, admission- "a camp that hangs like a mental explanation of a certain phenomenon or a group of phenomena; an excuse about the basis of a certain phenomenon" 7 Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary/Edited by A.A. IVina. - M: Gardariki, 2004, p. 182 .
The hypothesis hangs from the method of solving the problem posed, and it shows the main direct scientific inquiry, as a result of which one can take away the whiskers about the truth or hypotheses.
Mal. 2.2.
As a scientific assumption, the hypothesis is guilty of confirming the singful vimog from a glance of the methodology of science, and itself, current philosophical dictionary/ Behind the headline ed. Ph.D. Professor V.Є. Kemerova.-M.: Academic Project, 2004, p.156. :
The hypothesis hangs from the results of the study subject area research facts, results of scientific and practical achievements and other materials. Її confirmation of those who are directing to bring the real basis of the guessing camp.
The main stages of the development of the hypothesis are shown in fig. 2.4.
As a result of the conducted research, the hypothesis is either challenged or confirmed and becomes the foundation of a theory.
Hypothesis in the subsequent works, which are embodied in the initial process, may contain the foundation of the object, its structure, authority, elements and connections that establish the object, the mechanism of functioning and development.
For example, the hypothesis of the master's dissertation on the topic "Key factors for success in IT consulting" can be formulated as follows: You can achieve a significant advantage over the main competitors and gain a better position in the target market”.
The meta and hypothesis of the follow-up is formulated Follow up order yakі most often є private pіdtіlyami in deyaky minds. Follow up order to secure access to the public goals. At the robot, the formula is formulated as a date, the recommended number is 4-5. The managers are put on the list, as if they were rehabilitated. The change of the date can be attributed either to the time sequence of the follow-up, or to the logic of the follow-up. The tasks set determine the structure of the work, the description of its variance is folded in the form of divisions and divisions of the work. From the formula, the task is to spell out the names of the divisions (details) and paragraphs (details) of the work.
Tasks are often formulated for additional help: reveal, doslidzhuvati, obgruntuvati, vyznachit, analyze, rozrobiti, insert the number of relevant names.
Vikoristovuyuchi inserted the meta and hanging hypothesis for the example of the master's dissertation considered above, formulating the task of the work. The details of this butt are given in Table 2.6.
| Naming topics | Tsіl | Hypothesis | manager |
|---|---|---|---|
| Key factors for success in IT consulting | To develop a set of key factors for success, to ensure the improvement of the competitive position of the company in IT consulting | In the field of IT-consulting, there is a set of key factors of success, which allows to concentrate resources (material-technical, investment) in quiet areas, where the company can achieve a significant advantage over the main competitors and win a better position on the target market. |
|
In order to set goals for robots, it is necessary to set the mind, which determine the scope of the follow-up: to re-describe the exchange and allowance.
Exchanges can be stosuvatisya:
For example, in robots, which are included in the initial process for direct training "Business Informatics", often see such groups of obmezheniya: normative, technical, informational, vartisnі, timchasі tsіlі and navіdіvі in table 2.7.
| pardon group | Apply |
|---|---|
| Typical pardons, which are allowed by students when formulating meti |
|
| Typical pardons, which are allowed by students when formulating a date |
|
Hypothesisє allowance about those, how to solve problematic situations, and as a form of creative joke. Yak reception educational activities hypothesis є suupnіst zdogadіv pro sposіb reach meti. Vaughn can be put up to the point of zavdannya, to the mind її otrimannya abo (i) the principle of otrimannya (reach).
At the end of the article, there is a hypothesis, as if bi signing that path, as the author of the work may want to go to the attainment of the set goal. During the follow-up process, the hypothesis can be repeatedly changed, clarified, supplemented. The very zmist hypothesis carries the novelty of the investigation, as it is the unparalleled value of the work.
Shards of a hypothesis are the strongest, that if I prove it, then the most typical methodїї formulary - a logical implication: "Yaksho ... then ...", "... .. will be, yaksho ... ..".
Hypothesis determines the result, which one should be judged. In fact, tse peredbachennya. The hypothesis may be overturned, but it is confirmed. Confirmation of hypotheses is based on facts, arguments and logical approaches. Hypothesis can revenge at least words of phrases, yak necessary to express the sense (it is not guilty of revenge of those words).
Apply a hypothesis:
"Students from high level social anxiety is shown by lower indicators of communication in employment, lower students with a low level of social anxiety.
"First-graders with low primary achievements are more rich in psychological training of grown-ups, lower students with high successes".
"Watchers post school who contribute to the experimental program, to build greater self-esteem in pairs with those who demonstrate to the traditional program.
“We allow that the memory of the older preschoolers will immediately move forward, to turn on the special computer games of didactic learning until the light works.”
“If you add music lessons with different informational tools, then you will improve the quality of learning.”
"For the development of the Ribal tourism in the Republic of Belarus, it is necessary to create a tourist route."
"We admit that we are engaged in hand-to-hand combat to develop the development of coordination of movements among children of the young school age."
“We admit that the inclusion of the school regime of training the students of the younger classes with additional physical rights will lead to a reduction in the level of illness.”
main part
The main, most important part of the work, the most important and laborious division, is to become approximately 70-80% of the course work and 40-50% of the VKR (VKP). The final part is composed of a number of divisions and paragraphs.
The course work can be composed of one or two theoretical divisions, which include 2-4 paragraphs each, and the final qualification paper (project) may include two or more divisions: theoretical and experimental. In the main part of the robots, there are at least two divisions. The material, given to the skin from the distribution, may be approximately equal to the amount.
Calling the division is to blame, but to the authorities, call those, calling the division is not guilty of repeating the name of the division.
For example, I can name a robot “Peculiarities of non-fixed word-creation in English», do not name the first division "Unfixed Word Creation in English Language". I’m the head of the head, I’ve given out the names of the statements.
Yakscho the name of the robot "Diagnostics of musical zdіbnosti as a control over the musical development of preschool children", zmіst theoretical razdіlu razdіlu may buti “Theoretically, the problem of revealing the development of musical traits”, and practical - “Organization of control over the musical development of preschoolers”.
How to name robots "Marketing follow-up of the tourism product", then zmіst theoretical razdіlu razdіlu can be "A salient characteristic of a sustainable tourism product", and practical - "Marketing follow-up of supporters from the butt of the travel agency "Rose of the Winds".
First chapter(and for the need for action) doslidnitskoy workє theoretical, stinks are characterized by a great number of citations and messages. As a rule, they have a description of theoretical reconsiderations to reach that stage of the development of the problem, and classify them. The manifestation of the conceptual apparatus, the basic theories of transferring the analysis of thoughts and positions of various scientific scholars, and the development of scientific schools, as in various publications. The author of the research work can analyze and analyze the thoughts of the experts and give a proper interpretation, or take one of the main positions. From the text of the work, it can be clear that the author is talking about the authority of the world, and de posting the publication position. To fight about the development of nutrition in the literature and the variability of yogo in practice. Qi chapters є theoretical obґruntuvannyam probable practical developments.
Other division(and for the needs of the step) є practical part, the author's best achievements of graduation work. Have tsikh branches to induce report description research-experimental work, planning, organization and method of carrying out the work:
Description of the analysis of the results of the ascertaining experiment (or input diagnostics);
Description of the shaping experiment (otherwise, the logic of the actual work);
Analysis of the results of the sub-bag (control) experiment (most recent pedagogical work), their interpretation.
For її planning it is necessary to deeply comprehend the actual information, to formulate the method of the experimental investigation, to see the criteria for evaluating the results of the experiment. At the departments, the author’s analysis of the material, the work carried out by the author and the experiment are reportedly described, the whiskers are shown in detail, and the hour of the experiment is detailed. The material of the analysis can be statistically summarized and presented in person for additional graphics and tables.
Obsyag chapters of a theoretical nature, sound, become less than 20-35 sides, paragraphs - 5-7 sides. Obsyag practical distribution - 20-25 sides.
Leather split can be completed whiskers, how to describe your activity. The formula is sufficient, prote sled to reach a single syntactic syllable. Visnovok to avenge the result of the conducted analysis and can be extremely short and accurate. The obov'yazkovym for the last work is a logical link between the divisions and the last development of the main those stretching work.
Visnovok
Visnovka considers the significance of the follow-up for scientific theory and practice, to introduce the main vysnovki, which characterize the results of the work done at a glance. Consistently and stringently, the main results are laid down, added to the new, attainable in the course of the achievement, positions are assigned, propositions are given about the implementation of the achieved results.
Visnovok is made out like a coherent text, divided into paragraphs in the form of a zmist work. Visnovki may be clear, bold, and short and concise and analytical in form. At the visnovka, it is not allowed to repeat the change of the entry and the main part, the zokrema of the visnovki, the divisions behind the divisions, and also the assessment of the carried out follow-up, to go about those, as far as it was possible to mark the completion of the task, placed at the entrance, to know the confirmation hypotheses, yakscho won bula. When describing the subtracted results, try to use whiskers about those, how much stinks expand or supplement the theoretical provisions that are already established, or confirm them. At the final part of the visnovka, we could point out the prospects for further follow-up on some problems, as well as give recommendations on how to fix the results of the follow-up. Recommendations should be formulated in detail and address.
This part is small for obsyagy (1-2 sides), but even more important, shards to avenge the results of the work.
List of victorious literature
The compilation of the bibliography is an important part of the work carried out by scientific research, and as a result of the formation, the information is effectively known from the same source. Mindful practice with literature is important for the mind of successful research. In order to learn more about the problem, to clearly formulate a good idea, to choose the necessary methods for solving that number of other things, it is recommended to read not only the literature, which can be directly brought up to those reports, a lot of theoretical work.
As a rule, a scientific scholar recommends the main literature (methodical, dovidkov, normative-legislative), related to topics of further study, but does not mean that the graduate will be proponated complete list scientific literature on selected problems. More than that, the bouti boti is the competent at the Doslijuvuvani Patanni, demonstrate to Garne Volodіnnya Matereal at the Doslidnikiy Roboti Tu Procista, it is recommended that the brother is not liable, called the vyslitskoye pre -Vislijezni, and the same chisa, and the same chisa, and the same chis, and the same chis. problem. Before the list of dzherel, include assistants, in which the basic definitions of the main terms are given, to understand; dictionaries; monographs; stats scientific journals and collections, publications from the Internet. The study of various information resources will help the author to look at the problem from different sides and clearly formulate the relevance of his research and scientific novelty.
List of victorious literature є a copy of literary dzherel, vikoristany by the author in the course of work on the topic, and is guilty of revenge not less than 15 dzherel for term paper, for graduation qualification work - not less than 20 (70% bag for the rest 5-10 years old). The list can be revenged no more than 25% see, what to lie up to assistants and supervisory aids for students lighting installations middle and higher professional education 25 % - Internet-dzherela. The wines are placed in alphabetical order according to the names of the authors of the literature and are stored according to the rules established by GOST. As the author of the dzherel does not show up in the list (due to the obviousness of the materials, as if there is no individual authorship), the name of the dzherel is listed behind the alphabet. Forced to work in the workplace 70 % list warehouse vikoristanoї literature.
The list of victorious literature is compiled in an offensive order:
1. At the top of the list is given a list of selected normative legal acts of the federal level in the following order: international normative legal acts, the Constitution, codes, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Order of the Russian Federation, normative legal acts of other federal bodies of sovereign power.
Normative-legal acts of one equal order are sorted out in chronological order, from earlier adopted to later adopted. Following the federal regulatory legal acts, the regulatory legal acts of the regional, and municipal equal, are re-arranged in that order.
2. All other dzherel are listed in alphabetical order by the names of the authors and the names of the dzherel.
Dzherela in the bibliographic list are numbered with a skipped numeration.
At the bibliographic list about skin dzherelo, it is possible to put some information, enough for yoga global characteristics, identification and search.
Formal information to the bibliographic description of the document is regulated by GOST 7.1-2003. This standard is expanded on texts published and unpublished documents: books, serial publications (magazines, newspapers), normative and technical documents (standards, patents, industrial catalogs), information about scientific research, dissertation, abstracts, etc.
For the formulation of goals and tasks, sound the following formulation of the hypothesis of achievement. Hypothesis - tse scientific admission, scho z theory, as yet confirmed and challenged. Those that the hypothesis is scientifically accepted, means that all characteristics are expanded on it, which reinforce scientific knowledge from life and pseudoscience (div. paragraph "Psychological research"). Vlasne, on these characteristics, the criteria for the strength of the hypothesis are grounded: falsification, verification, and sleepiness.
Falsification means the possibility of making a hypothesis. It’s impossible to make a hypothesis (falsify) if the opposite hypothesis is solid, it’s not a hypothesis, but an axiom - a support for mirkuvan, like a doubt. In addition, non-perfect firmness is not a hypothesis for appointments - being non-perfect, it will not require re-verification. Therefore, if the hypothesis is true, there are two assertions: directly, as it is reconsidered by the previous hypothesis (hypothesis), the other one (counter-hypothesis), as it is confirmed in that turn, as if the main hypothesis was justified by the results of the investigation. The counter-hypothesis is his firmness, which denies those connotations, as if solidified in the main hypothesis.
Let's look at such an example.
Hypothesis: the value is formed, which contributes to the sub'jective assessment of the quality of the object, and is equal to the assessment for the presence of the value of the property.
Contra-hypothesis: the idea is formed in no way influencing the subjective assessment of the object's features.
In order to satisfy the criterion of falsification, the hypothesis is guilty of vindictiveness, which is being verified, and I will comprehend the counterhypothesis. Obviously, the evaluation of the strength of the hypothesis for the criterion of falsification is determined through the evaluation of the strength of the counterhypothesis. In the case of the suggested counter-hypothesis, it is understood the firmness, the confirmation of such a whole imovirno. That hypothesis from this example can be reconsidered by the researcher.
Such an application is not good.
Hypothesis: singing types of the father-children's waters are molded into the singing types of light-receiving and light-minded children.
Counterhypothesis: є types of batkivsko-children's breeze, yakі not sprijayat molding of singing types of light-receiving and luminous child.
The firmness, as a counter-hypothesis, is another butt, a small one. I don’t have such types of friends between fathers and children, as if they didn’t pour into it that rozuminnya nakolishny world. Navіt yakscho batki vzagali do not mate with a child - that’s the same form of stosunkіv, yak to bring to a full svetorozuminnya that svіtospriynyattya child. For this, another example is the application of a hypothesis, which is not falsified, it is impossible to prostute. The author wants to know the types of the father-children's children, and the author confirms this hypothesis. For the sake of which there is no sense to follow.
The second criterion for the strength of a hypothesis is the possibility of verification. To verify a hypothesis means to re-verify it in scientific evidence. Such a possibility does not exist. For this, there are at least two reasons: insufficient development of scientific research methods, which does not allow the hypothesis to be reversed, that ethical fence. An unverifiable hypothesis is a hypothesis that can be reverified in the case, but the evidence of objective reasons for such a case may be induced.
For example, the dissertation student argues that in the dissertation study she disproved the attacking hypothesis: the peculiarities of the coagulation cannot be taken away from the visor, or the formation of aggressiveness in the grown-up person. How can such a firmness be overwhelmed by the previous one? It is unlikely that the more aggressive and non-aggressive people of the building would guess, as if they themselves had beaten them, what their mothers would remember, like the stench they fought. From the other side, to induce follow-up, in a way that is not possible, mothers, cry out so that the new virus is aggressive, do not allow the ethics of psychological follow-up.
І, zreshtoyu, criterion of the quality of the hypothesis є rіven svіlnostі. The hypothesis can be formulated on such a level of consistency that it allows for re-verification. If the hypothesis is formulated too abstractly, then it is impossible to reverse it.
Take, for example, such a hypothesis: special psychological assistance teachers actualize self-sufficiency changes in the meaning structures of specialty, which create a positive trend towards the development of professionalism. Tsya hypothesis seems to be over-the-top. For example, absolutely unreasonable, like the same psychological injection can be tested on trials: what are the specialists, in principle, be it? It was unreasonable so, until some changes, the same can be brought up. What may be the criteria and signs of a positive trend before the development of professionalism? How can this trend be fixed for an hour of psychological follow-up? For the given person, the hypothesis does not seem to give any evidence for the appointment of food.
Significantly, although the hypothesis is not satisfied, although one of the criteria must be reformulated. This hypothesis of scientific research is supported by all three ways: it is not falsified (to allow the possibility of її prostuvannya), it is verified (to establish the method of scientific re-verification) and it is formulated on an adequate level of reasoning.
The research hypothesis can be theoretical and empirical.
Theoretical hypothesis - The whole hypothesis about the spiving of theoretical constructs. An example of such a hypothesis can be such a statement: "Emotionally meaningful information is learned much more quickly, less neutral."
Empirical hypothesis - the whole hypothesis about the spiving of theoretical constructs is translated by my empirical research. Such a "translation" is called operationalization. For example, our hypothesis in an operationalized view can be formulated as an offensive rite: "Trying correctly to recognize more photographs of the reduced features, lower ones with a neutral virus."
It doesn’t matter if the offending hypotheses are empirical and theoretical, suggestive, avenge the same, albeit formulated stench by different language. The theoretical hypothesis is formulated by my psychological theory, but it can be reversed different ways. For її reverification, you can take emotionally charged images of texts, fragments of video, or reception of unacceptable odors.
Empirical hypothesis clarifies, as the very theoretical hypothesis is reconsidered by the following: what will be taken to photograph itself, and not video, not smells; the photographs will depict individuals of people,
and not creatures, local heroes of comics; For the last few, please do not describe the number of individuals, do not put together an identikit, but recognize their middle photographs. Therefore, when describing the scientific research, the author calls out the formula for the dual hypothesis. In the course theoretical analysis doslіdzhuvanoї problem vіn formulate theoretical hypothesis; rozpochinayuchi planning an empirical follow-up, vіn formulate an empirical hypothesis.
Significantly more than once, that the procedures for such concretization of theoretical constructs, such as you can understand, as the very last person, re-verifies his hypothesis for an hour of work with testing, are called operationalization. Operationalization - the purpose of the designation of theoretical constructs in terms of quiet operation (operations), yak vikonu testing in the course of the most empirical investigation.
There are two types of operationalization (or the formulation of operational designation): yakіsna and kolkisna.
Yakisna operationalizatsiya vіdpovіdaє nutrition, chi maє probіvani doslіdzhuvanim as a power vіdvіstu chi characteristic. For example, you can ask yourself: "How aggressive is this person?" In order to respond to food, it is necessary to tell a person to react to a stimulus - for example, step on youma's foot, say a rude word, spit youma in disguise or feed, like a wine punish your child for winding. If a person is rude to the influx, or, let’s say, if a child follows the wind, then she is aggressive. I’m trying to explain the child’s legacy of її windings, so I’ll try to explain the child’s traces of її windings, - the last time to rob the visnovok, that such a person is not aggressive.
Kіlkіsna operativelіzіа vіdpovіdaє nutrition іn thіѕ, аlky аrе expressed іn thе tested qiu yakіst. So, you can ask: "How aggressive is this person?" For help, you can send a few lily letters to the source, how can a person tell you to send a rude reply to your address, power it, ask a child for the rest of the day, etc. Por_vnyannya okіsnoї and kolіkіsnoї operativelіzatsії induced in the table. 2.2.
Table 2.2
Por_vnyannya buttov yakіsnoy and kolkіsnoy operativelіzаtsії
The end of the table. 2.2
|
Yakisna operativelіzatsіya vіdpovіdaє on power, chi mає probіvanі doslіdzhuvanu yakіst (aggressive tsya person іnі?). |
How many operationalizations are indicative of nutrition, how much is it expressed in the tested quality (how much of a person is aggressive?) |
|
3. Ready to sell people with your hands, to be the first to be sold |
3. How many times did you decide to give up your right to a prize to the one who needs the prize |
|
4. It’s good for tim, scho maє ration of the one who is strong |
4. Skіlki razіv vіdmovlyavsya vіd negovorіvіv іn thіѕ thіѕ thе forceful solution οf problems |
|
Visnovok doslidnik |
|
|
As a fact, it’s possible in the place (so that you can test it to the point of huskies, get ready to shtovhat with your tongues, it’s good with the guidance of judgement), doslidnik rob the whiskers, that the person is aggressive. In a different mood - not aggressive |
The more listing of facts there is little space (lily words, the punishment of children by flogging, the choice to give in to the needy, the try of forceful decisions), the more aggressive the person |
The strength of the weakness of the great world to lie in the distance, far away, not far away, the successor operationalizing his theoretical constructs, tobto. transitions from a theoretical hypothesis to an empirical one. In addition, as soon as the future ones will have operational theoretical constructs, they will always be left behind the next one.
Theoretical is that empirical hypothesis - it is firm, as it is directly verified by the results. In staleness, in view of the fact that it itself is transmitted and by some method it will be misunderstood (divine offensive split), hypotheses are seen to be evil: about the cause, about the connection, and about the causal and inherited connection.
Hypotheses about the foundation establish (bring to explain) the fact of the foundation of a single manifestation of a psychological phenomenon. There is nothing more to stink about the appearance or the phenomenon is not remembered. But often, scientific evidence has proved the basis of the sing facts. In psychology, a lot of research is based on hypotheses about the foundation. So, first of all, the peculiarity of subthreshold spriynyattya, virtuosity, or cognitive dissonance, it was necessary for the previous ones to bring to light that virtuosity and cognitive dissonance are caused and that subthreshold stimuli can be received. For example, when the Müller-Layer illusion was studied, the following fact was established: it is more important for more people to accept the same difference in terms of difference, to learn to know about such an illusion (div. Fig. 2.1). This is also an example of a hypothesis about the reason, at the time of re-verification, which was grounded on the basis of such a healthy illusion.
Hypotheses about a causal-hundred link are the same hypotheses, in which those who are actually mistakenly poked onto the viniknennya chi overbig іnshoy podії. In order to revise
chi є the hypothesis of causal-inherited chi ni, it is necessary to establish the nature of the connection: it is one-directed or two-directed. A causal-hereditary connection is one-way, tobto. change the cause before changing the effect, but changing the effect can not change the cause.
For example, in the hypothesis about those that in filthy lighted places there are more acts of aggression, lower in good lighted ones, the reason for increased aggression is lightening of the house. And just as a change in the illumination of truth can lead to an increase in aggressive feelings, an increase in aggressiveness cannot lead to an increase in illumination. In this order, the connection between aggressiveness and illumination is one-way directives: poor illumination can be the cause of an increase in aggressiveness, and an increase in aggressiveness does not in any way add to illumination.
The butt of a bidirectional link is the hypothesis "children, as they often play with the Cossacks-robbers, aggressive". There is a link between two directions, because the special aggressiveness of a child can lead to the fact that she is more often playing Cossack-robbers, so the child itself can lead to a stronger aggressiveness of a child. Similar hypotheses are called hypotheses about links. In case of their reversal, the reporter can testify to the question, if there is a link between two facts (for example, I’m calling the Cossacks-robbers that aggressiveness) there is no such link. With this, the investigator cannot be sure that one of the facts is the cause of the other.
Hypotheses about the connection give the opportunity to the successors to transfer the development of the podia. For example, there is a high link between a number of accidents on the road and even water near the waterways. Knowing about the link, for equal water, you can transfer the emergency to the season and, for example, increase the severity of emergency services. However, it is obvious that rіven water is not the cause of accidents - the reason, which is greater for everything, is mind the weather yakі proizvodit and until the rise of the river water near the waterways, and before accidents. In this way, knowing the connection between the podias allows you to prophesy the development of the podia, but do not explain the reasons for their blame.
Only hypotheses about causal-hereditary links give the possibility and transfer, and explain the causes of the phenomena. In the case of the above formulation, in order to facilitate the interpretation of the results, additional hypotheses are formulated: the competing one is alternative.
A competitive hypothesis is a firm statement that gives an explanation of the problem under investigation, not less simovirne, lower firmness, formulated in the main hypothesis and not succumbing to it. A competing hypothesis is confirmed only if the results are directly superimposed on the firmness that is broken in the main hypothesis.
An alternative hypothesis is a firmness (or a firmness), which gives an explanation of the problem of further investigation, not less simovirne, lower firmness, formulated in the main hypothesis, but not simply.
An example of spіvvіdnoshennia between the hypothesis, counterhypothesis, competing and alternative hypotheses of representations in Table. 2.3.
Table 2.3
Spivvіdshenie counterhypothesis, competing and alternative hypotheses
|
Hypothesis |
Shvidk_st upiznannya letters lie down in the kuta її turn |
|
Counterhypothesis |
The speed of the recognition of the letter is not to fall in the direction of the cut її turn |
|
Competing hypothesis |
The speed of the recognition of the letters is deposited according to the size of the її image at any turn її turn (studzhuetsya, but not at the turn of the turn, spitting on the speed of the recognition of the letter, and another її sign - rozmіr) |
|
Alternative hypothesis |
The speed of the recognized letter to fall and the value of the letter to turn, and the value of the letter to turn |
A well-planned follow-up is carried out in the wake of a badly planned team, as far as possible, the reporter can show all the possible results, as a result of the collection and collection of data. If it’s your fault, it’s your fault to think over a distant leg, that you will, after pouring in the next step, give a result that’s not before), which is transferred to the main hypothesis, but directly opposite. The statement about such a result is embedded in the competing hypothesis. different possible infusions, which can lead to the same result, which is transferred in this hypothesis, to control them. Thus, it is possible to inject and approve alternative hypotheses. re-verification of yoga is the main hypothesis.
Memo work on the last project.
Dear friend! I love you marvelous world, which enchants, attracts with its secrets. You can touch the mysteries of this world, create for yourself a wondrous vision. Whom will help you do a good job.
The last diyalnist - diyalnist, due to the search for new creative work from behind the back of the unknown solutions and that conveys the presence of the main stages, pritamannyh scientific research.
What is the next project?
The last project is the self-sufficiency of the future activity of learning how to solve the singing problem that is needed for the help of the grown-ups.
What is needed to write a final project?
For whom it is necessary:
1. Choose a topic for follow-up.
To choose the right topic for the project, you need to answer the question "Who am I?"
2. Correctly formulate the topic of the project.
Theme - the cob scientific work learning.
For the correct formulation by those, follow a number of rules:
the theme of the follow-up is formulated in a single noun proposition;
at the topic, the object is shown;
the topic of the follow-up may have a problem of follow-up;
number of words for topics 5 - 12;
for example, they put a spot.
3. Appreciate the task of the project.
The meta of the last work is the last result that the last one can reach.
To formulate the follow-up, you can use templates:
appoint…;
fold ....;
reveal...;
insert...;
wrap...;
clarify...;
expand...
The task of reaching is the path (path) to lead to the attainment of the goal. The stinks clarify the meta, describe the robot. The optimal number of days is 3-5.
4. Formulate a hypothesis for the project.
Hypothesis - tse pripuschennya, scho vysuvaetsya to the explanation of whether it is a manifestation, as it is confirmed and asked. Hypothesis - tse scientific admission, which gives an explanation of whether there are facts, phenomena and processes, as it is required to confirm and ask.
The hypothesis is guilty of satisfying the low vimog:
Be distorted;
Trim the allowance;
Be logically non-superhuman;
Verify the facts.
To formulate hypotheses, you can use templates
1. It's spitting on your head at that vapadka, yakscho ...
2. Let's talk about how the molding of the chogos is becoming dієvim for any minds.
3. If you will be successful, then ...
4. Let's talk about what can be allowed to move the raven.
Remember! One conclusion - one hypothesis.
5. Choose ways to follow up.
The method is the only way to reach the goal.
When vikonannі doslіdnitskogo project most vikoristovuyut empirical and theoretical methods.
Empirical methods of knowledge:
watchfulness - the purpose of spying on the appearances without vtruchannya with them;
experiment - the emergence of images in controlled minds;
vimir - vyznachennya vіdnoshennia vіmiryuvanoy size up to zrazka (for example, meters);
porіvnyannya - revealing the similarity of chi vіdmіnnostі ob'ektіv chi yogo sign.
Theoretical methods of knowledge:
analysis - the process of manifesting the real division of an object, a phenomenon into parts (signs, power, blue);
synthesis - a day to see the analysis of the sides of an object on a single target;
classification - aggregation of different objects from a group on the basis of badge(classification of creatures, roslin toshcho);
abstraction - recognition in the process of recognition of certain powers of the object with the method of burying one side of the soul (the result of abstraction is an abstract understanding, such as color, curvature, beauty, etc.);
formalization - the improvement of knowledge in a symbolic, symbolic way (in mathematical formulas, chemical symbols only);
analogy - vysnovok about the similarity of the objects in the sing-song on the basis of their similarity in a number of other varieties;
modeling - the creation of the creation of the intercessor (model) of the object (for example, computer modeling of the human genome);
idealization - creation to understand for objects, yakі not to be true, but to make a prototype of them (geometric point, cool, іdealny gas);
deduction - ruh vіd zagalny to chastkovy;
induction - rukh vіd chastkovy (faktіv) to zagalnogo hardening.
Respect! Vіdbіr methodіv vіdbuvaєtsya obov'yazkovomu kerіvnіstvі teacher.
6. Designate the subject and object of follow-up.
An object is a really essential organism, a being, a thing.
Subject of inquiry - features of the object, which will be followed by the robot.
Object - water Subject - chemical quality of water
Object - repeat Subject - microflora repeat
7. Fold the follow-up plan.
The follow-up plan includes all main parts.
8. Put together a copy of the necessary literature.
The list of literature is compiled at once from the project's core.
9. Work with information.
The work with information is three steps.
For whom it is necessary
A) pick up the necessary literature on the topic of the project in conjunction with the core
B) a robot with literary jerseys
Okremі vyslovlyuvannya, citations, digital data due to the mother's help: the author, naming the creation, vidavnitstvo, rіk tа mіstse vidannya, storіnki. First, let’s work on the dzherel, it is necessary at the upper part of the arkush to do a bibliographic description, indicate the plan on the topic of follow-up, how to lay down a note, that buv conduct a review of the literary dzherel.
C) systematization and analysis, taking away information from literary sources.
10. Write a follow-up project, proving to be a folded plan that could be presented.
Paper format - A4;
paper color - white;
color of the main text - black;
color of headings, vision, schemes, little ones. - Dovilny;
font - Times New Roman with a size of 14 points;
inter-row interval - single;
margins: left hand - 25 mm, right hand - 15 mm, top - 15 mm, bottom - 15 mm;
virіvnyuvannya - along the width of the side;
sides may be numbered.
11. Complete the project to the best of our ability
Title page:
naming the initial mortgage
theme for the project without paws
under the topic, indicate the type of robot and the name of the science, in the gallery that the study was carried out
Vіdomosti about scientific kerіvnik.
Zmist.
Pererahovuyutsya razdіli project.
You can issue a change in the form of a numbered list or in the name of divisions. Obov'yazkovo indicate the numbers of the sides.
Remember that the number of the side on the title side is not put.
Intro.
actuality
problem
object and subject of investigation
subject
meta and task follow up
hypothesis
methods
novelty is the theoretical basis.
main part- The main cost of the project.
In this part, the results are presented in a report, which are illustrated with additional tables, small pictures, graphs, diagrams, and photographs.
Table design. The table, which occupies a trio more than 1/3 of the side, is placed next to the text. The volume of the tables is placed in the Program, and in the text indicate the reference to the Program. All tables may name the number (as more than one; do not put the number sign in front of the number).
Design of small prints, graphics, diagrams. I'll call you mother. Schemes, graphs, diagrams must be numbered (schemes - okremo, graphs - okremo, little ones - okremo).
When drawing up schemes, they are assigned smart designation that їх deciphering.
When drawing up the graphs, the diagrams should be signed with the name of the axes and indicate the price for the under the skin axis.
Material for the project can be illustrated photographs. It is also necessary to number them and stink of the guilty mother's name. If the photograph does not belong to the author of the project, it is necessary to indicate the author of this photograph.
All academic material is reviewed at the same time as the theoretical material. Just like little ones, graphs, diagrams, volume diagrams, they should be better placed, for example, in Dodatka.
Visnovok.
Pіdbivaєmo zagalnі podbags roboti.
Bibliography.
Vkazuєmo dzherela іnformatsії. The stench can be Russian and foreign languages. Dzherela information may be up to date. The list dzherel may have an alphabetical order, numbered. Books are written down on the cob, then articles, sites and, like the list, - my foreign mother's dzherela.
At the list of books, the author is indicated, the name of the book, the river of sight, the sight, the number of sides. As a dzherelom іnformatsії є journal, then the author of the article is written in the first place, then I will name the article, I will name the journal, the report of the journal, the number of the journal on that side, the article will be de-stashed.
addendum(Not obov'yazkova part).
Ph.D. Tsvetkov A. St., Ph.D. Smirnov I. A.
The problem is the relevance of the project
Be it a design project, the next work is directed to the top of a single fundamental and applied problem. Often the author of the work can formalize the problem, the prototyping of the problem and can accept the development of the follow-up to the project. To identify the problem means to establish the inconsistency between the people and the deeds. The problem is blamed on the rubbish. First, the problem is to be blamed, if it is necessary, it is necessary for someone. In another way, the problem is certitude, super-accuracy between us, what we would like to work with our abilities, and I’ll be quieter than others. Finding problems for the last work - the purpose of the nutrition complex, the solution of which is to become practical and theoretical interest for the last one.
Until the problem is understood, the “relevance” of the work can be considered. D. Psych. n. M. M. Artsev “Observe relevance - also explain the need for education by those in the quiet process of scientific knowledge. The significance of the relevance of the study is the obov'yazkova vimoga to the point of being a robot. Relevance can be influenced by the need to review new data and the need to re-verify new methods. The actuality of the previous design work is felt by the subject, as the results of the work allow us to solve these other scientific and practical tasks. Professor V. V. Kraevskiy I can have my own arrangements for the accomplishment of this actual scientific task. Thus, for scientific robotics, relevance is formed from scientific novelty and practical significance of robotics. In different school projects and research projects, it is possible to obstruct the relevance of the chosen topics by looking at scientific, social and special significance.
Appointment meti and zavdan roboti
The next stage of the work is the writing of the “Enter”, as if accompanying the deep planning of the work on the project that has been completed and sounded in part by chi all the power supply, you can move on to the next step - the appointment of marking that day. Meta follow-up - tse formulations of the ignoble-looking bazhany theoretical and / or practical result, which will be taken away in the course of the work. At the time of the project, it is necessary to formulate a concrete, characterizing accurately, and if possible, correctly quantified, the image of a bazhan (accentuated) result, which can actually be reached to a clearly defined moment of the hour. Often it happens so that a short formula to follow the song of the world is born with the name of the robot. For this particularity, I would like to have a quiet respect, who still can’t see the self-sustained viroblenny mark that task of the future work.
If the strategic goal has been determined, it is necessary to work on the development of follow-up tactics, to determine nutrition, where it is necessary to take into account the necessary evidence to formulate them from looking at specific tasks. The fulfillment of specific tasks for the first hour of the work is to allow you to reach the desired result - to carry out the completion (div. divided the Pedagogical project and the initial completion).
You don’t need to pragmatically break the meta to achieve a great number of tasks. Їх may be three - n'yat, ale such, yakі really є krokami for reach meti.
When formulating the order, it is important to note that the stench caused a number of criteria, t.z. SMART-target is a mnemonic abbreviation that is used in management and project management to define the goals of setting a target (SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely):
Robotic hypothesis
The emergence of hypotheses in the design work of a lesser degree, the oscal hypothesis is an element of the methodology of the scientific apparatus, and the projects of schoolchildren sound like models not of a scientifically advanced work, but of applied research and innovation and business projects. The nutrition of the need for a hypothesis in a school student is overwhelmed with criticism. In the provisions of the low conferences in the minds of the assessment, it could be up to the work to be assigned that the hypothesis is the obov'yazkovym component of the investigation. In reality, it is not possible to formulate a hypothesis: for example, it is important to study in monitoring and reconnaissance studies.
For the purpose of understanding nutrition, let me tell you what a hypothesis is. Having analyzed the formulation of the word “hypothesis” in the following dictionaries and encyclopedias, we can see 2 aspects that science has: 1. hypothesis as a way of explaining facts and warnings, 2. an excuse, as a basis for planning yoga experiments.
First of all, the interpretation should be taken to fundamental science, to such a high level of research, there may not be a great deal. And here the hypothesis as a trace of a child's investigation is not considered: before the hypothesis is created, the following data will be needed and the hypothesis is one of the results of the investigation. Another interpretation lies in the fact that, on the basis of the deep knowledge of the past, it is possible to break the allowance, as it forms the basis for the planning of yoga experiments. Such a hypothesis helps to understand what we will continue to follow, and it will be a methodical tool, and not the result of the follow-up. This element of the methodology is an important part of the time spent experimental results, but it can also appear unacceptable for the hour of using description and naturalistic methods.T. e. not "not every assumption is a hypothesis." In order to be scientific, the hypothesis must be satisfied with the following:
At the Varto Vipado Varto Rodіlyati, I will be timid to Gipota (the elaboration of Timchasov’s allowed, it is not a claim to be vicorista to the planning of Doslizlizni) і Pidsumkov Gpoteza (ShO Forms of the doslizni, and the closest to the virisan.
follow-up methods
The coming crock is a sign of follow-up methods. The method is the only way to reach that goal of achievement. Methods of follow-up are traditionally subdivided into basic and special ones. Global methods of scientific knowledge: theoretical methods, empirical, mathematical methods (div. Table 1). Special methods are determined by the nature of the object that is to be served. Prior to mathematical methods, statistical methods, modeling methods, programming methods, mass service methods and models, data visualization method (functions, graphics, etc.) Vimіr transferring the designation of the numerical value of the value for an additional unit of vimir. The value of this method lies in the fact that wine gives accurate, singsong information about the current world.
Characteristics of the main methods of follow-up:
| Method | Characteristic |
| Empirical | |
| Caution |
The method of recognition, which is based on the nautical, purposeful perception of real objects. See caution: Structured guarding - tse guarding, zdіysnyuvane behind the plan, unstructured guarding - tse guarding, for whom only the object of guarding is assigned; Poliove guarding - tse guarding in the natural environment; laboratory caution - ce guardianship, with whom the object is rebuked by piece-created minds; Bezposerednє posterezhennya - tse posterezhennya, in some object directly pours in the organs of a sensible posterigach; in the middle of the guard - the whole guard, in which, having poured the object into the organs, it is sensitive to the posterigach, mediated by the attachment. Caution zdіysnyuyut vіdpovіdno to the offensive algorithm: 1. Be vigilant. 2. Choice of the object of caution. 3. Choice of ways to reach the goal of being vigilant. 4. Selecting the method of registration of taken information. 5. Processing and interpretation of taken information. |
| experiment |
The method of knowledge, which transfers the purpose of the change of the object for the acquisition of knowledge, as it is impossible to show as a result of caution. Structure of the experimental program 1. Relevance of the research. 2. The problem of follow-up. 3. Object and subject of investigation. 4. Follow-up hypothesis. 5. Meta and task follow-up. 7. Scientific novelty of research. 1. Relevance of the research. The relevance of the research is the reasoning of the need to overcome these other problems. The actuality of the research is characterized by the degree of rozbіzhnostі mіzh drink on science ideas, technologies, methodical recommendations that propositions, as science can give, that practice at a given hour. 2. The problem of follow-up. At the heart of the problem of research lies a contradiction, as it is necessary to prove it in the course of the experiment and as a rule, the relevance of the research was determined. 3. Object and subject of investigation. The object of follow-up is the whole sphere of education; the subject is the whole aspect of the development of the object. 4. Follow-up hypothesis. Hypothesis of follow-up - tse scientifically grounded allowance for the solution of the problem. 5. Tsіlі ta zavdannya doslіdzhennya. Meta follow-up - tse transfer of time, interim and final results of re-verification of the hypothesis. Task - concretization of the goal, її decomposition (decomposition). 6. Stages of experimental work, evaluating the results of the skin stage in the form of documents, the main methods of follow-up. 7. Scientific novelty of research. Novelty is supported by significant new knowledge, facts, data, taking away the results of research. The criterion of novelty wins the other side of the result. Depending on the result, theoretical novelty (concept, principle is too thin), practical (rule, recommendation, methodology, help, zasib too) can be brought to the fore, or insults can be seen at once. |
| Modeling |
Models are the material ideas that represent objects, which replace the object-original in the process of breeding, saving important elements of the succession of power. See the modelling: 1. Material (subject) modeling: Physical modeling is the same as modeling, in which the real object is replaced by a larger and changed copy, which allows the exercise of the power of the object. Analog modeling - tse modeling on the analogy of processes and phenomena, albeit different physical nature, but however, they are described formally (by the same mathematical equations, logical schemes only). 2. Dumkov (ideal) modeling: Intuitive modeling is a modeling based on an intuitive statement about the object of investigation, which does not apply or does not require formalization. Symbolic modeling - the same modelling, which is victorious as a model of symbolic transformation of any kind: diagrams, graphics, armchairs, formulas, typing symbols, etc. |
| Questionnaire |
The method of experimentation for the help of self-sufficient completion of the survey sheet (tobto questionnaires) by the respondent (tobto opituvanim) according to the rules. In the questionnaire, you can win the following food: Close the power supply - the power supply chain, which in the questionnaire is shown a new set of options for responses. Shut down meals are alternative (so they allow more than one choice) and non-alternative (so they transfer more than one choice). Open the food - tse food, if you don’t take revenge on the advice, it doesn’t impose on the respondents the options for advice |
| Interview |
The method of experimentation, which is used in the form of goal-directed rozmovi for a long time, is prepared by a plan, whether it be a special or a group of individuals, depending on the fact that they are put in front of them by the power of a vihіdnim dzherelom іnformatsiї. There are two main views of the interview: Formalization of the interview, how the interview and the respondent's interview is strictly regulated in detail by the power source and instructions. Vilne іnterv'yu (conversation) to be conducted without a delay in the preparation of the nursery, the theme of the conversation is no longer considered. Rozmova zastosovuєtsya at the stage of preparation of mass questionnaire surveys for the purpose of further research, updating and clarification of data of mass statistics, as well as an independent method of collecting information. |
| theoretical | |
| Analysis and synthesis |
Analysis is the way to recognize an object from the observation of its elements and powers. Synthesis is the way to recognize the object in view of the general purpose of parts of the 17th and authorities who see the results of the analysis. Analysis and synthesis are not isolated one from one, but they are combined, one complements one. Speaking of analysis and synthesis, one cannot think that pure analysis is on the cob, and then pure synthesis begins. Already on the cob of analysis, the researcher may have a big idea about the object that is being developed, so that the analysis begins in the future with the synthesis. Then, having learned a little part of the whole, the last one begins to work on the first elaboration, proceeding to the synthesis of the first data of analysis. I such steps can be a sprig, before it, as if all parts of the whole will be engrafted. |
| Porivnyannia |
Por_vnyannia - the method of recognition of the appearance of the installed similarity and / or the identity of the objects. Podіbnіst - tse those, scho at porіvnyuvanih ob'єkіv zbіgaєtsya, and vіdminnіst - tse those, chim one porіvnyuvaniy ob'єkt vіdrіznyaєє vіd іnshoy. The global matching algorithm: 1. Appointment of objects of alignment. 2. Designation of aspects of the ordering of objects. 3. Analysis and synthesis of objects are similar to the aspect of matching. As there are signs of equalization of objects in the house, they should be chosen appropriately to the aspect of equalization. 4. Statement of the original signs of the objects being damaged, tobto. the designation of overhead and / or other significant points is a sign of the reversal of objects. 5. Significance of authority at the insignia. 6. Visnovok. It is necessary to show the upper and/or visible signs of the signs of the reversed objects and to indicate the degree of recognition of the upper signs. In some cases, it is necessary to establish the reasons for the similarity and authority of the objects. |
| Uzagalnennya |
Uzagalnennya is a way of recognizing by looking at the signification of the most important signs of objects. From this designation, it is prominent, which is based on analysis and synthesis, directing to the insertion of the essential signs of objects, as well as on the basis, which allows the designation of essential signs of the objects. There are two main points: inductive and deductive: Inductive uzhalnennya (from a single authentic to a slanderous imovirnіsny) conveying a slurry suffix sign of two and more objects and fixing them in the form of comprehension of the sentence. Understand - tse thought, scho vobrazhaє zagalnі suttєvі signs of ob'ektіv. Judgment is a thought, in which it is stverzhuetsya chi zaperechuetsya signs of objects. Inductively zagalnennya zdіysnyuєtsya for such an algorithm: 1. Actualize the essence of the signs of the objects in question. 2. Appreciate the essential signs of objects. 3. Fix the completeness of the objects in the form of understanding what the judgment is. Uzagalnennya - designation of similar signs of objects; it conveys a view of objects, like a part of a sleepy one, a part of a kind, kind, family, class, corral. Without further ado, you can be aware of it, but the knowledge will always go beyond the frame of the okremnogo, individual. Tilki on the basis of uzgalnennya mozhliva zagalnyh understand, sudzhen, vysnovkіv, pobudova theories and so on. The butt can be used to cross over from the vvchennya zagalnyh istotnykh signs of such objects like a yalina and a pine tree to the molding of a larger scorched camp: "Yalina and pine - tse coniferous trees." Inductive zagalnennya zavzhdnya before є analysis, synthesis and porіvnyannya. Analysis and synthesis of directing on the establishment of the essence of the signs of objects. Por_vnyannya allows you to reveal visible signs and signs of objects. Significantly, that the designation of the infamous suttєvih sign is an ear of the tongue. Prote zagalnennya rebachaє like the installed zagalnyh istotnyh signs, and y designate their "nearest zagalny", z'yasuvannya їkh belonging to a particular genus. Рід - tse sukupnіst ob'єktіv, to the warehouse yakої enter інші ob'єkti, є є є цгого. So, having twisted the cibula and the crossbow, we can set up strong signs: the arrows are thrown behind an additional spring arc, tightened with a pull, the cibula and the crossbow are an individual shot of archers, like when pulling the tension, victorious with the strength of the hands. On the basis of knowledge of the signs of fire, we can develop the following: cibula, crossbow, and hand-drawn arrows for throwing arrows. In this rank, a hand-held sling for throwing arrows - rіd, and a cibula and a crossbow - see. Deductive recognition (conclusion of a single reliable and unambiguously reliable) conveys the actualization of the understanding, or the judgment that ototozhnennya with him the relevant suttєvih sign of one and more objects. The deductive reason behind this algorithm is: 1. Actualize the essence of the signs of the objects, fixed in the understanding of the judgement. 2. Update the essential signs of the given object and objects. 3. Set the facts and signs and determine the validity of the object and objects before the understanding of the judgment. Zdіysnimo deductively zagalnennya pіd prinyattya "manual zbroya for throwing arrows". We know that when throwing arrows behind an additional spring arc, pulled together by a pull, when the pull is pulled, the strength of the shooter's hands is torn apart. As an object for deductive reasoning, I take that cibula. Guess the signs of their essence. A sling is a ceremonial loop, for an additional one you can throw a stone or a metal core for an additional overwrap. The setting of the present sling sign with the signs, fixed in this understanding, allows the production of visnovok, that the sling is not hand-drawn for throwing arrows. The qibulya is folded from a spring arc, pulled together by a pull. The bows were shot with old wooden arrows with metal tips. A victorious bow was a archer in a field battle. The statement of this object and the understanding allows the reader to realize that the cibula is a hand-held weapon for throwing arrows. |
| Classification |
Classification of transferring the division of the genus (class) to the vidi (subclass) with the improvement of the installation of signs of objects, warehouses. Рід - tse sukupnіst ob'єktіv, yakі united in the whole behind the main suttєvim signs. The classification depends on the next algorithm: 1. Set the type of objects for classification. 2. Define the signs of the objects. 3. Appreciate the salient and visual signs of the objects. 4. Choose the basis of the classification of the genus, tobto. Vіdmіtna is the source of the sign, for which it will be dilitsya rіd to see. 5. Subdivide objects by views. 6. Determine the classification of the species in question. 7. Subdivide the objects on the subdivision. Just as in the process of inductive aggregation we go from single to zagalny, from less zagalny to zagalny, then in the process of classification we go from more zagalny to less zagalny, from zagalny to single. Іsnuyut klassifikatsії behind the species-creating sign and dichotomous. We will apply the classification for a visual sign: mirrors are classified on flat and spherical, and spherical mirrors are classified on curved and opulent. As an example of a dichotomous classification, let's bring under the concept of "fox": "fox" - "leafing fox and leafing fox"; "non-leafing forest" - "coniferous forest and non-coniferous forest". In case of dichotomous division, the rіd is divided into two types, which supersede, the final rіd: A and not - A. Classification can be carried out on the basis of essential signs (natural) and bearing signs (piece). With natural classification, knowing which group the object belongs to, we can make visnovki about yoga power. D.I. Mendelev, roztashuvshi chemical elements in staleness in their nuclear power, revealing regularities in their powers, having created a periodic system that allows the transfer of power to yet uncritical chemical elements. A piece classification does not allow to judge the power of objects (for example, a list of titles, roztashovannyh for an alphabet, an alphabetical catalog of books), zastosovuetsya for easy understanding of speech, words and so on. Dovidnik medicinal preparations, Roztashovani in alphabetical order, represent butts of piece classifications. It is necessary to follow the following classification rules: 1. Podіl can be conducted less than one substantiation. Tsya vomoga means that the call to the cob, like the sign of the sign, is not the next hour, under the sign of other signs. Incorrectly, he slandered on a man, a woman, and a gum. 2. Rozpodil maє buti vycherpnym, tobto. the sum of the vidіv is due to dorivnyuvat the genus. Let’s pardon, we’ll not succumb, zokrema: I cut the tricutniks on the gostroknі and the straight ones (blunt tricutniks are skipped. 3. See that you enter before the genus, owe each other one to the other. Vіdpovіdno up to the second rule, the skin of an okremium object is guilty of entering only up to one glance. Pomilkovo divide people into quiet, like walking at the cinema, and quiet, like walking to the theater, shards are people, like walking to the cinema, and to the theater. 4. Pіdrozdіl apparently can't be interrupted, tobto. it is necessary to take the closest sight and not jump to the sight. Among the ridge creatures, there are such classes: ribs, amphibians, reptiles (gadi), birds and savts. Leather from these classes is divided into distant vidi. How to start dividing the spines into ribs, amphibians, and replace the reptiles with reptiles, you can see everything, you will be a streak at the rose. |
| Appointment to understand |
The way to know from looking at the opening is easy to understand. Understand - tse thought, scho vobrazhaє zagalnі suttєvі signs of ob'ektіv. If you understand, I can understand that obsyag. Obyagom vyazyvayut ob'єkt chi ob'єkti, suttєve signs of such fixation at ponyati. For example, obsyag understood "planet Earth" is drawn by one planet. This understanding is closely related to this obsyagom, the skin planet has its own unique features, to which the “planet Earth” is understood by the following signs alone: » . Otzhe, ponyattya - the whole word or phrase, which means okremy ob'ekt chi sukupnіst ob'ektiv ta yogo suttve vlastivostі. The genus species is assigned to understand the transfer of the closest object to the genus of the objects of the intelligent understanding of that yogo symbol of the original sign. For example, in order to designate the meaning of "lighthouse", it is necessary to know the closest rank of "vezha" and designate recognized signs"With signal lights for maritime tarichkovy ships". |
Submission of work results
The submission of the results of the design work of the final work can be taken in person (at the conference) in absentia (the text of the work report is evaluated). When preparing the work, before filing the varto, check the format for entry and help to the materials that are being submitted.
Written and designed letter text roboti
At a number of conferences, the latest text will be evaluated or reviewed at the first (correspondence) stage. For sub-bags of evaluation of the robot, either it is allowed to participate in the full-time round, or it violates the additional work, or it is dismissed. Vymogi before robots can be taken up in the background during the conference, lower one can find a universal version of the design of the work.
Work may include a title page. At the top of the title page, the organization is indicated: the installation of supplementary education, the school, community organization and so on, where the author of the work is engaged (trained). At the upper third of the sheet, it is written again, calling them the guards. Below is a list of information about the author (name, name, age of birth, or class of yogo training at the time of delivery of the robot to the clerk, or submission to any competition). Obov'yazkovo is shown as a nickname, im'ya that according to the father's kerivnik roboti (yakshcho є). At the lower part of the sheet, there is a roar of decorated zvіtu, which cannot be strayed from the fate of the guard, the stench can not escape.
The name of the robot and maє vіdbivati її essence. Names of a slanderous character are not allowed in the cases. If the name of the place to be held is to be blamed, it may be specific. For example. That's right - "Vivchennya morphological minlyness of river perch (Percafluviatilis) near closed water bodies on the outskirts of the village of Poyakonda (Pivnichna Karelia)". Possibly more short variant of the name "Vivchennya morphological timidity of river perch (Percafluviatilis)". And here the place of the conduction is to be directed at the distribution, from which the text of the work is initiated. Incorrect - "Vivchennya morfologii ї rib Pіvnіchnoї Karelia" or "Vivchennya ptakhiv Chelyabinsk region". Such names may be on the map, which investigations were carried out throughout the designated region. The names that are typical for abstract robots are often used, for example, "Baikal is the pearl of our nature" or "Our sacred foxes". These names do not reflect the sense of the vikonan legacy work.
Yakshko svіt vhodit ob'єmnim, the first sheet, after the title, vіdvoditsya pіd zmіst. At the new one, the robots are ordered to be divided, and the stinks are repaired. Zmіst at rich conferences is not needed, he borrows oscils of wine, which is the most common regulation.
The text of the work is written (druketsya) only from one side of the arch. For the design of the title, a standard paper of A4 format is used. Obsyag text, font, yogo rozmir, interryadkovy interval, in the step, then sound the words in the rules about the competition.
I will step on the side of the next rozpochinati with a new name for the vikonan roboti. If you include the name Roslyn or the creature, then it is customary to duplicate them, vikoristovuyuchi Latin language. Let's go and distribute the robots themselves.
At Latin names When naming a genus and a specific epithet, Roslin and Creatures are written in italics, when naming larger taxa, in bold font. Let's do it again vіdomy butt. "Vivchennya morphological minusculeness of the river perch (Percafluviatilis)".
As a rule, it is necessary to name the living being, which is written in the article (under the bag of a schoolboy) in the first place, and is duplicated in Latin. Nadalі the author of a free victorist to write only Russian or Latin language.
Misce is that hour spent guarding. At this point, it is necessary to report (but briefly) the geographical location of the territory: name the administrative region and the area in which your journey took place, indicate the natural zone (pidzone) in the stink, bring a description of the landscapes and the main biotopes roboti. Obsjag tsgogo rasdіlu is not guilty of revisiting 10-15 rows.
Meta that task is to be followed up.
Material and methodology. Describe the methodology for assistance as a robot was carried out. Yakshcho vy vikoristovuvali technique zagalnopriynyatu, described in the literature, zrobіt possilannya, oskіlki tse shown below. In this view, it is sufficient to indicate the name of the technique. For example. The eating of nesting fowls was carried out by way of laying down the ligatures (Malchevskiy, Kadochnikov, 1953). At the list of the list, put the new name of the robot. If the methodology is broken down and modified by you, then describe it in a report.
At this point, it is indicated that some material was given away to the next person to choose that number. For example, how many kilometers have been traveled for the improvement (of all and for different biotopes), how many miles have been laid down and described geobotanical maidanchiks, how many botanical creatures have been harvested for signing middle age the creature’s extra move, some of the people in the distance were seen and remembered, some of the sights were recorded too thinly. Immediately, it is told about other labor costs: 35 hectares of onions were mapped; carried out 5 additional guards. As the author of the work and vicariously material group election previous goiters indicate the steps of their participation in the collection of field material. For example. I carried out all the route forms of birds at 20 ... r. The tributes for the two previous seasons were kindly given to me by my colleagues on the edge (ПІБ), as the author sings to me. Analysis of the selected material for three seasons and the author vikonav independently.
Results (discussion of the material). The greater importance of the work is important, in which case the material is collected, yoga analysis is carried out, it is given Equal characteristic otrimanih data, to be guided by graphs, tables, diagrams, then. bud. For whom the graphic material is obov'yazkovo commented, and the logical vysnovki are argued.
Choosing to write the main division of the bag work, following the development of a sprinkling of preparatory operations. First, it is necessary to collect all the material that is at your disposal. In a different way, create a visionary plan for a future text. It’s necessary to see the yogo divided, from the order of follow-up, as if you were virishuvali. Designate the logic of mutual connection between these divisions. It is not possible to save the logic of the material and not vіdverne in order that it is necessary to expand the topic of the follow-up.
Visnovki. The stench will briefly formulate the main results of the work, like the material induced in the front section. The wines are due to confirm the declarations of the due date and set the orders, the prote їх can be more than the number of the zavdan, but not the varto piece by piece more drіbnih visnovkіv.
Leather visnovok є specific decision, well delivered by you, zavdannya.
Addendum. Tsey divided large tables, graphs, little ones and other graphic materials, for other reasons, to put them in the text of the main section. Everyone, irrespective of the fact in which the robots stink is known, hopes for its own serial number. The numbering of tables and figures (including graphs and diagrams) should be carried out okremo. All the Crimean numbers are given a specific name. There may be revenge on those that mean illustrative material, to what kind of creature it is necessary, de and if it is chosen. And in the robotic language itself, the language can be assigned, until such time as the table reads the small ones next to the next reading of the text.
Do not add photographs of objects (recognize - a portrait of a sagging daddy), the author and other friends and other materials that do not illustrate the story itself.
Literature Mayte on your account, that the object of your guards is unlikely to have spent the field of the naturalist's eye in the field. It would be wrong to get to know articles, books, what are these problems, and to supplement the “Discussed Material” according to their warnings about literary tributes. In addition, without knowledge of the literature it is impossible to look at the material with the selected topics and turn your interest to it. Forced to vikoristanu literature to fight in such a way.
First example. "Tsyu technique of victorious breeding by A. N. Formozov (1946) at the following ...". The numbers, hovered in the arches, mean the birth of the cited work. The name of the author and his knowledge will help the reader to re-name the articles of the book in the bibliographic list that has been drawn up like a robot.
Another example. "Tsej pіdhіd until znyattya promіrіv report descriptions in the literature (Oshmarin, Pikunov, 1990)". At this point, in the bows, the names of the authors of that rіk vidannia cited pracі are indicated. Give respect to those who fall into the wrong direction of the authors. If you want to fight against the back of a sprat of literary dzherel, then the offensive is indicated after a speck with a clod (;) in the middle of these bows. Try to find a similar kind of help to place in the kіntsі propositions.
The third example. “The ease of this species to settle in groups is marked in other parts of the її area - in the Subpolar Urals (Bobrinsky and others., 1965), in the Yenisei Taizi (specially reported by O. U. Petrov) and near Tuva (Sidoriv, 1990c)”. And here the suggestion is made subsequently, the oskіlky phrase to revenge the pererahuvannya of natural regions was added by different authors. With whom it is clear, as it is possible to try not to publish data, naturally, with the permission of the author, a warning. Since the cited dzherel has more than two authors, on the sent one you can add an entry only for the first one, and from the bibliographic list you will need to add all of them. As for a consistent analysis of your material and victorious, the work of one author, who appeared in that very river, then until the time of seeing, add the letters of the designation, as if to allow you to signify, as the very same article you quote.
Fourth example. “Data on the biology of the species can be found in the book “Myslivskie zviri ptakhi” by P. B. Yurgenson (1968). However, the actual name of Dzherel, which is quoted, is rarely given in the text. It is allowed in quiet moods, if it is true from an informative point of view, or to make the text more readable.
Fifth option. At square temples.
The bibliographic list of victorious literature should be directed to the rest of the division. Vіn vishikovuєtsya in alphabetical order, starting from the title of the author of the article of the book. For example:
Lomanov I. K., Novikov B.V., Sanin N.A. Analysis of different methods in the appearance of an elk // Biological ambush the appearance of the number of myslivsky creatures. Tver. 1990. S. 4 - 21.
Formozov A.N. M: View of Moscow. University of MDU. 1974. 320 p.
Chelintsev N.G. Optimization of the winter route appearance of myslivsky creatures// Bull. MOIP, see. biol., 1999. Vol. 104, no. 6.C. 15 - 21.
The sign "//" marks the name of the statute in the name of the tax, the girl is overruled. In a number of editorial offices, they replace the less common option of inserting different signs after the end, name the article - a dot and a dash (. -). Zokrema:
Lomanov I. K., Novikov B. St, Sanin N. A., 1990. Analysis of different methods of elk appearance. - In SB: Biological foundations of the appearance of the number of myslivsky creatures. Tver. Z. 4 - 21.
Whether it be a kind of obov'yazkovo, a range of sides should be induced, which is a kind of article. As if she was instructed in any kind of periodical appointment, the number of the official release is indicated. As if to go about asking for the whole book, we are reminded of a large number of sides.
Then name the books and write the name of the place where it was published. In the times of Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad), vicorous shorthand (M. or SPb. (L.), apparently), in other cases, the name is induced more completely.
In collections in magazines, on books, the names of the species do not sound. Acts and editorial staff were advised in the form of editorial work and in the books that are quoted. If you want to direct, then ring through the two-box (:) after the name of the place.
Formozov, A.N. M: MOIP, 360 p.
Formozov A.N., 1990. Companion to slidopita. M: MDU (abo Type of Moscow University MDU), 320 p.
Yurgenson P. B., 1968. Mislivsky animals and birds. M: Lis. prom., 308 p.
A Danish butt to talk about those that A. N. Formozov’s book was published in 1952. y vydavnitstvі MOIP (Moscow Association for Viprobuvachіv prirody) on 360 sides and y 1990 r. at the MDU (Moscow Sovereign University) on 320 pages, and the monograph by P.B. Yurgenson - at the publishing house "Lisova Promislovist".
Every once in a while, the magazine releases books that are presented once after the title and initials of the author. This is how it is done among rich foreign vidavnitstv. Our country has the same way of arranging the bibliography of acceptances from the Russian Ornithological Journal, which is seen in St. Petersburg. Obviously, it’s more likely to be embodied in the most common form of bibliographic design, but the most important rule is that the list of victorious literature can be designed in the same way.
Podyaki. Young veterans are not guilty of forgetting about scientific ethics. Helping to organize the follow-up, consulting, helping to establish the species affiliation of important objects too. Tsim to people, mentors and colleagues, varto podyakuvat for help. Sound the words to be written more briefly, in one two phrases and to be done, or, for example, the distribution of “Material and Methods”, or, for example, the work, and even to the additions to that bibliographic list. Dribni v_dminnosti in the design of robots can lie due to the particular style, character of the robot, scientific school, until you keep your scientific kerіvnik. Golovne pіd hour of writing the doslidnitskoї work to save the burning principle of її inspire and put logic into the text of the material.
Tsvetkov A. V., Smirnov I. A.
Hypothesis (Greek hypothesis - basis, admission, vіd hypó - pіd, below i thésis - camp), those that lie at the basis are the reason for being. In the modern word life, the hypothesis is manifested in the form of the judgment (or the judgment), the admission, or the transfer of the Chogos, the imovirne judgment about the natural (or the causal) connection of the phenomena (BSE).
Artsev M. N. Educational work of students (methodological recommendations for students and teachers) // Journal "Zavuch". - 2005. - No. 6. - P.4 - 29
Tetyanchenko D. V., Zlodiynikov S. G. Culture of knowledge - knowledge of culture. - Chelyabinsk: Breget, 1998. - 193 p.
The text should be guided by O. V. Tsvetkov, I. Smirnov. A. “Methodological assistance to the digital laboratory in biology” (2013) with corrections.
