The law of germline similarity. Until the beginning of the 19th century, they began to pay attention to the similarity of the early stages of the development of the embryos of the greater creatures with the steps of the organization, which lead from low-organized forms to progressive ones. Por_vnyuyuchi stages of development of germs of different species and classes of chordates, K. Behr made the following visnovkas:
1. Embryos of creatures of the same type per early stages similar to the development.
2. Stinks sequentially go to your development in the big badge the type is more and more private. In the remainder of the black, signs develop that indicate the belonging of the embryo to the song genus, the mind and the birth of individual rice.
3. Embryos of various representatives of the same type are progressively cremated one after the other.
K. Behr, being an evolutionist, was able to demonstrate to him the regularity of the individual development with the process of phylogeny. To that zroblenі him zagalnennya little meaning is less than empirical rules.
Розвиток еволюційної ідеї у подальшому дозволило пояснити подібність ранніх зародків їх історичним спорідненістю, а придбання ними дедалі більше приватних рис із поступовим відокремленням друг від друга – дійсним відокремленням відповідних класів, загонів, сімейств, пологів, видів у процесі еволюції.
Nezabara after vіdkrittіv vіdkrittіv vіdkrittіv vіdkrittiv vіdkrittiv vіdkrittiv vіdkrittіv іntoі іtаpіv іtаpіv evolyutsії іn the boundaries of the type.
Ontogeny is a repetition of phylogeny. Porvniayuchi ontogenesis of crustaceans with the morphology of their extinct ancestors, F. Müller, having made vysnovkas about those that are crustaceans, that they live, repeat the path, passages of their ancestors in their development. Reconstruction of ontogenesis in evolution, according to Muller's idea, there is a lot of progress in the development of the rahunka, adding to the new additional stages or extensions. On the basis of these warnings, as well as the development of the development of chords, E. Haeckel (1866) formulated the basic biogenetic law, apparently to some extent ontogenesis є short and quick repetitions of phylogenesis.
Repetition of structures, near-taman ancestors, in the embryogenesis of animals is called recapitulations. Recapitulate not only morphological signs - the notochord, the initiation of ziabra chines and zyabra arches in all chordates, but also the peculiarities of biochemical organization and physiology. So it was in the evolution of the spinal column that there was a step-by-step intake of enzymes, which is necessary for the breakdown of secic acid - a drug for the metabolism of purines. In most spineless cincic acid, the decomposition product of sichic acid is ammonia, in amphibians and ribs it is sechovin, in rich plasunids it is alantoin, and in some succulents, sichic acid does not decompose and is seen from the section. In the embryogenesis of the savants, those people are noted for biological and biochemical recapitulation: the early embryos of ammonia, later the sechovin, later allantoin, and at the remaining stages, the development of sechoic acid.
However, in the ontogeny of highly organized organisms, there is always a risk of repeating the stages of a historical act, as it follows the biogenetic law. Thus, the embryo of a human does not in any way repeat the mature stages of ribs, amphibians, mosquitoes, and rice similar in a row has only three embryos. The early stages of development save the most conservatism, the beginnings of which recapitalize more, lower life. This is due to the fact that one of the most important mechanisms of integration of the early stages of embryogenesis is embryonic induction, and the structures of the embryo that are formed in front of us, such as the chord, neural tube, forging, intestine and organisms, to live in the whole overflow of development.
The genetic basis of recapitulation is based in the unity of the mechanisms of genetic control of development, which is taken on the basis of the main genes in the regulation of ontogenesis, as they are available to native groups of organisms from common ancestors.
Ontogeny is the basis of phylogeny. A.N. Severtsov’s vchennya about phylembryogenesis. Anabolism, deviation and archalaxis. Heterochrony and heterotopia of biological structures in the evolution of ontogenesis.
Leaning on the basic biogenetic law, it is impossible to explain the process of evolution: the inexhaustible repetition of what has passed by itself does not bring about the new. So the life of the Earth, the stars change the generations of specific organisms, the evolution proceeds the seeds of changes, like in their ontogenies. Changes are made to the extent that specific ontogenies are moving along the path, laid by ancestral forms, and filling new rice.
One can reach such heights, for example cenogenesis - attachment, which is blamed on germs or larvae and adapts them to the peculiarities of dovkill. In mature organisms, cynogenesis is not spared. The butts of coenogenesis and horns are made in a company of larvae of tailless amphibians, which make it easier for them to live with a dewy hedgehog. In the process of metamorphosis, the toad develops stench, and the pickling system is changed for eating coma and chrobakami. Before cenogenesis in amniota, germinal tunic, zhovtkovy mishok and alantois are seen, and in placental ssavtsiv, that human is the placenta with the umbilical cord.
Cynogenesis, which appears only at the early stages of ontogenesis, does not change the type of organization of a mature organism, but ensures a greater high viability of the offspring. The stench can be concomitant with any decrease in fertility and lower embryonic or larval periods, which causes the organism in the postembryonic and post-larval periods to develop more mature and active. Vyniknuvshiy that vyavivshis korisnymi, tsenogenesis vіdvoryuvatimuyutsya і in the coming generations. So, the amnion, which appeared earlier in the ancestors of the plasuns in the Stone-coal period of the Paleozoic era, appears in all ridges that develop on land, like in oviparous - plasuns and birds, so in placental sars.
The second type of phylogenetically significant transformations of phylogeny is phylembryogenesis. The stench is indicative of ontogeny, which is characteristic of ancestors, which is manifested in embryogenesis, but may have adaptive significance in mature forms. Thus, the laying of the hairline is found in early stages of embryonic development, while the hairline itself may be less important in mature organisms. (phylembryogenesis is a complex of spadkovo mummification of adaptive changes to ontogenesis).
Such changes in ontogeny, being brown, are fixed by natural selection and are confirmed in the coming generations. These changes are based on the same mechanisms that cause congenital development: impaired proliferation of cells, their displacement, adhesion, differentiation and death. However, in their defects, as well as in cenogenesis, the adaptive value, corrosiveness and fixation by natural selection in phylogenesis are different.
Fallow in addition, at some stages of ontogenesis and morphogenesis of specific structures, the development is blamed for changing the meaning of phylembryogenesis, they are divided into three types.
1. Anabolism, or extensions, are blamed after the fact that the organ has practically completed its development, and they manifest themselves at additional additional stages, which change the final result.
Before the anaboli, the same, the huck is the science of the specific form of the lichen of the lichen of the same, the yak of the willy, the mall, the non -dimensional rib, and the native of the gesture of the brain skull, the residue of the deposit of the bloomonism, the residue of the bloodshole. at the sea bee (Trigla), the humerus develops like in other types of ribs, and then anabolism develops - the anterior three layers of the swimmer grow like finger-like appendages. The fruits of the body of the mushrooms make an extension for a shorter expansion of the spores. Nirks of the vischi ridges (swelling, primary and secondary).
With the evolution of the path of anabolism in the future, the number of ancestors of the end stage of development is manifested by palingenetic recapitulation. Vaughn vіdbivaє previous stage of evolution, the organization of ancestors. Palingenesis E. Haeckel named the signs of the germ that recapitalize the signs of the ancestors.
2. Deviation or improvement in the development of intermediate stages of ontogenesis (change of path).
An example of deviation can be the development of luska in shark fish and reptiles. In sharks, like in reptiles, the epidermis is the epidermis on the back, while the healthy tissues of the corium are accumulated. Qi bookmarks grow to the surface of the body, step by step, swelling the shape of the strips. In sharks, the well-tissue cells of the corium serve as the basis for the development of ossification and molding of the brush strips, which pierce the epidermis. In reptiles, navpaki, luski are formed behind the horn of the epidermal folds. Imovirno, bulbi and cibulini roslin were formed by a path of deviation from the primary embryonic ridge. The development of the heart in the ontogeny of ssavtsiv, in some cases, the recapitalization stage of the tube, two-chamber, three-chamber budov, but for the stage of formation of an uneven septum, which is characteristic of plasuniv, develops with a development of the septum, induced and rostashovanoy іnaxche and characteristic of ssavіlki. The development of legends in savts also shows recapitulation of the early stages of ancestors, later morphogenesis in a different way.
3. Archalaxis, chi change of the first rudiments. At whom the bookmark of the organ is changed, and from the cob I go along the other path, to the direction of the ancestors.
For example, the development of the ridge in snakes is intertwined with lizards. The number of spines in lizards varies from 30 to 35, in great snakes it is 500 and more. The lowering of the body in snakes is seen behind the rachnok of the laying of appendage somites, which include a segment of the musculature and ridges. At one and the same stage, the development (judging by the heads of the head) is formed in the gecko (lizard) 24 somite, and in the vug 34. don't toil.
Along the way to archallaxis, there are developments of fin changes in deacian ribs, number of teeth in toothy whales, development of hair in savians, homologous embryonic primordium of ribs and reptiles.
In such a rank, a path to archalaxis in evolution, new organs can be blamed. Archallaxis can be seen only in the evolution of the parts of the organism, but also in the organism as a whole. The reduction of organs is also considered to support phylembryogenesis. Severtsov saw two main types of organ reduction: rudimentation and aphanism.
ü Rudimentation - more familiar to an organ, which, after having implemented a function, has become irrelevant. Such an organ in ontogenesis does not develop in a new world and is saved from phylogeny for a long time. For example, in the liver amphibian proteus, the eyes are laid and begin to develop like in all amphibians. Young larvae have fully normal eyes. Let's keep pace with the growth of the eyes, we will improve, the development of the eyes will grow. In mature creatures, the eyes appear small, unruly, rudimentary, ruffled under the epidermis.
ü Afaniziya - an organ that functions and functions normally in ancestors, in natives it appears shkidlivim. In this way, an organ can be laid down in ontogeny, but then it will be resorbed again. This is how the reduction of the tail in puheads is observed. By stretching the antler larval development, the whole organ grows and develops. For mature toads, which are shuffled with haircuts, the tail is shkidlivy, during the period of metamorphosis, wines are reduced and known again.
Ege. Haeckel showed that changes in ontogenesis in the process of evolution can be blamed for additional heterochrony - the establishment of the formation of that minor organ structure, that heterotopia - the topographic establishment of the formation of the structure. The butt of adaptive heterochronies is the destruction of the life of important organs in the life of the savants and people. The stench of differentiation of the anterior cerebellum is exactly the same as the development of other yoga branches. How to apply heterotopias can be shown to change the place of laying the leg and the swimming mihur, as the primary vinicles from the growths, which lie on the sides of the intestine; in natives, the legends moved to the hips, and the swimming michur - to the dorsal side of the intestine, the butt - heterotopia of the testicle (anabolia), the movement of the heart in chordates in phylogenesis.
The beginnings of cenogenesis, phylembryogenesis, heterotopia and heterochrony, ontogenesis not only briefly repeat the evolutionary paths passed by ancestors, but also lay new directions for phylogeny in the future.
Formerly, the relationship between ontogenesis and phylogeny in a number of positions was revealed by K. Ber, like Ch.
The birthplace of naschadkiv, writing Darwin, has a “vague portrait” of ancestors. Otherwise, though, already at the early stages of embryogenesis of different species, there is a great similarity at the boundaries of the type. Also, from an individual development, you can stitch the history of your mind.
The most pronounced germinal similarity is at the early stages. At the late stages, embryonic divergence is observed, leading to divergence in the evolution of these species
At 1864 p. F. Müller formulated the idea that phylogenetic transformations are connected with ontogenetic changes and that this connection is manifested by two different paths. In the first type, the individual development of the native is similar to the development of the ancestors only until a new sign appears in the ontogeny.
Changes in processes of morphogenesis embryonic development I repeat the history of my ancestors only in a flash. In another way, the patches repeat the entire development of the ancestors, but until the end of embryogenesis, new stages are added, after which the embryogenesis of the patches continues and settles down. Repetition sign of mature ancestors in the embryogenesis of animals F. Müller called recapitulation. ontogeny as the result, and the basis of phylogenesis. Ontogeny is being transformed different ways: perebudova already іsnuyuchih stages and adding new stages Phylogeny cannot be seen as the history of more mature organisms. This process is a historical lance of ontogenies that are being transformed.
I take the law of germinal similarity - the law, behind which, at the early stages of the embryonic development, the germs of creatures of different species are similar to their everyday life, which inspires the unity of the creation of the creaturely world.
Embryos of creatures of the same type at the early stages of development are similar.
The stench will gradually move from its rozvitka from the more outrageous signs to the type to the more private ones. In the remainder of the black, signs develop that indicate the belonging of the embryo to the song genus, species i, nareshti, individual rice.
Embryos of various representatives of the same type step by step are cremated one by one
Biogenetic law of Haeckel and Müller - skin the truth is alive in its individual development, ontogeny repeats the singing world of form, passed through by ancestors or by species of phylogeny. In its development, the bugatolytic organisms go through the unicellular stage of the zygote stage, which can be seen as a repetition of the phylogenetic stage of the primary amoeba. In all ridges, a chord is laid, as far as it was replaced by a ridge, and in their ancestors, the chord was deprived of all life. In the course of the embryonic development of birds and savts, zyabrovi slits appear in the throat. This fact can be explained by the behavior of these terrestrial creatures from fish-like ancestors. These and other facts brought Haeckel and Müller to the formulation of the biogenetic law.
Ontogeny is the basis of phylogeny for the same reason, that the very individual ontogenesis of an individual is an object of natural selection. Evolutionary changes, as they accumulate different species adaptations and induce the ontogeny of about ten individuals from the steady snake course, are usually called phylembryogenesis. Phylembryogenesis is an evolutionary change in the course of ontogenesis.
Evolutionary changes in ontogeny can be observed at early, middle and late stages of development: archallaxis-changes, as they appear only on equal rudiments and are manifested in damaged dismemberment, early differentiation of principles of new emergence. , Deviation-decrease, which is blamed on the process of organ morphogenesis. anabolism is blamed after the fact that the organ has practically completed its development, and they are manifested in the addition of additional stages, which change the final result.
Ontogenesis - Implementation of genetic information that is obtained at all stages.
Ontogeny is a genetically controlled process. In the course of ontogenesis, a genotype is realized and a phenotype is formed.
Ontogeny is an individual development of an organism, a sequence of subsequent morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations that recognize the organism from the moment of its birth to the end of life. O. include zrist, i.e. zbіlshennya masi tіla, yogo rosemіrіv, differentiation. The term "O." entered by E. Haeckel(1866) when formulating him biogenetic law.
I'm going to try the historical obґruntuvannya O. zrobiv I. f. Meckel. The problem of O. spiving and phylogeny was posed by Ch. Darwin she was broken up by F. Muller,E. All the signs of a change in decline, new signs in the evolutionary age are blamed on O., and even less of them, as if to attach the body to the body to the minds of the mind, are saved in the process natural choice and are passed on to the next generations, so that they become fixed in evolution. p align="justify"> Recognition of regularities, causes and factors of O. to serve as a scientific basis for investigating the development of growth, creatures and people, which is most important for the practice of cultivation and creation, as well as for medicine.
Phylogeny is the historical development of organisms. The term for introductions to the new. Evolutionist E. Haeckel in 1866. The main tasks during the breeding of F. are the reconstruction of the evolutionary transformations of creatures, roslins, microorganisms, the establishment on this basis of their movement and disputed links between taxa, to which lie the formation of organisms. For this reason, E. Haeckel developed the method of "perfect parallelism", which allows the establishment of these three sciences - morphology, embryology and paleontology - to reveal the historical development of a systematic group that is being developed.
Law of germline similarity
Doslidniki on the cob of the XIX century. First, they began to pay attention to the similarity of the stages of development of the embryos of the living creatures from the steps of the organized organization, which lead from low-organized forms to progressive ones. According to the stages of development of the germs of different species of that class of chords, K. Behr has developed such visnovi.
1. Embryos of creatures of the same type at the early stages of development are similar.
2. Step by step at your place from the most prominent signs to the type to the most private ones. In the remainder of the black, signs develop that indicate the belonging of the embryo to the song genus, species i, nareshti, individual rice.
3. Embryos of various representatives of the same type are progressively cremated one after the other.
K. Behr, being an evolutionist, was able to demonstrate to him the regularity of the individual development with the process of phylogeny. To that zroblenі him zagalnennya little meaning is less than empirical rules.
Розвиток еволюційної ідеї надалі дозволило пояснити подібність ранніх зародків їх історичним спорідненістю, а придбання ними дедалі більше приватних рис з поступовим відокремленням друг від друга -дійсним відокремленням відповідних класів, загонів, сімейств, пологів та видів у процесі еволюції.
Nezabara after demonstrating the law of germline similarity, Ch. Darwin showed that this law is evidence of the compatibility of the journey and the unity of the cob stages of evolution within the boundaries of the type.
biogenetic law Haeckel-Muller: skin is alive with its own individual development ( ontogenesis) I repeat the singing world of the form passed by yoga ancestors or yoga species ( phylogenesis).
Ontogeny - repetition of phylogeny
Staging the ontogeny of crustaceans with the morphology of their extinct ancestors, F. Müller scribbled visnovs about those who are crustaceans, who live, repeat the paths passed by their ancestors in their development. Reconstruction of ontogenesis on evolution, according to F. Müller's idea, there is a need for further advancement with the help of adding to the new additional stages of superstructures. On the basis of these warnings, as well as the development of the development of chords, E. Haeckel (1866) formulated the basic biogenetic law, apparently to some extent ontogeny - short and short repetitions of phylogeny.
Repetition of structures, near-taman ancestors, in the embryogenesis of animals is named recapitulations. Recapitulate not only morphological signs-chord, laying of zyabrovyh chines and zyabrovyh arches in all chordates, but also peculiarities of biochemical organization and physiology. So it was in the evolution of the backbones that there was an incremental loss of enzymes that are necessary for the breakdown of secic acid, a product of purine metabolism. In most spineless cincic acids, the breakdown product of sechoic acid is ammonia, in amphibians and ribs it is sechovin, in rich plasunids it is alantoin, and in some succulents, sechoic acid does not decompose and is seen from the section. In the embryogenesis of the savts, those people are marked by biochemical and physiological recapitulation: the early embryos of ammonia, later sechovin, later alantoin, and at the remaining stages, the development of sechoic acid.
However, in the ontogeny of highly organized organisms, there is always a risk of repeating the stages of a historical act, as it follows the biogenetic law. Thus, the embryo of a human does not in any way repeat the mature stages of ribs, amphibians, plasunіv and ssavtsiv, and rice similar to a row is more than just their germs. The early stages of development save the most conservatism, the beginnings of which recapitalize more, lower life. This is due to the fact that one of the most important mechanisms of integration of early stages of embryogenesis is embryonic induction, and the structures of the embryo that are formed into the first line, such as chord, neural tube, forging, intestine and germ, organ vіd yakikh to deposit the entire perebіg rozvitku.
The genetic basis of recapitulation is based in the unity of the mechanisms of genetic control of development, which is taken on the basis of the main genes in the regulation of ontogenesis, as it is distributed to native groups of organisms from common ancestors.
Recapitulation(from Lat. recapitulatio - repetition) - understand, what is victorious in biology for the recognition of repetition in an individual development is a sign, a powerful early stage of evolutionary development.
94. Ontogeny as the basis of phylogenesis. Cynogenesis. Autonomy to ontogeny. Phylembryogenesis. A.N. Severtsov’s vchennya about phylembryogenesis. Mechanisms of their vindication. Heterochrony and heterotopia of biological structures in the evolution of ontogenesis.
Leaning on the basic biogenetic law, it is impossible to explain the process of evolution: the inexhaustible repetition of what has passed by itself does not bring about the new. So, as life is on the Earth, the generations of specific organisms change, the evolution proceeds the changes that occur in their ontogeny. Changes are made to the extent that specific ontogenies emerge from the path laid by ancestral forms and develop new rice.
To such visions one can see, for example, cinogenesis - attachment, which is blamed on the germs or larvae and adapts them to the peculiarities of dowkill. In mature organisms, cynogenesis is not spared. The butts of coenogenesis and horns are made in a company of larvae of tailless amphibians, which make it easier for them to live with a dewy hedgehog. In the process of metamorphosis, the stink of the toad arises and the herbal system is rebuilt for living with clods and hrobaks. Before cenogenesis in amniota, germinal tunic, zhovtkovy bear and alantois are seen, and in placental savts and humans - the placenta with the umbilical cord.
Cynogenesis, which appears only at the early stages of ontogenesis, does not change the type of organization of a mature organism, but ensures a greater high viability of the offspring. The stench can be concomitant with any change in fertility and lower germinal or larval period, due to which the organism in the postembryonic or post-larval period of development appears more mature and active. Vyniknuvshiy that vyavivshis korisnymi, tsenogenesis vіdvoryuvatimuyutsya in the coming generations. Thus, the amnion, which appeared earlier in the ancestors of the plasuns in the Stone-coal period of the Paleozoic era, appears in all ridges that develop on land, like in oviparous - plasuns and birds, so in placental sars.
The second type of phylogenetically significant changes in phylogeny - phylembryogenesis. The stench is indicative of ontogeny, characteristic of ancestors, which is manifested in embryogenesis, but may have an adaptive value in mature forms. Thus, the laying of the hairline is found in early stages of embryonic development, while the hairline itself may be less important in mature organisms.
Such changes in ontogeny, being brown, are fixed by natural selection and are confirmed in the coming generations. These changes are based on the same mechanisms that cause congenital development: damage to the proliferation of cells, their displacement, adhesion, death or differentiation (div. § 8.2 and 9.3). value, tobto. korisnіst and fixation by natural selection in phylogenesis.
In addition, at some stages of embryogenesis and morphogenesis of specific structures, development is blamed, which may mean the meaning of phylembryogenesis, three of their types are distinguished.
1.Anabolism, otherwise, the extensions, blamed after the fact that the organ has practically completed its development, turn around at the addition of additional stages, which change the final result.
Before anabolism, such manifestations are seen, as the appearance of a specific form of the body of a flounder, only after that, as a fry appears from the eggs, not in the presence of other ribs, as well as the appearance of a virginal ridge, an increase in the sutures in the cerebral pelvis, a residual hemorrhage
2.Deviations - improvement, which is blamed on the process of organ morphogenesis. The butt can be a development of the heart in the ontogenesis of ssavtsiv, in some cases, the stage of the tube is recapitulated, the two-chamber and three-chamber budova, and the stage of molding of an uneven septum, characteristic of the plasuns, the development of a septum, induced and developed, and also characteristic of others. .In the development of legenia in savians, the recapitulation of the early stages of ancestors is also shown, the new morphogenesis is new (div. sect. 14.3.4).
Mal. 13.9. Reconstruction of onto- and phylogenesis in connection with phylembryogenesis, which is blamed
The letters indicate the stages of ontogenesis, the numbers indicate the phylembryogenetic transformation
3.Archalaxis - Changes, which seem to appear only on the level of the rudiments, and manifest themselves in damaged dismemberment, early differentiation and the appearance of fundamentally new bookmarks. Classical butt to archalaxis є
the development is hairy at the savts, the laying of which is already at the early stages of development and in the spadix is in the form of layings of other appendages of the ridge tops (div. § 14.1).
The notochord is blamed for the type of archallaxis in primitive skullless, the cartilaginous ridge in cartilaginous ribs (div. sect. 14.2.1.1), the nephrons of the secondary nix develop in plasunі (div. sect. 14.5.1).
It was understood that due to the evolution with additional anabolism in ontogenies, the main biogenetic law will be implemented more and more, tobto. recapitulations of all ancestral stages of development are being considered. In case of deviations of the early ancestral stages, they recapitalize, and the later ones are replaced by a development in a new one directly. Archalaxis completely do not allow recapitulation in the development of these structures, changing their very beginnings.
Yakshcho Zstaviti scheme firibribrigenerasive z table of K. Bura (Fig. 13.9), pushruhno the law of the Subsky podіnosti, then to the zrozumilo, and also Buv Buvsky to Vidkritte, Ale Vidovoltsiyno. .
In the evolution of ontogeny, anabolism is most often observed as phylembryogenesis, as if only a small world change the whole process of development. Deviations as a disruption of the morphogenetic process in embryogenesis are often detected by natural selection and are much more likely to increase. Most rarely, in evolution, archalaxies are manifested in conjunction with them, which stench changes the entire breakdown of embryogenesis, and as such changes begin the rudiments of life of important organs or organs, which may be important embryonic centers (6.2.8. often appear insane from life.
In one and the other phylogenetic group, evolution in different organ systems can be considered as part of the pattern of different phylembryogenesis.
So, in the ontogeny of the ssavts, all stages of the development of the axial skeleton in the vertebral subtype (anabolism) are prone, in the development of the heart, recapitulation is only early stages (deviation), and in the development of the epididymis of the skin, the recapitulation is in the early stages (archallaxis). Knowledge of the types of phylembryogenesis in the evolution of chordate organ systems is necessary for the doctor to predict the possibility of developing an atavistic nature in fetuses and newborn congenital veins (div. Roz. 13.3.4). for the recapitulation of the ancestral camps, then at times the archalaxis is turned off again.
Crimean cenogenesis and phylembryogenesis in the evolution of ontogenesis can be shown by the time of organ initiation. heterochronies - that month of their development - heterotopia. Like the first, so and others produce to change the mutuality of the structures that develop, and pass the strict control of natural selection. Less than those heterochronies and heterotopies are taken care of, as they appear to be brown. The butts of such adaptive heterochronies are the destruction of the most important vital organs in groups, which evolve according to the type of arogenesis. So, in savians, and especially in humans, the differentiation of the anterior cerebellum signifi- cantly shows the development of other cerebellums.
Heterotopies lead to the formation of new expanses and functional links between organs, ensuring their further evolution. So, the heart, which is located in the ribs under the carpet, ensures the efficient supply of blood in the zygomatic artery for gas exchange. Moving near the retrosternal region in terrestrial spines, it develops and functions already in a single complex with new respiratory organs - lungs, and here we are in front of the function of delivering blood to the respiratory system for gas exchange.
Heterochrony and heterotopia fallow, in addition, at some stages of embryogenesis and organ morphogenesis, odors appear, may be considered as phylembryogenesis of different types. So, the displacement of the rudiments of the brain, which leads to the development of the vagina, which is characteristic of amniota, and which manifests itself in the cob stages of the differentiation, is archallaxis, and the heterotopia of the simian in a person from the femoral sac through the inguinal canal into the scrotum, which after windows - Typical anabolism.
Some processes of heterotopy, however, behind the evidence, can be phylembryogenesis of different types. For example, among the different classes of the ridges, there is often a shift in the belts of the kіntsіvok. In the rich groups of ribs, which lead the near-bottom way of life, the lower limbs of the swimmers (back ends) are ruffled to the front of the chest, and in the ssavts and people, the shoulder girdle and the front ends in the definitive station are signifi- cantly caudal In connection with the cym, the innervation of the shoulder girdle is connected with nerves, connected not with the thoracic, but with the cervical segments of the spinal cord. In those who think more, the ribs of the pelvic fins are innervated by the nerves not of the posterior tubular, but of the anterior segments, which are spread forward through the centers of the innervation of the thoracic fins. It is worth mentioning about the heterotopia of the laying of the fins already at the stage of early primordia, at that hour the displacement of the anterior zone of the fins in humans occurs at the last stages, if the innervation of їх is already already established. Obviously, in the first type, heterotopia is archallaxis, while in others it is anabolic.
Cynogenesis, phylembryogenesis, as well as heterotopies and heterochronies, having become brown, are fixed in the offspring and are confirmed in the next generations of children; For this ontogeny, I briefly repeat the evolutionary path passed by the ancestors, and lay a new direct phylogeny in the future.
The law of germline similarity.
Carl von Behr, having formulated his own observation about the similarity between the origins of different vertebral classes in the form of some positions:
I will remain regularity, relying on Ber, victorious Ch. Darwin as one of the proofs of evolution and giving it a name "The law of germinal similarity".
In 1828 p. Ber formulating the law, how to call Beer's Law: " Чим раніше стадії індивідуального розвитку порівнюються, тим більше подібності вдається виявити " Цей великий ембріолог зауважив, що зародки ссавців, птахів, ящірок, змій та інших наземних хребетних на ранніх етапах розвитку дуже подібні між собою як загалом, і за способом розвитку своїх частин . The paws of a lizard, the wings and legs of birds, the kіntsіvki of savtsіv, and also the arms and legs of a person develop, as if respecting Ber, in a similar rank and from the quiet rudiments themselves. Only from a distant development in the ancestry of different classes of the ridges are signs of class, pens, slopes, sights of creatures, nareshti, signs of this individual.
biogenetic law.
First, the relationship between ontogenesis and phylogeny in a series of positions was revealed by K. Ber, like Ch. Darwin, giving the legal name “the law of germ similarity”. The birthplace of naschadkiv, writing Darwin, has a “vague portrait” of ancestors. Otherwise, though, already at the early stages of embryogenesis of different species, there is a great similarity at the boundaries of the type. Also, from an individual development, you can stitch the history of your mind.
The most pronounced germinal similarity is at the early stages. At the late stages, embryonic divergence is observed, which reflects the divergence in the evolution of these species.
At 1864 p. F. Müller, having formulated a thought, what phylogenetic transformations related to ontogenetic changes and that this connection is manifested by two different paths. In the first moment The individual development of natives is similar to the development of ancestors until the appearance of a new sign in ontogenesis. Changes in the processes of morphogenesis are thought to imply that their embryonic development repeats the history of their ancestors only in a flash. In another mood The patches repeat the entire development of the ancestors, but until the end of embryogenesis, new stages are added, after which the embryogenesis of the patches continues and becomes more complicated. Recurring sign of mature ancestors in embryogenesis F. Müller called recapitulation.
Muller's robots became the basis for the formulation by E. Haeckel biogenetic law zgіdno z yakim ontogeny є in short, that shvidke repetition of phylogenesis. Signs of mature ancestors, which are repeated in the embryogenesis of animals, naming wines palingenesis. Before them, one can see in the amniotes the first germ layers, the formation of the primary cartilaginous skull, the zygomatic arches, and the single-chambered heart. Attachment to embryonic or larval stages took away the name cinogenesis. Among them - utvorennya zhivotka in eggs and in egg shells, amnion and alantois. On the thought of E. Haeckel, cenogenesis (embryonic attachment) promotes, or, like wines, “falsifies”, it is repeated in the embryogenesis of the history of ancestors and is a second phenomenon in terms of birth before recapitulation.
At the interpretation of the biogenetic law Ege. Haeckel injects into phylogenesis only a little lower than ontogenesis by way of the superposition of stages, the proteo other stages are left without change. Later, Haeckel, having adopted only another way of historical changes to ontogenesis (after Müller), left aside the changes of the stages of ontogenesis themselves as the basis of phylogenetic transformations. Darwin and Müller emphasized this form of mutual understanding of ontogeny and phylogeny. The interpretation of the biogenetic law by Ch. Darwin and F. Müller was later vindicated by A. N. Severtsov in theory phylembryogenesis.
Also, ontogenesis is the result, and the basis of phylogenesis. Ontogeny is transformed in a different way: by going through the already existing stages and by adding new stages. Phylogeny cannot be looked at like the history of overgrown organisms. This process is a historical lance of ontogenies that are being transformed.
Doslidniki on the cob of the XIX century. First, they began to pay attention to the similarity of the stages of development of the embryos of the living creatures from the steps of the organized organization, which lead from low-organized forms to progressive ones. In 1828 p. Carl von Behr formulated the law, which is called Beer's Law: "The sooner the stages of individual development are developed, the more similarities are allowed to emerge." According to the stages of development of the germs of different species of that class of chords, K. Behr has developed such visnovi.
1. Embryos of creatures of the same type at the early stages of development are similar.
2. The stench will gradually move from the larger overhead signs of the type to the larger private ones. In the remainder of the black, signs develop that indicate the belonging of the embryo to the song genus, species i, nareshti, individual rice.
3. Embryos of various representatives of the same type are progressively water-creamed one after one (Fig. 1).
Malyunok 1. Similarity of germs of different ridge classes at different stages
K. Behr, being an evolutionist, was able to demonstrate to him the regularity of the individual development with the process of phylogeny. To that zroblenі him zagalnennya little meaning is less than empirical rules.
Розвиток еволюційної ідеї надалі дозволило пояснити подібність ранніх зародків їх історичним спорідненістю, а придбання ними дедалі більше приватних рис з поступовим відособленням друг від друга - дійсним відокремленням відповідних класів, загонів, сімейств, пологів та видів у процесі еволюції.
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