The life of the German thinker and sociologist was intellectually rich. Yogo biography is full of difficulties, but in niy chimalo that reach. Just look, there was a rise in that popularity for life, but the greatest demand for the ideas of Simmel came from the other half of the 20th century.
The future philosopher was born in Berlin on the 1st of February 1858 with a foreign merchant. Georg's childhood passed by as a whole, the fathers talked about their children, tried to give them the best possible future. Batko, a Jew for the funeral, having adopted the Catholic faith, his mother turned to Lutheranism, in which there were baptisms and deaths, including Georg. Until the age of 16, the boy successfully started at school, demonstrating success in mastering mathematics and history. It was supposed that on a new check the typical share of a merchant, however, in 1874 father Simmel died, and Georg's life changed. Mothers cannot take away their son, and their friend becomes their guardian. Vіn finansuє navchannya yunaka that sponsor є yogo enters the University of Berlin at the Faculty of Philosophy.
At the University of Simmel, one learns from eminent thinkers of one's hour: Lazarus, Mommsen, Steinthal, Bastian. Already in the university hours, he clearly demonstrates his own dialectical warehouse of reason, which in the future means such philosophies, like Peter Sorokin, Max Weber and Alethodism, and the head of the life of the colony is beginning to make life easier for people in this era. Not becoming a vinnyatkom and Georg Zimmel, the biography of such a boulade is more complicated due to his nationality. After completing your studies at the university, the philosopher tries to defend his doctoral dissertation, but he is encouraged to do so. The reason is not directly named. But in Berlin at that time, anti-Semitic sentiments were panned, regardless of those who were guilty of being a Catholic, their Jewish nationality was not far away. Vіn mav is clearly pronounced Jewish zovnіshnіst і tse zgodom more than once to induce yoma in life. After a deaky hour, zavdyaki arrogance and indulgence, Georg feet Ale didn’t open the door to you.
After graduating from the university, Zimmel searched for a place of work, but don’t give him a permanent job, I’ll do it again through the questionnaire data. Vіn occupies the position of a privat-dozent, so as not to bring a guaranteed income, but rather it is made up of foreign students. Therefore, Simmel gives a lot of lectures and writes a great number of articles, which are addressed not only to the academic middle class, but to the wide audience. Vin was a wonderful orator, his lectures were characterized by breadth, original approach and cirque presentation. Zimmel's lectures were filled with energy, he was smart enough to listen to his ears, roaring his voice on the most resonant topics. Vіn mav unmistakable success with students and mіstsevoї іntelіgentsії, for 15 years of work in this settlement vino won fame and friendship with significant thinkers of his honour, for example, with Max Weber. A long time ago the philosopher did not recognize all the scientific mercantilism, sociology still won the same status as a fundamental discipline. The Berlin Kolomnih smiled at the original philanthropist, and all on the right. If you want to get out of employment, continue practicing: rozmirkovuvati, write articles, read lectures.
In the 1900s, however, the wines are taken away and officially recognized, you are given the title of an honorary professor, but, as before, the wines still do not reach the status of a badge. Only in 1914 did I become an academic professor. At that time, the new one already had over 200 scientific and popular science publications. But I’ll plant wines over the native university of Berlin, and the provincial Strasbourg, which was like a lifetime, experience enough life. Vіn not zіyshovsya z mіstsevuyu scientiс elіta, і remain the fates of life vіdchuvav vіdchuva vіdchuzhenіst self.
Georg Zimmel, rejoicing in his great contemporary, in his daily strict affiliation to some kind of philosophical current. Yogo way buv spovneniy throw, vіn mіrkuvav richly about scho, knowing such objects for philosophical reflection, yakі previously not tsіkavili thinkers. The appearance of a clear position worked on Simmel's selfishness. This was one more reason for the problem of the integration of the philosopher in scientific development. And to the very same zavdyaki tsіy breadth of thoughts, vin zmіg zrobiti contributed to the development of some important topics of philosophy. There are a lot of people in science, whose creativity can only be assessed through fate, and so Georg Zimmel. The biography of the thinker is full of practice and endless thoughts.
The dissertation of Georg Simmel was dedicated to I. Kant. In his philosopher, he tried to comprehend the a priori ambush of the social order. The cob of the thinker's path is also hung with the infusion of Ch. Darwin and R. Spencer. In line with his concepts, Zimmel developed the theory of knowledge, revealing the natural and biological foundations of ethics. The philosopher, with the central problem of his thoughts, bacheling the foundation of the people in the life, to that yogo should be protected to the direct name "philosophy of life". Vіn pov'yazuє pіznannya z pіznannya z pіznannya zhittya її її golovnyj law at the exit for biological borders. It is impossible for a human being to see the posture of his natural mind, it is not possible to make everything up to them, the shards are rough sens buttya.
At Berlin Zimmel, together with one of the same mind, among them, M. Weber and F. Tenis, organizing the Nimets comradeship of sociologists. Vin actively explored the object, subject and structure of the new science, formulating the principles of the social structure. Describing the suspіlstvo, Georg Zіmmel presenting as the result of the contacts of wealthy people. When tsmu vin viviv the main signs of a suspіlnogo device. Among them, such as a number of participants in mutual modality (they cannot be less than three), it is clear between them, the most common form of which is the formation, and it is the very fault to introduce the term in science, which designates the sphere of intercourse, as the participants designate their own. Vin called the most important social forces pennies and socializations intellect. Simmel creates a classification of forms of social foundation, which is based on the degree of proximity to the “stream of life”. Life is presented to the philosopher like a Lanciug experience, like a mindfulness at the same time with biology and culture.
Georg Simmel richly commented on social processes and on the nature of contemporary culture. Vіn vyznavav, scho the most important rushing power of the suspіlstvі є pennies. Vin, having written a great practice “Philosophy of pennies”, in a way describing their social functions, revealing their main and negative impact on modern society. Winn saying that ideally, a single currency could be created, as a way to ease cultural friction. Vin pessimistically assessed the social possibility of religion and future modern culture.
Suspіlstvo, according to Zіmmel's thought, is rooted in the fortune-tellers. The interaction of people in society is always on the rise in the form of struggle. Competition, ordering and panuvannya, subdivision of practice - ce forms of magic, which invariably lead to social conflicts. Zimmel vvazhav, scho stinks іnіtsiyuyut shaping new i values of society, stinks are an indispensable element of the evolution of society. So the philosopher, having revealed the low іnshih, inducing a typology, describing the stages of yoga, naming the methods of yoga regulation.
Think about social forms to form the basis of philosophy, the author is Georg Zimmel. Fashion, yoga thought, is an important element daily suspense. The robot "Philosophy of fashion" vin doslіdzhuvav the phenomenon of social process and dіyshov vysnovka, scho won't appear more than once from urbanization and modernization. In the Middle Ages, for example, it didn’t exist, says Georg Simmel. The theory of fashion comes out of the fact that it satisfies the need of individuals for identification, helping new social groups to win their place in society. Fashion is the mark of democratic society.
The significance of Simmel's work is important to reevaluate. Vin is one of the founders of sociology, revealing the causes social development, comprehending the role of pennies and modi in the culture of people. Georg Simmel, whose conflictology became the basis for the social philosophy of the other half of the 20th century, leaving a serious discussion about social opposition. Vin vplinuv directly on the formation of American sociology and becoming a pioneer of postmodern thought.
Іntelektualіzatsіya suspіlstva and the development of a penny statehood є, zgidno Zіmmel, svіdchennya rozryu, shcho posilyuєєmіzh forms and zmіstami modern suspіlstva, svіchennya zrostayuschennya pusshennya cultural forms, sho human freedom. On the other side of the back, the intellectual_zacії has become a decrease in the rіvnya of spiritual life, and the back side of the development of financial statehood has become the inculcation of pracіvnik in the product of its own pracі. The most vividly desolated cultural forms of those їх vіdriv vіd zmіstu are manifested in the great places, scho live in virobnizstvo on the market and shy people rozumovymi vіlmi, but self-reliance and leave them. The great places and peculiarities of the inner world of their meshchants are dedicated to Simmel’s work “Great Places and Spiritual Life”.
The development of fashion and її mіstsya at the development of the society is one of Zimmel's direct robots. Explaining the winds of the vindication of fashion, Simmel analyzes the trend before the present. Vіn vvazhaє, scho privablіvіnі naslіduvannya sobistostі, nasampered, tsomu, schou vіn represents the possibility of goal-directed and meaningful activity there, there is nothing special and creative. Fashion is inherited and satisfies the need in social support, directing a man to a stake, for which everyone should go. However, the world satisfies the needs of the state with such a world, the tendency to change, to see from the wild mass. Tim himself, fashion is nothing else, like one of the forms of life. For Simmel, fashion is a product of a sub-class, there is no de-class, fashion is impossible there. Necessary social trends for the installation of fashion - the need for today, from one side and from the waterfront, from the other.
The philosophy of culture was included in the 1st volume of Zimmel's works in the articles “Understanding the tragedy of culture”, “About the essence of culture”, “Changing the forms of culture”. The dynamics of the values of culture, and the problems of the cultural process are examined in the articles “The Crisis of Culture”, “The Conflict of Modern Culture”.
Simmel speaks out on the rich meaning of the concept of culture. Creating the elements of life, people create impersonal cultural forms: suspіlny ustrіy and artistic creation, religious vіruvannya and moral norms, technical winemakingі scientific opinion, civil laws and philosophical treatises.
At the restless rhythm of life, її tides and tides, її constantly renewed, the stench of stamina swells and begins to fall with powerful forces. For whom is the tragedy of culture: “The stench is no more a shell, a shell for the creative elements of life and for the streams that they gathered” 1 . At the moment of being blamed, the sights completely gave life away, but step by step the stench bleeds a link from it, catches it, becomes strangers and makes fortune-tellers.
Life is more dynamic, to be satisfied with the created form. To this life, forces entered the protidium, relying on the standing of the previous values and pragmatic renewal.
Simmel G. vibrane. T. 1. S. 494.
The evolution of cultural forms is the subject of history. The inconsistency of the change of other cultural phenomena and the emergence of many cultural styles is an obvious result of the inconsistency of creative ideas of people in creative culture. Life collapses from death to buttya and from booty to death, rob the wisps of Zimmel.
However, tse protirichchya can be turned away from its protilezhnіst that ailment of culture. The old political regime, which, if popular, and then, having spent its addicts, continues to thrive only by the power of inertia. It stimulates the fight against vital forms political life yakі obmezhuyut and navіt move forward. It is similar in the epoch, if earlier the vineyards of cultural forms become obsolete, they drew their own money. Life is protesting against these "relic, archaic forms of culture, for it is not enough to solidify new cultural values.
Ch> I have a great era historical development the “central idea” appears, as if it has a special meaning for the intellectual life and becomes the “idea focus” of the cultural style. Zagalna ideya chi ideal can mother different ways and forms of expression in science, science, religion, morality, and at the same time be left behind by the “volodary of thoughts” of their time.
For the classical Greek world, the idea of a butt, instilled in plastic forms, was the idea, for the Christian middle class, the idea of a deity as a volodar of the human mind.
In the epoch of the Renaissance, the greatest value of the bula was called the fidelity of nature as an ideal. For example, in the middle of the epoch, the idea of individuality, specialness, as moral value hung. XIX Art. elevating the significance of supremacy as if it were a correct reality, and the specialness was stigmatized by order.
On the threshold of the XX century. the central place in the intellectual history takes the understanding of life as the greatest value. The very same understanding of life is given to the sense and the world to all the values of culture. Create art, scientific opinion, political changes and juridical laws of responsibility for the development and affirmation of life as the greatest value of the butt. But if the stench is to stand against this value, then to wash the five scenes, because they do not match the humanistic ideals of the hour. At the bottom of this protirichchya, the dynamics of cultural development.
Culture vinikaє as a piece of human creativity and until the singing hour її forms closely connected with the bazhanni and values of the rest. Ale, the paradox of culture, quite accurately remarked by Simmel, in that which the stench of the building “breathes” in the life of life, transforms into an empty form, I will relieve the senses. Vіddalyayuchis vіd real life, similar forms of culture are transformed into foreign ones and inspire soothsayers. Social roles, flooring shovni in the past, become inanimate masks; political struggle is a farce; love, spared breadth, gaining a formal character.
The tragedy of culture - in the permanent guilt of cultural forms that are born by human beings, and so the very last recognition of these forms, pragnennya podolat, "throw off", prostuvati, so that the stench did not respect the creation of the new. The life of life is doomed to forever be inculcated in the forms of culture, ale ci forms, "catch", create a cross path of the wild rush. At the bottom of the wiper there is an internal impulse to the development.
Another important aspect of Zimmel's philosophy of culture is the ability to understand "culture" and "culture". Offending terms may have an important meaning in this concept.
Different norms and manners of behavior, etiquette and subtlety of relish and richly other make it more outrageous and not the most important sign of culture. Behind their form, the stench can be distant from internal intentions and turn only the steps of the necessary extraneousness, inheriting the globally accepted norms and blues.
Zovnishhnіy "baby" behavior can be the most accessible goals and ideas. Therefore, “culturalism” must be assessed and assessed indecently, depending on how many different forms of behavior suit the spiritual state of a person, її motives and goals. The stench can serve private purposes, or the mother is indirectly important for a person.
The smut recognition of culture and all її forms of polygaє have a thorough specialty. Tse, in the words of Simmel, "the path of the soul to itself" 1 . Mustaches of life are able to accept the harmony of people, if they are in harmony with a single whole element of culture. Culture behind its own life is zmіst є "tightening vuzol", in a mutually intertwining subject and object 2 .
" Simmel G. vibrane. T. 1. Z. 481. 2 Same there. S. 446.
Zimmel calls objective culture that object world, which evokes a person as a world of foundation created by him, the result of his creative efforts, realization of the spirit, vitality, gifting and talent.
Ale є y іnshіy bіk, аky Zіmmel іє a subjective culture. It includes the world's development of specialness, the real coexistence of a person's mental processes in the mastered objective values. You can often finish it in life and in fact, if you are rich, rich in spiritual values, the middle of the earth does not know whether there is any way in the spiritual world of a person. Vіn not only not to stumble upon it, but it shows the same baiduzhіst chi non-dominance.
In addition, the objective culture itself can develop a sense in itself, be self-sufficient and not demanded by the support of a group of people. The world of objects is constantly growing, gaining independent significance, but the spiritual world of people becomes more primitive, intermingling with nothing more than superficial radiances to culture. For whom is the tragedy of modern culture.
Fashion as a cultural phenomenon
Zіkavі dumki vyslovlyuє Zіmmel about spіvіdnennia in culture creativity and heritage, tradition and innovation. The skin form of culture shows two mutually changing trends: exercising unity, evenness, and the need for change, the creation of special and non-repeated rice in objects of culture and a special image. The skin of these tendencies is manifested in the history of culture.
Inheritance promotes the persistence of culture, it gives reverence to the fact that a person in his actions is not selfish, spire on the twisted life of tradition. In everyday behavior, there are fluctuations due to the need to work vibir, which determines between sleepiness. Be-yakіy lyudskіy іndіvіdіdualityі zavzhdi yavviti vzaєmozv'yazok zagalnogo and especial.
Following the mechanism of mutual creativity and heritage, uniqueness and similarity in culture, Simmel turns to the phenomenon of fashion.
Vіdomo scho Vinyl's fashion at dosit in the distant periods of the history of culture and it was established in various spheres of social life. Not only the design of a zvn_shny-looking person - clothes,
make-up, zachіska, embellish - pіddaєtsya fashionable infusions. Ale, fashion is pouring into the style of architecture, interiors of life and communal life, brands of cars, dishes and fabrics, furniture and planning of city highways, printing and artistic design of books and magazines, ways of life and manners of behavior.
In the spiritual life one can always find “fashionable” writers, poets, artists, actors, directors, musicians. Nemaє need to continue qі pererahuvannya. Tse skin view.
It is important to turn back to the internal dynamics of the mod, like a manifestation of culture. Obviously, the fashion is super-chliva, primhliva, importantly overdone and may not be subject to rational explanations. And yet, it has its own trajectories of origin, climaxes and fading, so you can call development patterns, based on repetition and cyclicality.
Fashion always transmits the interplay of innovation and heritage.
Fashion satisfies the needs of the people at the updated social support, creates special mechanisms that help to identify oneself with this group, belonging to which is accepted as a special value. The very mind of a person gives pride, for he considers it meaningful for himself.
In a number of cases, fashion satisfies the needs of the vіdminnosti, seen from the wild masses, and the fashion of the future will always start to look like the mods of other versions. Zavdyaks to finish the dynamic change of sights of the fashion of a yesterday's day everyday life stinks can spіvіsnuvati and navіt not super-read one to one. Ale skin virazhatime svіy "sign of the hour." That's why you remember "pardons", prorokhunks in the decorated historical films, hanging out, in the paintings of artists, if the stench is not good for modi details. The accuracy of the implementation of the fashion period becomes an additional source of information about the culture of different eras.
Fashion is nothing else, like one of the rich forms of life, for the help of such a trend to social vibrance, it will follow the trend to individuality and change in a single activity 1, Zimmel means. The history of modi wine is called history
1 Simmel G. vibrane. T. 2. S. 268.
tsієyu try to “calm down” tsі dvі protilezhnі tendencies in іndivіdіduаlnіnіy і hromаdskіy kulіtі.
Shards of fashion history of sustainability in the social subdivision, won't victorious sub-function: the unification of the singing social coherence and in the service of others. To this, fashion means, from one side, advancing to the equals behind the camp and, from the other side - vіdminnіst vіd quiet, hto not lie down to the ball / group. The symbolic marking of the modality supports the mechanism of unity and differentiation. “Showing up and rozdnuvati – these are the two main functions that seem to be inextricably linked here” 1 . For this sensi, fashion allows for forms of culture and dotality, stinks like a stink on the back of the head. You should wear wide, narrow-sleeved shirts, crinkled, smooth zachіski, stringed, black cribs - for whom the panuє has no more fashion. Vaughn can become an evangelist of the condescending and hydical, mindless and mindless to the very fact that it has other functions and values in culture.
The new fashion does not just respond to the needs that have changed, but is created to create and by itself becomes a part of the supple structure, and activity in the fashion room gains the prestige of a highly paid profession.
The whole style of life of a person is constantly being changed under a splash of fashion. Differentiation of the state of affairs is promoted by fashion, the shards are the most successful form of the establishment of the most famous ones. Fashion can be easily "buyed" for pennies and come to the stake.
However, fashion is not as democratic as it seems at first glance. As soon as fashion becomes inaccessible, penetrating into the lower balls, then the greater camp, or the elite, is inspired by it and creates new images for inheritance and identification. The closer the difference between balls one to one, the closer the succession is. All this process calls for an accelerated change of modi. In fashion, exotic objects are valued, which may have a high price, which create a barrier of inaccessibility for everyone.
In suspіlstvah, in which the differentiation is weakened, the trend degenerates to virіvnyuvannya and sameness, fashion is hot and іsnuє, but the cycle of її ruhu is richly trivaly, fashionable zrazki is trimmed richly dowshe. Such a suspenstvo does not support swedish change of fashion, visuvaє sanctioned by the sovereign
1 Simmel G. vibrane. T. 2. S. 269.
by the attitudes of the mind, which judges the suffocation of "alien" fashion, to transfer the assessment of the old look to the inner splendid specialty, and in the greater camps, the practice of "buti like a mustache" is encouraged.
Fashion has another important aspect as a manifestation of culture. Vіn pov'yazany іz novlennyam. The new clothes do not only change the old look, but mingle with the manner of behavior, vimage new enmity, rob a person more open to innovation.
Irrespective of those that fashion, as a social phenomenon, has a group character, it is not the same for all groups. Only a part of the group always accepts fashion, but only as soon as it is recognized by the whole group, it is recognized that it changes and it wastes its symbolic image of power.
Modi dominive pragnennya to ekspansії, to the ruin in breadth, zakhoplennya new and new versions, groups and territories. Ale, in the process of this rush, step by step is extinguished. The more people you accept, the more you start the change. This symptom is good for legislators of fashion, hairdressers of fashionable salons, merchants. In fashion, in a marvelous rank, they put together super-cool figures: novelty and hotness to success, susceptibility to renewal and exercise to stability. But novelty is past, and steel is illusory. Razrahunok on trivality of fashion and viroblenі vytrati on the arrival of goods there are few primings, for those who were fashionable, easily get out of fashion, morally old, not chekayuchi physical wear. Fashion orients people towards the shortness of its cycle and towards the “culture of wikidanny”.
Panuvannya modi u daily life expanding the arena and subscribing, raising the number of goods and services to the whole circle. Fashion creates mind and ability to see individuality. Fashion creates special privacy for those who want to be celebrated, to love to see each other. But the "fashionista" must resist the principled opponent of modi, who has been in opposition before her. Already one of the listed mods creates the effect of individualization. "Modernity" is a kind of sign of internal protest, which is based on the mother's primacy of special power. Principal "non-fashion" can also become fashionable, demonstrating the list of arrogant fashion. And yet, in that and in the next turn, fashion is also forcibly, crying out for not succumbing to NATO and the masses.
In this rank, fashion, on the one hand, the area of \u200b\u200bthe infamous heritage, the svilnennya іndivіda vіd vіdpovіdalnostі for yogo relish that before-
povagi, s іnshgo - vіdminnіst, podkreslennya svoєї privetnostі to the singing group, iconic affiliation to the standards of the present.
Fashion often zapovnyu social insignificance of specialness, її interlacing and incomprehensibility, nezdatnіst with its advantages reinforces individuality. Fashion becomes a replacement for that zahisnym screen, it is peeled like a mask. Fashion allows those that a person would never have to work on her own. Vaughn zvіlnyaє vіd litter, despite the impeccable order, navіt її її vmogi absurd.
Thinking about the social role of fashion in the history of culture, Zimmel signifies that fashion is a folding light, in which life will be brought together in a natural way. The wild rhythm of the life of individuals and that group is set to modi. The masses of the lower levels are more importantly collapsing, the fashion is beginning to change, but the shards of their material possibilities are already obscured, then the pace of change is changing. Most versions are conservative in their own way; They dbaily protect the fashion of their groups as a symbol of fidelity and values. Therefore, while the history of the social differentiation progress has clearly divided the upper and lower levels, the change of the cycles of the modi has been achieved.
A similarly different picture was formed, if the middle class appeared on the social arena, which, behind its camp, aspires to hastened vertical mobility.
The very middle class of know-it-alls in fashion confirms the power of spiritual interests and aspirations. Great places, de zoseredzheny middle class, become lively soil wide modi. The rapid change in the pace and rhythm of the modi was adopted and economically introduced in the localities, exercising to the inheritance of that old symbolism of one's group. And yet, the dynamism of the development of the modi can make changes in the designation of financial investments for the creation of new developments. As before, the expensive fashionable objects were filled with trivality through the great time period of the fashion cycle, now fashion is oriented more cheaply materials and things, like a mother can drink from a middle-class gentleman. Massive variety of fashionable goods and swidka change of fashion become a typical situation of the XX century.
Simmel assigns the basis of regularity to the development of fashion: the more fashion changes, the cheaper it is to make speeches, primushuyuchi spozhivachіv to їх vikoristannya. But psychologically, the new fashion of the skin is accepted so, no matter what, forever. To this, the new sights are especially addictive, if the person who bathes them is guilty of reason, that soon the stench will become old and should be replaced.
For any fashionable change, steadfastness takes the classics. There is a remarkably stable concentration of fashionable elements “near the center where to rest”. The classics are harmonic and stіyka, do not allow extreme variations and damage to the balance. The classics are also fashionable, but at the same time they take their integrity, not succumbing to the mitt's impulse.
Fashion, as a social phenomenon, is not only natural in life, but it is entirely natural, because it helps people to regenerate and resurrect, to achieve originality for recreating individuality and belonging to a singing group. Fashion nadaet broadly embrace culture, zaluchayuchi to the stake change of raznі versti, becoming a symbol of novelty in the world.
About a person and a woman culture
The third plot of Zimmel's philosophy of culture relates to thoughts about people and women ambushed by the article "Woman Culture". This problem is of no particular interest for culturology, its specificity is viewed in a wide range of anthropological, social and cultural domains. Simmel means that
the culture of the people having ceased to be chimos khіba scho bezstatevym and zovsіm on the other side of the retail between man and woman ".
Without a doubt, leading up to the cієї those are connected with the expansion of the feminist movement in Europe in the 19th-10th centuries, and Simmel is included in the discussion, but if you want to know about the share of women's culture, the authoritative philosophical perspective. Dosi not vschuhayut superechki about the legitimacy of the terms "human culture" and "women's" culture", about their historical interrelationships; about the social recognition and creativity of people and women, about the anger of people and women culture in one whole;
Simmel G. vibrane. T. 2. S. 235.
about the subdivision of cultures according to the gender principle and the need for skin independence from them; about the riven of the cultural and psychological infusion of people and women at the sight of a generation. A list of debatable problems can be continued. It is possible, deyakі from them to turn the respect of the elders, so that we can accept the solution of rich social and cultural problems.
Simmel saw two mutually related processes in the culture of society: the creation of values and their assimilation. Usі really vivacious zvichaї, knowledge, mystetstvo, religion and other forms of "objective culture" є the result of creative zusil less than people. They "created the art and industry, science and trade, the state and religion" 1 . It is necessary to understand the meaning of “person” and “person”, as in rich language. In this way, creative activity in culture belongs to people, and therefore human culture is more important than “human”, wanting to make a singing creative contribution and women. Ale їх іхі аs аstance to dosit rіdkіsnі.
However, in parallel with the creation of values, there is no less significant process of their development and expansion. This process is the essence of “subjective culture”. The synthesis of those other sides of culture is necessary for the people to become "cultivated", Zimmel designates. In this organic combination of the objective (human) and the subjective (female), the sense of cultural development and the full individuality are poised. It would be better, the problem is over. Individuals create culture, women take care of savings and transfers to new generations.
Proteo leaders and ideologists of the women's movement indulged in such a statement of nutrition, obviously violating the principles of equality.
In the period of vindication of the woman's life, the main susilla was directed to the achievement of equal rights in gaining education, getting a job, and taking away the recession in other social problems. The women jumped ahead of the forms of life, the powerful people, and they themselves took an equal part in those areas of life, which were previously closed.
However, the main problem, as Simmel insists, is in another way. It is necessary to confirm the nutrition about the special contribution of women to the creation of new cultural values, which reflect the woman's nature and woman's daily life.
Simmel G. vibrane. T. 2. S. 236.
Tse meant b, that there are "two life totalities" in the human race, that one kind of one is born and realized in culture not for one, but for the skin for its "autonomous formula". Why bring the inclusion of women in the work of a creative person to a fundamentally new one, simply sprinkle the kіlkysny zbіlshennya occupied in the spheres, from which people sound panned?
Simmel cares what
the object of our culture to be a substitute for a truly neutral human character 1 .
With its great achievements, culture is created by human intellect, human energy, human feelings. To instill some "secondary originality" in different galleys of technology and trade, science and Russian law, literature and mysticism to revenge the initiative, I create strength and originality, which resembles the human spirit.
If the women are great beasts, then the stench will be stunned by the “good people” and take away the praise and high assessment as a witness to the “human mind”. If the activity of women in various spheres of culture does not reach the high level, then such results are condescendingly called "pure women's hands." Such assessments can be made even in our hour, if we talk about the advances of women's literature, women's ceramics, and women's business.
The autonomous formula of two cultures - a man and a woman - either can be recognized, or the day of a person is one, otherwise it requires more presentational argumentation.
Podіl pratsі for profesіynoyu znaka vіdpіdaє zdіbnosti cholovіkіv, їkh namіram i motives іyalnostі, pobuє svoblivih navichok, strength, reduce ta rhythm. Women also have access to more of these professions, but when there is a stench, they repeat less than two people, without introducing into the circle of spheres the viability of anything especially womanly. Zdiisnyuyuchi like a robot, a woman is no longer called a woman, that and then in rich temperaments are not inherited by people.
In the singing types of activity, women still show the deacons of power, who exalt their types of people. Zimmel recognizes the success and particularity of women in the role of an actor, building up to the transfer of knowledge from a researcher, skill up to selection
There. S. 237. P Law. !050
that classification of material in science, caution and intuition in medicine
But all the activities are carried out in the boundaries of the "human culture", changing the quality, but not introducing anything significant new.
Nutrition is the essence of how to recognize in real culture those things that humans cannot in principle create. Whose essence is about the special role of women in culture. How can women, through the peculiarities of their status, reach what is inaccessible to men?
The most important thing is to show women’s daily life in the gallery of the art, respecting Simmel. In literature, you can find women, like grabbing your own name, taking on a human pseudonym, and practice writing, “like a human”. In the lyric, the practice of opening up one's feelings, giving space to the fantasy is presented by women. otherwise, lower among people.
The inner life of a woman is especially seen in outer manifestations: gestures, mimics, manners of collapsing, mastering the space around herself. Putting the woman to the open space else, lower for the people. Vaughn takes it anyway and collapses into the new, without that strimkost and completeness, like powerful people. This particularity can be compared with the appearance of space among the inhabitants. figurative art that sculpture.
The art of dance has long been meant individuality female plasticity, impulsiveness and charm, femininity and charm of the body. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya z low reasons. In women, the inner light and inner light in the veins are closely united. Zhіnka more without intermediary translating the emotional experience and the psychological stand on the language of gestures, intonations, mimics, verbal and vchinkiv, signifies Zimmel. Sometimes the peculiarity of a woman's nature is taken as a nedolіma, showing the emotional arrogance and unstrikingness of women. But for the actor's art, similar figures are used to build up to overtime, so important for the understanding of that role in drama, tragedy and comedy.
The woman's psyche manifests especially vibrancy in the penetration into the fabric of the historical past, in the rosy picture of the life of the generations that have passed, their emotional experiences.
Zreshtoy, next designate one more feature of a woman's nature. The cultural significance of a woman is closely related to the understanding of beauty. Simmel write what I want to sound banal, but the women are right to “become beautiful” and there are no reasonable sums. The concept of “beauty” is applied to a woman herself, and for a person, the terms “meaningfulness”, “masculinity” will be more accurate.
A woman can be beautiful, and it’s not enough to be driven to the point of being beautiful. Beauty is the unity of the inner and the outer, the harmony of parts in that wholeness, the completion of the creation of a person, self-sufficiency in oneself. Beauty is more powerful to the female image, lower to the human. Zhіnoche tіlo richer closer to the ideal of beauty, less human. Volodar's cholovik is not as beautiful as he is, but as significant as he is; You must know your significance in speech and ideas, in the historical world of the sphere of knowledge. Obviously, it is the duty of the body to express the strength, mothers of the broken m'yazi, and in this way the beauty of the person is poured.
In this rank, the woman of the building is to bring such rice to the world of culture, as if to adopt the harmony and perfection of the people. The person vikonu the function of life support and ensure the well-being of the human race. A woman and a person mutually complement one another.
And yet there are two more spheres, as if Zimmel is in vogue, in some of them the woman’s ability is shown the most: 1) plowing the life space of Budinka and 2) pouring women into people.
Life is inspired by the principle of interdependent worlds. Tsі svіti svіti, kozhen іz mає soblivy zmіst. The stench can either be isolated or be recycled on a peretine, they can be treated one by one, or they can be similar. The stench of its own stench satisfies the pictures of life. Ale in this impersonal Budinok occupies the central camp. Vіn є vсіх without blame. Vіn can be rich, we bіdnim, we warm chi cold, we buy chi generous, ale vin є at the skin. Budinok is a special kind of molding for the sake of life, special, spiritual, business, religious, state, pobutov, mystetsky statues are intertwined with him.
There is no such thing as a living life, as if on the other side I would not have looked at Budinka.
Budinok is a part of life and at one time a special way to eat, beat, mold all life. The creation of the great cultural aspirations of the woman 1 .
Itself in tsomu vin to bachel the smut recognition of a woman, її vagomiya is a contribution to the development of an objective and real culture. Budinok is created with the help of women, as a defense and encouragement, as a spiritual development of new generations, as the basis of intimate and close friendships, friendship, hospitality, home fire and remembrance, rozvagi and encouragement. Here, again, women’s daily life is being realized, working behind the power project, those who express the idea of comfort, calm, good order.
Budynok is a cultural twirl, in such a way as to bring out the vitality, interests, and almost the intellect of a woman. For cholovіkіv Dіm means only part of life, for a woman - especially formed wholeness. Sens Budinka does not count for her with a lot of zavdannya, something for children, or for a kick. Vin represents for the woman self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency and value, although an important tuning fork of assessment is recognition of that success, praise and atmosphere of radio support of relatives.
Budinok is a life synthesis of all influxes, wines and sums of all forms of life, values \u200b\u200band help, as they are created in everyday life.
Budynok, becoming a great cultural aspiration of a woman, more than ever, the lines of cultural space.
And yet there is one more aspect, which, according to Simmel, deserves the title of a “cultural feat” of a woman: a woman is a significant world-shaping human soul. These transformations of the flooring are significant, that Simmel compares them with the workmanship of the material by the artist and brings the result of activity to “objective culture”.
To the very heart of women, the soul of a man has become such, as it were. In this cultural activity, women express themselves, creating the type of a person according to their abilities and ideals. Without such an injection, people would be called others. It’s important to say it like that, but otherwise. The contact of that intercourse of a person with a woman is to sway yoga harmonishim, to change the look at the world and to oneself, to add to the behavior of that vchinka. Tse
SimmelR. vibrane. T. 2. S. 257.
allows Simmel to grow whiskers, that the whole human culture of the significant world is based on infusions or on “stimulated by women”.
Ale, despite such a strong injection, culture is still overwhelmed by a man, without a woman’s rice. Injection may mean less than an indirect official. Tsya assigned the role of a woman to the vlivu to those who deeply historical changes and important podias were formed independently of women. The stench did not reduce the direct denunciation of slavery, nor to the cessation of tortur and other similar actions. Navit "helping the vdachas", about the yak often write about the hoarders of the woman's rush, was the result of an objective development of the spirit. Evidently, the foot of a woman's inflow is not without bounds, more, there is more directness.
The spirituality of the people was bouldered by the fringe, yakby without spitting in the women, like the buildings in front of the impulsiveness, stupidity of the zhorstokіst, unstriking, aggressiveness of the people. Impulses, like walking like a woman, building change the spiritual image of a person. It is impossible to understand primitively and understand that Dulcinea Taboska “stimulated” the spirit of Don Quixote. Colors of blue are richly thin and folded.
The head abode, that support of life for women, is Dim, and out of the new master. Znevaga to the role, as it was formed in the minds of women, it is not only unfair and unsafe, but super-sharp woman's daily life. It would be wrong to surround Budinok with narrow frames, less than family stoksіv, wanting stench to occupy an important place in life.
The woman of the building brings to her activity a posture with the atmosphere of "domesticity", warmth, participation, closeness, turbot, and this is a sign of recognition. Chi not zmagannya i competition, but spіvtvorchіst bring harmony among people. The social rank of the household master is attributed to the professions of “secondary originality”, which are more. They are occupied by both women and men. The stench hangs out for the deep life of the need, in the presence of them to lay a charnel camp of culture.
However, such a hymn to the House and the household master does not mean that the only thing is the recognition of women. Ale wine establishes that unique line in life, without any development of culture, becoming one-sided in nature. Not inherited by a human
There. S. 260.
on the cob, and the manifestation of the power of talent and її realization can be the basis for a joke.
The women of the building create great cultural creations, but be “not the best” for the people. Rukh zhіnok for the rights of vihovanni, volodinnі, osvіtі, politіchnіy, professіynіy dіyalnostі accepting the greatest manifestation of richness and riches people themselves. Prote z upevnіstyu vіdpovіsti on zapitanya, chi nabula zhіnіchі zhіnіchі zhіnіchі zhіnіchі zhіnіchі zhіnіchі vіdіvіy kіy galuzі kultury, krіm Budіnka, ії vysnі rіsi, іt's important to say. Otzhe, or a little bit of nutrition about a person and a woman’s culture does not show action, or you need new arguments. Yakby such a culture was bula, then the sense of a woman’s movement was not so at the reach of equality in the middle of the global culture, but rather in the development of a free autonomous woman’s culture.
G. Simmel (1858-1918) - all-world thinker, author of 30 books and articles on philosophy and sociology of culture. Characteristic for yoga is the intensity of the creative mind, the breadth of intellectual interests, the subtle psychological awareness, the emotional energy of the style and the unimaginable plots and thoughts about life, to give a strained impulse for the development of manifestations of culture.
In the sphere of interests of G. Simmel, they spend different episodes, ale stinks are found in life, and wines are pragmatic to give them a philosophical and cultural explanation. You should have articles about looking at nature and the sense of more expensive, about the role of bad luck and lack of good fortune in the life of a person. A profound sense of stats about religion and the specialness of God, about the philosophy of history and culture, about love and share. Unspeakable mirkuvannya about the philosophy of pennies and wealth, about stinginess and generosity, about death and immortality, about fashion and inconsistency, about human and human culture... Mislyar enriched cultural studies with new ideas and prophetic insights. Vіn zaproponuvav chimalo new ta original problems cultural studies
To the secrets of creativity, individuality and specialness of genius, create about I. Kant and F. Nietzsche, I. Goethe and Michelangelo. G. Simmel was the initiator of the philosophical understanding of culture, and the last analyst. But the science initiative of discussing the life of important problems lay with it itself, and it does not take into account its significance in the development of science. Interest is taken up to the new one until our hour, wanting to always remain the same.
From a wide range of problems of philosophy and sociology of culture of G. Simmel, we focus on two nutritious
for cultural studies:
1) understanding of the essence of culture; historical change of forms of culture; conflicts and crisis of culture;
2) social change and significance of fashion in the history of culture; spіvvіdnoshennia tradition and innovation.
The philosophy of culture was written in the articles of G. Simmel "Understanding the tragedy of culture", "About the essence of culture", "Change of forms
466 Section 18. Development of a cultural thought...
18.3. Problems of culture in the "philosophy of life" 473
logically, the new fashion of the skin is adopted in such a way that it will never be chosen forever. To this, the new sights are especially addictive, wanting to swell them, the person is guilty of understanding, that soon the stench will become old and should be replaced.
For any fashionable change, steadfastness takes the classics. There is a remarkably stable concentration of fashionable elements “near the center where to rest”. The classics are harmonic and stіyka, do not allow extreme variations and damage to the balance. Vaughn є fashion, but when you save your integrity, not succumbing to the mitt's impulse.
Fashion, as a social phenomenon, is not only natural in life, but it is entirely natural, because it helps people to regenerate and resurrect, to achieve originality for recreating individuality and belonging to a singing group. Fashion gives a wide impact on culture, zaluchayuchi to the stake changes of the version, becoming a symbol of novelty in the world that is changing.
1. Way of life and creativity - 2 side
2. The element of social life - 4 side
3. Phenomenon of witches - 7 sides
4. Formal sociology - 9 sides
5. Philosophy of life and culture - 14 sides
6. Zhіnocha culture - 19 side
7. List of victories dzherel - 24 pages
Georg Simmel (1858-1918) was a popular philosopher in his lifetime. Thin
phenomenologist
a share of specialty and at the same time expanding on a large scale
philosophical and historical problems of culture
crisis of European civilization Weber, Sorokin, Durkheim and other authoritative
Philosophers highly valued the subtlety of the thought, elucidating the idea of Simmel. Ale and dorikali:
in fragmentation, in the presence of a system and a clear philosophical light-gazer.
They called him a "bright dilettante".
articles that do not fit into the framework of one scientific discipline. Elements of ethics,
aesthetics, psychology, sociology are intertwined in one's thoughts. Same
To this yoga vvazhatimutsya culturologist is more important. Simmel was choking on the sociological theory of Bud, hanging a lot of good ideas. Ale, intuitively hostile to "sociological fictions" - hyperbolic systemic impulses - often giving priority to the genre of philosophical study, choosing to continue such, it would be given, with little meaning, like "Lin", "Mittvo", "Coquetry" , "Fashion". Vіd them vіn stretching the threads to the fundamental nourishment of philosophy and theory of culture.
In the period between two worldly wars, sociologists rarely stumbled upon Simmel's work. But in the 60s, at the link with the crisis of sociology and the present era of postmodernism, Simmel appeared even more modern. This fragmentation is in tune with the spirit of the hour of the other half of the 20th century. Today, among its merits, they designate the development of "sociology, what is the mind", microsociology, conflictology,
personology, the theory of communication, the idea of a multiplicity of cultural
a lot of other things. On the fringes of the progressive "fragmentation" of sociology and opinion
inspire the fundamental sociological theory of Simmel's texts do not give flooring
fragmentary. Behind yoga pod'ekslenim sub'ektivizm and skepticism
one can see a philosophical branch of culture.
merchant, baptized in the Lutheran church, the youngest of seven children. Batko yoga
died early. A friend of the father - the master of musical vision - taking on a turbota
about a talented youth. Georg himself, making his own way in life. Often wine vіdchuvav
the tightness of that selfishness. Graduated from the classical gymnasium, then - philosophical
Faculty of Berlin University. Yogo was taught by booli Mommsen, Lazarus,
Steinthal, Bastian.
Zimmel's medical dissertation is dedicated to Kant. Vin became a privatdozent early, but in the academic stakes, before the new one, they were wary, they did not want to be robbed.
full-time professor, yakim vin becoming less than chotiri rocky to death. Maizhe all
Simmel's life without taking regular pay and living on fees from lectures that
student contributions. Vіn buv type of philosopher-publicist and salon speaker.
Often speaking in front of theatrical bohemian, becoming famous as a brilliant lecturer.
Mind to think out loud and speak penetratingly about painful meals. Porushyuyuchi
listening to the energy of his thoughts, Simmel wrote and spoke at the same time for two
audiences - professional clerks and intellectuals. Interest to
to exotic themes, that gracefulness to improvisation gave rise to Orthosis and Gaset
match Simmel with squirrel, shove from neck to neck and giblets
species of skin pea.
Simmel used to be a "marginal" to the one who did not want to take a song
political and luminous positions, without adhering to the same party
philosophical school. Feeling like a fish by the water in a flood of new problems,
simultaneously a romantic and a positivist, a liberal and a socialist,
nationalist and cosmopolitan. If you had an hour of lectures, you fell into thinking
good idea, change your mind "on the go"
association with the new directly. Simmel was a skeptic, an analyst. Yoga lectures
groaned, woke up the thought, but did not avenge any positive creed,
believe, perekonan, such wines did not vibrate, but rather prihovuvav.
Today, in the light of such a credo, no one would be thirsty. Bagato with us -
svіdkіv kintsya tysyacholittya - for a long time they called to live without faith, not bachachi in life
sense. Ale on the cob of the XX century
future, lived with ideas and global projects. Bezvirstvo, "omnipresence" of Simmel
boosted Yogo's reputation. Vіn willingly rozmovlyav іz theater-goers, vcheni, poets,
politicians. Skrіz vibliskuvav, zrivav splashes and skrіz feeling yourself
stranger. Tsya strategy of life confirmed my statements about character
epochs, її major trends: enrichment of the deep human "objective"
culture", zvіlnennya іndivіda vіd groupovyh, corporative zv'yazkіv i yogo
progressive differentiation, roaming a single self-identity into an impersonal
independent "I".
The hoarding of sociology, as it did not appear in the list of academic disciplines, did not add to him scientific vag. Nіmechchyna formed scientific traditions
gallery of social and human sciences, skin care for some of them is small
subject and methods of investigation. Try Simmel to create a sociology like
an independent methodological science about sustainability was accepted as
bogeville.
Dzherelom creative impulses and vdyachnyy audience bula for Simmel
"Informal Berlin culture". This was the name of the partnership of vchenih, poets,
politicians, lawyers, inspired by the pathos of natural science and
before the great changes. At the 80th fate of the last century, if Simmel
only having begun its activity, the spirit of the Prussian soldiery and feudalism
bureaucracy coexisting peacefully with the dialectical spirit of the Hegelian philosophy. Ale not
Fifteen years have passed, like Berlin, becoming swiftly transforming into a new
capitals of Europe. Science, technology, pushy corporations, imperial ambitions have entered the
first plan. Krupp - the king of the steel industry - changing Kant in
as the leader of the nation. Dialectics began to be taken up by thermodynamics. Growing wealth,
military and technical ability, accompanied by the mood of spiritual empty
ruined. Zvіlnennya rozum rozum in the form of national tradition wrapped
cultural bezpodstavnistyu, vіdsutnіstyu stimuli for the development of philosophical
New ideas came to Nimechchin from beyond the cordon. Particularly popular were Russians - Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky; Scandinavian - Strіndberg, Ibsen, Hamsun; French - Zola, Maupassant.
Spiritual diversity, pluralism of svetoglyads, fall of authorities - all this is not enough, prote, positively significant for science. From the surface of life zmikalos
veil of decency. Culture delivered its own irrational
nakedness, superbly, exoticism. Ideas of a different kind:
positivism, Kantianism, Marxism, social Darwinism, racism, idealism
philosophy of history coexisted peacefully and coexisted fruitfully, while
were abandoned at the borders of the scientific community. Pіznіshe - at 20-30 roki vibukhova sumіsh
Marxism, Darwinism and ancient myths, seasoned with Nietzsche
romanticism, swell at the politician and give birth to fascism. The image of "superhuman"
future" to bury the minds of the leading German youth. Ale on the border of the century
the interplay of science, philosophy and ideology activated the minds, prepared the ground
for cultural studies
In different periods of life, Simmel was faced with different problems and different methods
follow-up. On the back of the head, a new interest in intercourse, sociality in її
uninterrupted manifestations. Unsuccessfulness with zustrіchі, conflict, love, peace,
closeness, internal bar'riers between people, mystery of specialness - someone else's and one's own - axis
what zbudzhuvalo yoga and shtovhalo until the emergence of suspіlstva. When Zimmel hotiv
follow Spinozi's motto: "Don't cry, don't laugh, but think." Win thinking what
to reach the success of a sociologist, one should not only take into account the types of assessments, but
like a singing role, what is the position of the suspenst.
In methodology, Simmel shrugged off to positivism: Spencerianism and
Darwinism. Let's start shaking a priori forms of social awareness, spiraling on
Kant. Todi was born yoga "formal sociology". I saw you at once
"breaking through" the phenomenology of culture, in a kind of dialectics, forms that zmist
perebuvayut at the center of respect. Rest - cultural and philosophical period of life -
farbovaniya in aesthetic-romantic, tragic tones. Vіdshtovhuvannya vіd bourgeoisnostі
and rationalism will now unite in Simmel with conservative patriotism and inspire
pathos to militarism. Rozpach in the fact that life was not far off, and history
Not true to hope, gave rise to internal discord. Deep skepticism
Zimmel to go, prote, from the suffocation of the hymn forever young, viru
Emphasizing the recognition of "social substance", Simmel speaking about impersonality
as especially special, great and small forces, elements, from which it is formed
suspension process. To such strengths of wine, I have seen love, podyaku,
competitiveness, fortune-telling, fashion, exercising to self-denial, novelty and much more
Formless and bezmistovnі in its first basis of social verse,
include instinctive, social and spiritual forces, variously
get together in society, "share" on the "form" and "smist", so we will
interact one by one. The form is special, universal, inert.
On the back, Zimmel relied on physical, chemical and biological analogies: we can talk about social atoms and molecules, differentiation and integration, social matter, as we can "thicken" and "render". Social elements can expand like a hurricane wind, or catch up with the form
social institutions, dogmas, zvichaїv. Form, absorbing myself again I blame
verses, reshaping them in their own way. Church, power, science - tse form.
The stench draws in love, greed, love of glory, competitiveness, giving them
let's make a special symbolic zmist. Pіznіshe, spread out, social forms are transmitted
accumulated energy to other, new forms, to comprehend the value of power
symbolize them otherwise.
So, scientific polemics are born from the theological superechok, from the Protestant
worries and turbulence - addiction to pennies and accumulation, from the monastic
hearing - svіtska osvіta, from the Orthodox-Russian dream about the Kingdom of God
Lands - could b mi add to tsgogo - life of communism in the SRSR.
Simmel did not hesitate to fold the fabric of social benefits until one
forces, forms, how other philosophies fought. "Solidarity" by Durkheim
like a guiding force, but only a little order with that competition. Pratsya ta
capital, tse, sizably, strained social forces, but only in combination with
religion and ethics.
From rich elements and forces Zimmel saw as especially significant pennies and
socialization intellect (rationality). Qi verses ob'ektivnі ta
subjective, constructive and destructive, change and formal in one and the same
well hour. The stench works like real institutions, and ideological fetishes.
Simultaneously with Weber, Simmel introduces the concept of rationality into sociology,
rationalization, socialized intelligence. Social rationality is not
similar to the absolute Rozum of enlighteners. Vaughn is not clean, bezkorisnoy
suspіlnoy svіdomistyu. Rationality in Suspility is presented impersonally
dissenting minds. It does not take shape in a strictly logical discourse, including
yourself protirichchya, unclear, irrational moments. motivating force
Gromadska rationality - not only "the will to power", as Nietzsche thought.
Possibly, the will to serve, sacrifice, satisfying the cost of that purpose, vіdshukannya
practical vigodi. From the suspіlnoї rationality vіtіsnyаєtsya, naskіlki tse
possibly - non-transferred, non-kerned components. specific butt can
serve the army and bureaucratic system of order. Zhodna concrete
rationality does not suffocate the whole suspense. Try to plant one and the same everywhere
well discipline, logic, system of ranks, sound strong
opir "primary" elements. Chim totalitarian system, tim more
imovіrnіst opozitsі, razkolu, gromadyanskoi war. Biggest stays
effective partnerships, among those, for the obviousness of a dominating order,
take care of the steps of freedom for all social forces.
Rationalization to come to the change of tribal svіdomosti, gaining strength in the world of disintegration traditional partnerships. Science, technology, bureaucracy, mass systems
communication is the mainstay. Ale rationality is not monolithic, not transparent.
It includes elements of law, tradition, material interests,
good will, ideological myth, moral enthusiasm and religious practice.
The rationality of the value of the team, which creaks many different elements in one
whole. Economy, morality, religion, family, work become parts of one
sociocultural system. Rationality can be interpreted as a common language for everyone
legalization of ideologies, if the stench reaches the necessities. Rationality -
carving tool. Pіdtremuvati, razvitat and thoroughly її poklikani
politicians, clergy, all the elite and the intelligentsia.
Another social element is pennies, penny money. Batkivshchyna pennies - mіsky
society with yogo swidkoplenimi, anonymous market links, life important
less commodity exchange, but spiritual interactions. Groshi - tse
"Eternal dvigun" of the "social machine"
straight. They unite the thoughts and thoughts of millions of people. About pennies
similar to animal knowledge, information. Pennies - in a phenomenal plan - tse
vineyards for labor, culinary varity, a tool for rozpodіlu blessings,
accepting kind of taxes, mit, vіdsotkіv; znaryaddya culture, science, enlightenment
as an investment. Pennies is a pure function, zasib exchange - which is worth it
which is good. Ale, no matter how paradoxical, it is also independent of the will
the mind of the elements. Vaughn can "rage", and even banks, presidents
powers to exercise control over it. In the year that hvilini economic crisis
some become zhenkami, others - millionaires. The power of pennies blew through the spheres
practice and management of such tools, like slavery, direct violence, special
vіddanіst. Alevona also cited morality, honor, goodness, faith in goodness.
Pennies to form the plot basis of impersonal novels, screen shows, films. At
I don’t know my mind, I don’t know my conscience. Pennies - a fetish for Satan.
Everything was good for the wealthy writers and philosophers, zokrema, Marx, who was legitimized for the exploitation of a person by a penny
vimagav їх skasuvannya in the communist supremacy. Following the footsteps of Marx, Simmel
show on irrational and anti-community forms, which can be used
Financial element. Tse - rozsharuvannya suspіlstva on rich and poor, bezgluzde
rozkish, encouragement - at one pole, the same brotherhood, the death of talents,
spiritual degradation - in another way.
Pennies are paid by individuals in the care of their families, communities, churches, corporations. Stink people to know the creation of the great ideal of Special Freedom. What rank?
First, a way of concentration in one hand of a penny mass. In a different way, way
zvіlnennya people in the form of obov'yazkіv i obov'yazkіv in front of the pan, vіd
which you can "buy". Thirdly, by way of taking away the pills and the privileges
help Khabariv. Fourthly, a way to increase the mass of "services"
other osіb, for the protection of special independence in them. On-p'yate, way
expansion of the stake I realized that the pennies have their own function, that they make money
є ruins of native, tribal and tribal vіdnosin, a tool
modernization of traditional partnerships and the simultaneous destruction of small cultures.
Pennies to form a group on the basis of joint goals, without a break until
social strife, morality of these goals. Zvіdsi organized
mischief, gromadskie budinki meagerly. Together with them, individuals, collaborating with people
mentally and morally strangers, so many things to learn and become internally strong.
That is why, through a penny obіg, we go through the path to self-realization and that awareness
skin individual of his knowledge.
In the eight hundred-sided book of Simmel "Philosophy of pennies" there is a story about those pennies appeared on the basis of effective winemaking. They materialize the eternal dream of a person for an additional symbol, a talisman of the mother, power over the world and the power of the share. Groshi - "filthy metal". Ale, for the sake of a new one, people will die, go to
malice, to sell the body, the soul and the mind.
Of all the subjects of the Volodinnya, pennies are given the most "hearing". The stench does not vymagayut "repair", watch out. Ale operations with great pennies - rizikovani. In the distance, the investment of pennies allows you to make a million million, and not far away, you can spend
I will.
Pennies creak different elements of society, competing with the plan of ideology, religion, ethics. The introduction of the all-world currency greatly weakened the b
sovereignty of the neighboring powers.
It is not easy to explain from which dzherel pennies draw their strength. I realized, in every case, that it’s not only from the accumulated practice, but also from the various human
needs and fantasies, and navit from the dynamics of drinking, social benefits.
Pennies confirm the statements about the symbolic nature of culture. pong
є іnstrument, аle easily transform into self-end, reducing
the value of equal koshtiv.
An alternative to financial fetishism can be not socialism, but a new right spirituality. Aja for extra pennies can be a form of sovereignty.
All lie in the form of people. Pennies - energy-bearing culture. stinks are allowed
transform social chaos into order. Pennies - a good butt
"objective", alienated culture that resists life.
Pennies and intellect - headline verses of civilization - objective, without special
spiritless culture. The stench itself is mindful of mіts, the folding of the present
life, її zrostayuchu systemnіst і vodnochaotichіnіstі. Ruining
emotional and volitional links between people, growing in foreign forms
mutually. Pennies can give space to any talent
deposits. And all at once the stench beats the ground z-pіd nіg. Freedom to bathe
the way of the soul that spiritual devastation, spend the fatherland, controversy, kokhannya.
Rationality and pennies to resist and simultaneously support them -
numerical irrational forces of life itself: passions, dominance, kohannya that
fortune teller. The conflict of life elements and forms of culture was reportedly reported by Simmel at
yoga pіznі statti. And yet, in the period of the development of formal sociology Simmel
analyze a number of forms, yaki, in fact, the same for life, є її
elements. Takі, zokrema, kokhannya, podiaka, vorozhnecha.
Vorozhnecha is a particularly characteristic phenomenon, which can be
the form of life. Zimmel's analysis of the vorozhnechi grew today
Conflictology. The wide scale of witchcraft looks like wars, class and religion
hate, international conflicts- Obvious. Vorozhnecha follows the rational
explanation of that regulation. Ale correctly rozuminnya vorozhnechі vimagaє podednannya
scientific-rational and intuitive-special approach. On the right in the fact that the fortuneteller -
one of the world's elements, which lives in the Suspension, and in the objective world, and in
the subject himself. Won can be reduced to a minimum, introduced in cultural forms,
rationalized in view of economic competition, scientific discussion, super
can't be beaten again. Igri, zmagannya sides at the court - so
to serve as butts of the socialized witch. Vorozhnecha presence in the economy,
politics, religion, family vіdnosinakh and inspire from love itself. Vaughn manifests itself in
straining, short-hour discharges, spalahs, or in sloppy processes, if
are afraid of cyclical ups and downs of tension. Vorozhnecha between people -
it is natural, what to say in the house of the order: "Usі people are enemies", yak
so very virna, like and super-speak їy: "Us_ people - brothers."
Mi vіdchuvaєmo pochatkovіst, coils vorozhnechi in his existentiality, in that special
interests, which is familiar to the neighbor's misfortune, as well as the "dusi
wipe ", which blames for an hour between the closest people, actively and
Deeply zbudzhuyut one of one. "Oppositional instinct", as you know
Zіmmel, "pіdmіshuєtsya" before the behavior of a person in any situation: a person
stverzhuє yourself, zaperechuyuchi іnshoy.
In the article "A man is like a foe" Simmel speaks about the impersonal vipadkiv, if it is dry,
bring on the ludicrous causes served as the cause of bloodshed,
fight. Here you can guess the struggle of the parties of the "Right" and "Left" hands in India,
"Scarlet" and "Bila" Troyand in England. Anger is building up, what do you bring for the fortune teller
vyshukuyutsya specially, if the energy of the strain in society is within the reach of everyone
between. The soul may need to love and hate.
The morality of all hours called people to the world of that evil. Tim, for an hour, the people fought for a long time. What is the period in history, if it didn’t happen
zbroy zіtknennya. Vzaєmini primitive groups mayzhe zavzhdi -
soothsayers. The Greek places were constantly fighting one against one. So just behaved
Russian princedoms and Indian tribes. To shy away from civilized supremacy
energy, try to suck the witch. Written chimalo treatises about the "eternal world",
which may come as a result of the growth of that intelligence of the people. However
two world wars between the civilized peoples of Europe
maybe, that theory. And all the same, functionality is welcome and love is in support
given the obvious, lower the need for witchcraft and hatred. I hardly
It is necessary to explain what threatens people with a large-scale war in the present
minds, between the third thousand years.
Kokhannya zustrіchaєtsya rіdshe, nizh vorozhnecha, to that it is blamed when zbіgu
rich furnishing, tied with a century, grace, social that
disputed differences, similarity of deep interests. For the vindication of the witches
it is enough to navit one dribny drive. Zastosovuyuchi the law of thermodynamics, we can
to say that the witch hawks the trend to a mimic increase in entropy,
chaos, even as love is a non-entropic process, so that it grew,
the work of the soul is necessary. Tim is not less, Simmel is giving a strong link between
witches and love and care for the functionality of the witches.
Spontaneous guard, inspire a little hatred, between a man and a woman can’t
singing pidstav. However, it is a symbol of a healthy, healthy butt,
often - a prelude to a biased kohanny.
It is important to appreciate closeness between people, to those who are spiritually and spiritually aware of, on the basis of material and economic ones, they cannot be static.
The soul of a person - zavzhd in Russia and in the skin soul - your way. Therefore, supplication, requiring guarantees of confidence and spiritual closeness, visuvae impersonality
fence on innovation in dim and thought. To satisfy two imperatives:
social supremacy and spiritual intimacy, the church maintains a dogma about the sacrament that
Irregularity of the hatch.
The thinnest, deepest, most alive link between people, it is easier to break the wines. genius
creative specialties are approaching for a short hour, and then they will disperse. Zagalni
interests, wild ideology especially strongly provoke the fortune teller. Like unity,
sleepiness began to be understood by itself, then every entry into them
it hurts.
With someone else's human being, my stasis is no longer okremymi "points of the soul", hovayuchi itself in the "shkaralupі strimannosti". But in this political party, conflicts can
spalahuvati through drіbnitsі. Zvinuvachennya at zradi, heresi blame on the ground
ideological and spiritual closeness. Tim is not less, good vihovani and harmony
people themselves at the time of the conflict see how insignificant the faults of the pairs are
gracious feelings of closeness, love of friendship. It is possible for that which is high
broken people build new self-sufficiency with new inner freedom.
However, for the majority of people who try to stay with close waters, it is characteristic
unseen staleness, nedomovlennost, bajannya panuvati. shob
surround and destroy destructive tendencies, be brought to attention
optimal distance
Sensation kohannya, її functionality - understood. Kokhannya helps to survive,
zabezpechu podtrimku, nadіynіst, mіtsnіst suspіlnyh zv'yazkіv. Ale navischo
need a fortune teller? Why is it wider, lower kohannya? Why is it so easy
spalahuє i so important buvaє її repay?
Vorozhnecha "zazhadaєtsya" in a first way, for the promotion of competition, as it is necessary in the economy, science, and science. Dejaka part of the fortune-telling is activating
in return, to rob them more alive and alive. In a different way, witch
act like a dying mechanism. My fortune-tellers are quiet, who belittles us, humiliates
doubt our value and goodness. Thirdly, the witch is a tool
renewal of life. Vorozhnecha "batkiv and children" helps the development of the suspіlstvo, shvidshe
follow old traditions. Vorozhnecha attaches respect to new spirits
punctures, scho zmushu zaredititisya on them. Conflict serve as a signal on the cob
change and bring closer. The promotion of innovation is often associated with a fortune teller,
preparation for war. A lot of scientific reports are broken, as you know, zavdyaki
cancel the race. In a quarter, a fortune-teller, Zgidno to Zimmel, before approaching
and love, servants of the hіba scho "with a step for the rozbіgu". Vorozhnecha help in mutual modality
cultures. A long synthesis of rich ethnic groupings resulting in
win. By the way, the fortune-teller plays a super girl, the truth is in the people. truth
often seen and restored to the legacy of the tribal struggle of the parties, at a cost
the blood of the victims. You can’t always walk the truth in a straight and peaceful way.
Simmel considers conflict as a constructive mechanism of social life. On the vіdmіnu
like Marx, who, having realized the antagonism between classes,
to start a war, a revolution, Simmel vvazha, what is closer to us
aware of the conflict, it is easier to patch up this path with a compromise. At the development
witches, like in cohann, intellect follows the senses. Have a different conflict
step by step, the daedals of the hardening forces are lit up. More often than not
in total, the result of a spontaneous development of the conflict, which is the cause of
insignificant drive.
Natural science is essentially considered in sociology. First, the eye of science,
and it is well organized. Another is formed from knowledge, spread in all areas
culture: myth, religion, mysticism, historical chronicles and biographies. Why
Can natural science be like science? First, what we can take
natural objects for additional help (colour, warmth, warmth). In a different way
establish, as if showing Kant, universal, powerful forms
sprynyattya (hour, space, causality, law, fact) as we can
"Lead" all those who can and can be seen. Thirdly, man, you know what
nature, you can make yourself aware of the object of knowledge. We are "awakened" into nature yak
live in the nature, but in the process of recognition of the building in the presence of our natural
zv'yazkіv that need, be invincible. Fourthly, our pіznavalne
svіdomіst - tse one thing, and the subject that is known - zovsіm іnshe.
All tsі umovi vіdsutnі in sociology. In a first way, there are no common senses here, as if they would have gone straight into the subject - suspense. Vono is invisible
imperceptibly. The very foundation of suspense as a special reality is given
sumnivu. Sociological "nominalism" to introduce the concept of "suspility" as a whole
sumi vyavlen okremih people, yakі on pіdstavі svogo svіdu ta
obviously, to their practical tasks, they construct the image of suspіlstva,
which potim "ususpіlnyuєtsya". In a different way, not іsnuє universal
a priori forms of social knowledge. In a specific era, people leave
indestructible for them is a statement about rights, freedom, sacredness and evil,
gentry and low, about the hierarchy and functions of different classes. Ale already for life
of the advancing generation are indestructible, it was given b, the manifestations can be
knocked down and osmiya. Thirdly, the successor of the suspense himself is yoga
a member of the і skhilny to all zabobonіv і vplivіv svogo hour. Universal
natural rozuma vіdpovіdaє in naukі about suspіlstvo yakiy
cultural and historical type of rationality - building up to social aggravation,
focused on compromise, combined in a single picture of realities and symbols,
different, different, opposite, dotted. More than that, the knowledge itself is in
its significant part - for money, motivation, directing - social
a phenomenon, an element of suspense. Himself through the information and purpose of direct contacts
are constituted by a network of interdependences to establish a social system.
For the help of mov, v_ruvan, information, whole installations, basements are formed
suspіlstva, even as natural - vіkovі, stateevі, kharchovі, flock forms
vzaєmodії to become less її natural basis.
Fourth, natural science is morally neutral. Don't get anyone, let's say
mating in creatures. Ale people keep secret not only their own
natural management, ale and rich motives of the community activity
interrogation. Lust for power, lust for glory, greed, various kinds of "complexes
incompetence" are rarely recognized by the spontaneous forces of the suspіlnyh diy.
A sociologist talks about such a day, such deep interests, imperatives, relatively
masquevani, yakі, yakbi stinks were exploding, called out to the rich vibukh
bewildered and sociology itself appeared as a "driven science". Don't be afraid
such, it often becomes an apologetic science
The most important political decision is a mystery that calls out a burning interest. Gliboka that virna іtina sociology bula b razkrittam taєmnitsi. And as such, it is clear that sociological knowledge becomes a part
ideology - panіvnoy chi revolutionary. In fact, sociology the whole hour
kolivaetsya between criticism and apologetics, rizikuyuchi and in that, and in another turn
its scientific reputation. Try to encourage politically and morally
to bring neutral sociology to the point where it becomes irrelevant to no one
not necessary. Axis deyakі z reshkod, scho to respect the design of sociology like
Convincing them, Simmel propagates vibudovuvat її not like a science about "suspіlstvo"
vzagali", but like a science about types, repetitions of social situations, links,
provisions that are guarded by wealthy suspіlstvah. I call them "social
forms. "The stench gives an opinion, moral clouding - at a glance to
the historical context and the values of the doslidnik.
Sociology blames practical tasks of management, social work,
illumine, political struggle. I won't be able to become a science, so as to put
the center of its respect for the stability of the form of intercourse, social interaction,
yakі can be seen already group equal. Tse, for example, panuvannya, ordering,
modi. Social forms can be reminiscent of broad political, moral,
religious zmist. Talk about "pure forms of socialization" that signify
the nature of a person and the nature of society. stinks and forms of knowledge,
analogous to the forms of knowledge of Kant. Social forms are a product of practical
vzaєmodії іndivіdіv і po'yazanogo zvіzanogo zirzhannya і svіdomlennya reality.
Viyna, family life, science splkuvannya - the axis of the application of forms vzaєmodії Їх
notice is included in the form.
The task of seeing the main forms of socialization already choked Simmel. However, virishity її went into less in simple vipadkas. For example, Simmel gives the value of the number of people in a group of people with a look of possible processes in that station. So "dіada" can be used in the form of supernativity, witchcraft, friendship, panuvannya
ordering. Ale in the "triad" can be folded combinations. Two individuals
supernivel. Third, what should be lower for equal development, lower two, maybe, tim
not less, ocholiti group, playing the middle role and representing the group in
suspension. The greater the group, the smaller the role played by intellect and morality, and
Tim more value lordly, communicative qualities, as well as a splendid look
special - in the process of gaining power and social status. Numerical
it is easier for a group to scold one person. That is why the great lands are heavy to the monarchy,
and small - to democracy.
Forms without intermediary interplay with the processes of changing the social order,
social structure Ale cі processes are non-driving in the form of "smist" tobto
experience, interests, attitudes. So, the process of rozsharuvannya suspіlstva on the elite that
masses, on aristocrats and commoners, tied up with the struggle of material, powerful
interests, yakі, at their own heart, enchanted with the people's zmіst
mentality and values of sustainability.
Simmel likes formal sociology - geometry, which develops the form
what is seen in the mind. Another analogy - grammar, as doslij
movnі designsії bezvіno to zmіstu vyslovluvan. Third example -
formal logic. Logic, aje, not only and not so science, like
a practical form of organization and transfer of knowledge from one person to another.
It helps to protect the transmitted information in the form of a conspiracy, it does not allow
reshape the communication on the visible group, called "zip phone".
However, if people's feet are concretely rozmov, they are more likely to
conform to the rules of logic
the call is made before the transfer of information. Ta th at the most known by me postiyno bachimo
the presence of vipadkovyh associations, osyayan, intuition, as if destroying logic.
It is necessary to take everything to respect, as we want to understand the essence, functions
social forms. Simmel to speak, for example, about the bureaucracy in the sense of Weber, like about
natural, normal, effective form of management and maintenance of order. ale
what does it matter if the bureaucracy flocks to the rear of the growing army, officials,
lowering their competencies or penetrating bureaucracy in such creative work
spheri yak science chi mystetstvo? In these cases, the bureaucracy ceases to be
adequate form of management
transform into a transition at the development of the group.
Pure forms appear only in small fluctuations, splintered forms and splintered forms inevitably pass into each other.
What is the "shape" at the translation of the great language, on the practical rіven svіdomosti?
In the first place, the boundaries of freedom, set by the class chi becoming the framework of life. In another way, zagalni moral and legal norms. Thirdly, the ways of finding out the reach of the goals of the communication adopted in this sphere. Fourthly, ideal types in Weber's sense, serving like science, and on the same level of information for classification, ordering and understanding the stream of life phenomena.
So, there is a bed in such installations, like the Door of Louis XIV,
US Department of State, Central Committee of the CPSU, Rada of Directors of the Industrial Trust. All ce -
representatives, authorities, organizing centers, de sticking,
different thoughts are thriving, the interests of peripheral groups are "lobbied",
decisions are made, a political line is being formed. Follow the form:
a political party, a villainous gang, a religious sect, a minor group,
science school. What can be sleeping? Own "climate of thoughts", "mova", internal
leadership structure and sub-ordering, manifestation of "orthodoxy", vindication hour after hour
the hour of "Jesus" and "rozkoliv", the struggle with the supporters, zradniks,
thoughtless.
Nareshti, in a pinch, the form stands as a model of behavior, social role, discourse (for example, Batkivsky, boss, propagandist, spovidalny). The discourse is acquired in the process of learning and socialization and can be improved or
weak and virojuvatisya in the skin attack generation. Ale, yak bi was not there,
discourse and role - like a form - suttєvo vplyvayut on zmіst svіdomosti,
transform the thoughts and feel the specialties of the singer directly.
Emphasizing the meaning of social forms, Simmel
mystical to understand the "folk spirit", "the soul of the people", "historical mission",
"folk ideas", yakі, nibito, help to comprehend suspіlstvo, historical
epoch. We would like to present the history and changes in the hromada structures like
the process of transformation of non-special social forms. Ale, being
a thinker-personalist and an aesthetist, he could not penetrate deeply into
directly. Aje "projecting" special subjective changes in the image
social phenomena and historical processes - an inevitable moment of social
knowledge. War, revolution, social reform, coup d'état
look like "men's vchinkiv", "zrad", "fatal pardons",
"trouble", "trouble". It is not guilty to take responsibility for the elimination of objective factors, but
can take a little insight into historical and human significance
Simmel could not resist the one-sidedness of his formal sociology that
having started to remember її "the theory of reasoning". Vіn saying, scho razuminnya form,
social phenomenon that can be reached in the process of criticism, sumniviv, problematization.
those in such a way, a kind of razumiliy to the co-workers. Find in the distance below
long time ago "recognize interpretations". But not all. Iznavshi
subjectivity of their postulates and assessments, the sociologist is guilty of revealing and describing
that vlasnі tsіnnostі, scho vplіvіl on the choice of the subject and methods of vvchennya. Can't
to establish recognition of the suspension on special certificate. Hello yogo at the process
follow-up - impossible. The whole wide spectrum of human feelings;
love, hate, anger, suffocation, god-fighting pragn that fanatical
viri necessary for a robotic historian and sociologist, theorist and phenomenologist. culture
receive less than the basis of an all-inclusive special proof of life.
Simmel propagated the great shift of social forms. Some of them are deeply analyzed. But there is no such thing as a clear and profound classification.
Different doslidniki group forms differently.
Forms are ventilated one by one by the step of their distance in the flow
life, in the sight of elemental evils. Closer to life, closer to yoga, stand
Individual, intimate forms - friendship, love. However, stinks can become formal,
pretending to be stereotypes of mass culture. Deshcho gave a view of life
to know economically, politically, state-sponsored and public
creative forms, in some uninterrupted turmoil of spiritual life
by straining ideologies and vzaєmodіyut before that with the sovereign structures. Sche
move to full independence in the form of mass freedom and in the form of "social
zamovlennya". Nareshti, "the purest" forms of socialization - these are game forms.
there are specially organized games for children and grown-ups, moreover,
"interspersed" archaic ritual-holiday forms in natural society. Zreshtoyu,
possible relict forms of behavior that follow the principle:
art" or "science for science".
Bulo zrobleno chimalo samples of classifying social forms. So, we saw:
Situations: poses, exchange, zrada, bribe;
norms: legal, moral, psychological;
Social types of special features: foreigner, bіdnyak, aristocrat, leader;
groups: sіm'ya, taєmne suspіlstvo, political party, love couple, corporation,
Group structures: hierarchy, centralism, liberalism;
stable forms of interdividual interaction: conflict, compromise,
panuvannya, subordering;
Large-scale socio-cultural processes: rozpodіl pratsі, urbanization,
secularization, colonization.
It was understood, however, that sociological and culturological analysis of forms is less productive in the sociocultural and historical context for the improvement of form and change.
In a rough approach, the form has an objective culture. Zmist -
subjective. Forms - social, bezosobovi. Zmist - individual,
specialty. Form - the ovniy sphere of svіdomosti. However, their persistence and repetition
enlightened by the fact that the stinks grow from the earthly - born, unfamiliar -
"archetypes" (in Sen. Jung). So, for example, an aristocrat is a camp for a group,
status, sukupnіst group thoughts. Ale, the essence of aristocracy "in
nobility of blood, people, "in the fact that a person has been killed in his belonging
to the privileged ball. Bіdnyak - same form. Vaughn is not obov'yazkovo pov'yazana s
I will give pennies. Bіdolakh is shkodyuyut, znevazhayut, before the new put beastly abo
help. The day of vigilance is "unfortunate witness", the relief of such a thing,
which everyone can have in their order due to the extraordinary order of speeches.
The classification of the social forms of Simmel has also been expanded:
processes, tipi, scenario development.
Fashion is a process. Її did not come in a long time ago and in Serednyovichchi. Won
come to replace folk traditions and political despotism. Fashion is tied with
urbanization and modernization. New versions that come to the forefront of life.
support for help mod your independence from the old authorities that
official power, bazhayut yaknaishvidshe to establish their special camp. need
in identification with the advanced cultural sphere, it manifests itself in the appearance of fashion in the masses,
democratic supremacy. The caste, closed powers do not need fashion.
The Venetian doges dressed in the same black robe. Single-manit gimnasters,
Service jackets, uniforms, were worn by party functionaries in the era of Hitler and Stalin. Fashion
certify about the possibility of individual achievements. Aje "catch up with fashion"
maybe not all. It is fashionable to dress a person to bring that she has є relish, energy,
guilt. Fashion is privabliva tim, scho give a little bit of today
hour. Tse - a process that self-sacrifice. Those that have become especially fashionable,
widen, no longer tell about special access and "go out of
fashion. Fashion is universal.
political perekonan, philosophical ideas, scientific methods, religious poshukiv,
Fashion, nachebto, dobrovіlna. Ale, there and primusova. Її you can enter
democratic equivalent of political and cultural tyranny. Petro Pershy
forcibly cut the beards of his boyars. The current politician himself jokes himself
perukarya, consult with psychologists, in order to develop preferences,
the most popular image. Fashion is a thorn for mediocre, fallow slavolyubіvtsіv. Ale won
functional: it improves the practice of promiscuity, helping to create new
groups and ranks, to serve as communicants, pushing the "mountain" of the gifted
features.
Types, after Simmel, є: rich, bіdnyak, adventurer, aristocrat, cynic,
a coquette, a professional, an amateur, "one's own people", a foreigner is low and others. yak i v
butt with fashion, Simmel's thought collapses with the characteristics of social types
dialectically: from the subjective - to the objective, from the symbolic - to
functional, outwardly, formally – up to zmistovnoe, internally.
Tsikavoy, for example, is a characteristic of an aristocrat. Tsey type write your own
ancestor. Vіn do not fight for "the rights and freedom of specialty". Youmu domineeringly
vrodzhene feel the jealousy of us timi, who is alive and, one hour, belonging to
elite. An aristocrat cherishes his special freedom and independence. Vіn not
vistalyaє at the sight of their zakhoplen. Calls take the calm - and in joy, and
at the mountain Intermediate your contacts with "decent" people. Unique
professionalism, normalized practice for the sake of earnings. Vin can know more
lower professional, but always reinforce your belonging to an empty class,
written with his dilettantism.
An aristocrat is a man of dozville. The snobbery of wealthy aristocrats, they are piecemeal
coldness and harshness in the intercourse, allow them to support the unity of the state
life, mothers of high standards and special achievements, including those of philosophy
science, art, collection of paintings, rareness. Aristocracy prevails
wearing a mask, which at times weakens spiritual strength, leading to the rebirth of noble canopies.
Ale wine is worthy
"plebeians", vulgarity and non-waving of "nouveau riches".
The aristocrat does not hurry anywhere, does not squeal in anything in particular, often looks boring. Protect the aristocracy with the traditions of the skin mature nation. Characteristic is the popularity of the aristocrats among the English,
write with your liberalism and democracy.
Cicavoy and promising for sociological forecasts form є
development scenarios. Stink come to change, let's just extrapolate and linear
prognosis Scenario for the development of a group to come out of the growth of the kilkost її
members, naming as a consequence of the celestials swayed mutually beneficial or
conflicting trends: expanded practice, increased competition, intensification
exchange, change of agility, increase in freedom and flexibility
іndivіdіv, strengthening the unique and social characteristics of specialness. At
prompt scenarios for the development of an accurate analysis, intuition and
sociological mind. The very type of forms shows the specifics
social sciences: virostayuyuschih practical zavdan that guard, out of the way
to a collapsible abstraction, and then re-transform into practice.
Zmalovanі Zіmmel social forms are close to the forms of art and easily
can be illustrated with types of heroes and plots of literary works.
Closeness of sociology and artistic literature- a characteristic symptom of the transition
from "positive" sociology to cultural studies
In his philosophy, Simmel leans on the ideas of Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche,
Bergson, conveying novel ideas of existentialists, reaching out to
power to himself psychologism and skepticism. Categories, like the most
Spirit, Suspіlstvo, Culture.
Life is out, better understood. Vauna is irrational, self-sufficient,
zdatna mobilizuvati and remake be-like natural objects. Only through her
you can update the spirit. Life is an uninterrupted flow of buttya. In її
Shvidkoy onslaught raznyatsya reality and duty. life
pragne to the proper, ideal, to that which is greater, more important than itself.
At the skin moment, the spiritual zmіst of life resists like a shoe,
ideal, value, meaning. Having reached them, life throws off material things from itself,
ideal and social shells, forms, yak served as a guide to the path to
freedom, and be affirmed by pure spirituality. Suspіlstvo that culture vyyavlyayutsya,
such a rank, the products of that instrument of life, and the creaturely vitality of that spirit -
її lower and higher essences. Such a philosophical picture of the butt according to Zimmel.
Culture is subdivided into objective and subjective. Persha is a product of praci ta
thoughts rich generations, yakі lived and worked, not knowing what, zreshtoy,
the total result of their activity is seen. Ideas, speeches, social norms
multiply with a skin new era, get angry one by one through an unreasonable
for us the law, pragnuchi chogos tsіlіsnogo. Objective culture is growing
as a biz of the will of such an Absolute Subject, as a kind of self-sufficiency with people
timchasovym "employees" for the implementation of goals that are not ours. Ale people
maє svoї vimogi to culture. Okremy individual will gain knowledge, norms,
artistic images in order to show and develop the vlas "little thing"
nature, a gift to you from the people. So vinikaє subjective culture, yak
draw up, organize and harmonize the specificity of the middle, signifying the place of all
gracefulness that bestowed, giving space to the skin of them. At the moment of creativity
cultural phenomena confirm life, but, in the world of yoga, that affirmation
become strangers, make fortune-tellers. Applying this - impersonal: astronomy,
that seafaring served the needs of agriculture, beginning to develop like
independent science; social roles, allowing for practical wealth,
become theatrical characters; political and economic struggle
become thunder; viyni step by step are replaced by sports stunners; kokhannya
nabuvaє forms of coquetry and so on. Cultural form inculcates steel
buttya. Potik life to endure the old form and replace it with a new one. Moreover, the process
which is repeated again and again. Life, by itself, formless, ale
docile. Culture - framed, but there are no forms
life itself.
Objective culture succumbs to life, becoming a culture of particularity. Won
є osvіtnіm and divine resource of the people. Chim is richer
raznomanіtnіsha ob'ektivna culture, tim mіstovnіshe life. Ale, the growth of freedom is that
enlightening potential of culture is only one of the visible trends, as
for the power to act on others, richly less friendly. Among them you can see
accept three: professionalization, individualization and massization.
Culture is professionalized. Vishchi rіvnі science, technology, art,
political management become less accessible to the masses, all
more training and special needs. Professionalization is different
people are one kind of one and rob them deaf and blind like a sleepy rush
Choose a way of life to be individualized. Traditions, group interests, navita zdobuta already illuminating that development less and less fetter the specialty of її
life vibir. Tse give a hint of hope. And at the same time, a conflict is escalating from it
objective and subjective cultures. Specialty, navit how it is correctly evaluated
their ability to understand the importance of human values, nevertheless
appear in a meagerly small size, more and more often it becomes a toy, papery
ship driven by the winds of the objective elements of culture: migrations, wars,
revolutions.
Zreshtoyu, the mass culture is being strengthened. Culture from the centers of її production,
roztashovanih is more important in the USA and Europe, spontaneously expanding in sight
information, books, movies, fashion, political stereotypes and evidence
to be planted by the sovereign elites with the method of growing masi more hearing, less
svіdomimi. The enlightenment that vihovannya is not protected from the mass culture.
Choose your path correctly, hear your call through all
more important. People are more likely to reach out to reach the "center" of their specialty
the center of objective culture and inspire those parts, as
own share (mova, denomination, craft, colo splkuvannya, political party that
The sum of all these tendencies of that which is light to the spirit, lure the people to themselves,
revealing impersonal autonomous centers of development: religious, philosophical,
ethical, national. A person cannot live without choosing one for himself
special center. However, the components that enter before the new one appear more and more
autonomous, fragmentary, yakі not uzgodzhuyutsya one by one. Opportunity to fight
kaleidoscopic. You can say about a person that there is a weaver, who doesn’t
you know what.
In this rank, Simmel brings his voice to the critics of the "adventure", to us forward, to Feuerbach and Marx. The essence of the idea is that the product of creativity
okremih іndivіdіv, being ob'єktivіzаnі і included in the dynamics of social
the elements, which are no longer controlled by the individual, nor by any social institution.
Adepts of religious and philosophical and political veneers are far unique in their own
vchitelіv, the founders of any doctrine, which is the main core -
forgetting, vitiating, and other motives begin to dominate. Core -
split up, from a new growth of secondary ideologies, like joining a friend
with a friend. Ideologies to be crushed. A tight fragmentary objective ball is formed
culture. In its integrity, it becomes apparent, "virtual", like
we would say to the Internet. System encourage, scho model culture,
like bi stinks were not vivirenimi, they seem to stand far from life. Life is not
if you want to be formalized into the system, you don’t have to comprehend it like that. Qiu
the situation can be explained in a different way: a modern person understood everything less
rozumіє, de, yak and navіscho vin live. Objective culture
zbagachuetsya, and the specialty becomes less and less illuminated. pluralism,
splintering of the ob'ektivnoi culture in vіdpovіdaє splintering of specificity,
relativism of values. Individual yak bi "stretch" in different sides
the streams of life that are lurking among themselves. Products of cultural creativity
the grandfathers are becoming perfect - the beginnings of the development of technology and that which is above
they practice a lot of hands and minds. Ale panuvati їх becomes more and more important.
Enhancing the objective culture to the extent that the stages of participation in it
skin individual change. Dedali is more important to understand the integrity of culture
and those, as you can cherubate it. To develop the development of science is not so
obnadiyuє, skilki turbuє. We need more knowledge, but transfer them
vpliv on suspіlstvo, bypassing the historical process we can. appears,
only in the most primitive forms, science and technology follow the volitional
intelligent control. In rozvinenikh forms of stench suborder their own people. qiu dumku
religion - "the wings of the soul, calling to bring її to the light of the spirit" - nabuvaє
I will control the logic of development and replace that, to wake up the dormant spirit -
tight yoga.
Simmel's philosophy can be divided into three aspects:
philosophical and culturological.
In the ethical aspect, the most popular one, what sounds like a nobility,
the philosophy of life looks like a cry from life, having seen everything
piece by piece, giving complete freedom to the creative flow. Healthy life
the instinct of directing to grow, accumulate, realize forces, grow creative
Roslinnist, creaturely world, physiological instincts - only the least
the basis of life, as if reaching the apogee in people, spiritualization and
rich culture. The greatness of goals, the power of thought, the purity of the heart,
building is more beautiful - the axis of which manifests the color of life. "Etika
life" is inconsequential neither with complacent hedonism, nor with self-proclaiming
humility. I feel nasolody, and just discipline can and inspire
necessary for those who have lost the mysticism of life, standing firmly on the path
self-development. Ale social forms, how dogmatically understood values are not
guilty of strangling life, as if you were changing from eternal Russia and no matter what
calm down.
Waiting for Nietzsche, Simmel protests against the alturistic-democratic ones.
Vymog, for the help of such a strong people, they are slandered by a servant
weak, "healthy - turn a sick person into a watcher." head vector
life is directed towards increasing internal power and wealth. Sense and meta life
Not in the spirit of the callous, distant, but in the fact that we work "here and
now ". The sense of this historical moment is felt by the present
people - let's step on, with a big type. "Ethics of Life"
Hellenistic stoicism, Kant's categorical imperative and the idea of "eternal"
Nietzsche's turn. The point is not to be happy, but
take the good of the greater. It is necessary to whisper your right, obov'yazok, call.
The one who knows them, becomes free and knows the sense of life. Taking life from all yoga
completely, I see myself in the power of my husband's, "possible" instincts. Vin
"I don't care with my feet" dream about well-being - the dream of hucksters, moralists and
democratic "Everything great in life was created by the discipline of strong suffering."
The projection of the philosophy of life on morality and politics leads to recognition of the hierarchy in
suspіlstvі, "pathos vіdstanі mіzh people". Tsey pathos is guilty of nadihati quiet,
who is "below" - pragnet "uphill", and quiet, who is "uphill" - honestly work your right.
The philosophical aspect of life shows the most "smart" concepts,
still old philosophical antitheses. Life is the unity of the subjective and
objective, material and spiritual, what has become and become, natural and
cultural, lingering and eternal. Life reaches its apogee in people. in the new
it becomes spiritualized to the maximum, becomes supernatural and swells
cosmic scales. People have all the streams of life and buttya. in the new
life collapses "from the middle of the name", so it transforms into creativity "sub'jective"
culture". I "call the middle", flocking "subjective culture". Culture
populate at the point of the crossroads of the central and pre-central
streams of life. Vaughn is a form of life, as it allows you to "spread out",
having reached the spirit, bring out those who are resting in the "drowsy camp".
Life is low, super-funny experience, some people get angry buttya
information. Such as love, fear, witchcraft, borg, guilt, repentance. Culture - tse
religion, science, philosophy, morality, mysticism. Everything is past,
materialistic forms of life
sens. Ale life - unskinned, immortal, unfinished. Culture w - kіntsev,
logs, pragne become finished and thorough.
At some moments, the culture of that life, the form of that zmіst - zbіgayutsya.
Zavdyaki tsommu potіk іstorії nabuvaє looking uninterrupted. Chaos of life
become the order of the culture. Aleshoyno, the system of cultural forms ceases
contain in yourself a new surge of life forces, it becomes dead, cracks,
turn into ruin. Life may be a great need for culture. Only in niy
out to shove the meta svogo ruhu. Ale іsnuє globoka i neminuscha vorozhnecha
between life-creative, spiritual process and objective forms of culture.
Zhittya zavzhd pragne forward. Lyudina talanovita, penetrating
a miracle of life that constantly changes its strategy. Enchanting with new forms
culture, wines try to get involved in the "center of one's specialty", one by one
plasticity and resilience. Ale wide masses to behave differently. Pong check reforms,
revolutions, new philosophical concepts
for all the truth and how to bring life to the residual order. However
it takes a little time and a cultural form, which only a little but was given thoroughly,
becomes tight and collapses.
Simmel signifies that the struggle of life and culture was clear in the future
demonstrated by Marx on the basis of the history of the world state. Economical
forces create different forms of virobnicheskih vіdnosin, ideologies,
rebuild them, replace them with new ones. Ale economical forces - less than a part of life
forces. Culture is not to hopit the whole "life expanse" with a single idea.
Typical skin patterns of the great era show through, behind Simmel, near the central
ideї, in a kakіy real, more than that іdealne - get angry.
For the classical Greek world, the idea of the One Divine, Substantial Butt, instilled in plastic forms, was central to the world, which is easy to see the lightness of a person’s spontaneity to the point of beauty. On the її place of the Christian Serednyovіchchya placed God, in which they stumbled upon the Truth, the Reason and the Metu of the whole essential and that, waking up in the sight of the pagan gods with their intimate sound of
the soul of a person, visvitlyuvav її inner light, vimahav freely conquer that
vіddanostі. From the epoch of Resurrection, a new place for the spiritual world began to occupy
The concept of nature. Vaughn seemed to be the only object for
aesthetic vision, science and philosophy, a way of behavior for specialness,
dzherelom knowledge, necessary life obshtuvannya. At the XVII century pid
infusion of reformation, destruction of philosophical reflection, overriding significance
I take away the understanding of the "special I", as a deakoy givenness and at the same hour -
feasibility that will require implementation. Features of a creator, thinker, reformer
stand at the center of the world. individualistic skygazer brings chaos to
Suspіlstvі and pіdshtovkhuє up to the creation of daring all-season social projects.
Viroblen in the 19th century, the understanding of "suspіlstvo" still did not become the banner of the era.
Founding on a new social revolution slandered only a small part
intellectual and political elite. Socialistic help "decomposition
specialty" in the suspіlstі аbо the protélégé yoma liberal principle of "human rights"
so i have become deprived of the worldly fictions. І less at the expense of the XX century wide version
intellectual Europe began to unite with the improvement of the philosophy of life. idea of life
has become a "point of reference" for intellectuals, politicians, entrepreneurs and creators
mysticism. This meaning was confirmed by Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, they put
the will to life, that power is in front of the mind - like a head motivating force.
Together with this, Simmel declares that the philosophy of life outgrows the mighty be-like
specific ideas, forms, social groups. І axis of yoga head visnovok: present
The epoch is characterized by the struggle of life against various forms. Formless life
indulges dotsilnist, becomes stupid and chaotic. in tsyumu
there is a glibinna cause of the crisis of modern culture. Simmel illustration of yoga
butts from art, science, philosophy.
So, the art has a popular expressionism. Sens yoga practice
unselfishly show your strength in the artistic creation of the inner
shyness, tension of the artist. Expressionism unique endings,
harmonious forms and svіdomo їх lamає, to show how stench
squeeze the creative element of life. In expressive art, the idea of life
accept not only and not stylki by reason, but by intuition and will.
The thought, as it were, becomes angry with the life process, becomes a gesture, a cry,
with a bold stroke of a penzilla. Such is the art, similar to life itself, destroying everything
shape. Vono baiduzhe to good and evil, beautiful and virtuous. 3 more
Side, expressionism - the form behind the form, the art for the art.
The same trend is manifested in the philosophy of American pragmatism. Being
superficial, intellectually impassable vchennyam, pragmatism, no less
less, clearly hoary main motif of modern light. Pіznannya
was respected before the activity of the mind, straightened to the objective truth.
Self-sufficiency, objectivity of truth are denounced by pragmatism. Pragmatists
stverdzhuyut, that before the recognition of us shtovhaє practical interests, but the truth is
those who are "visible", friendly to life, are true in practice. Chi is not true
a direct flow of life, and life, on the other hand, to create and form the truth in such a way,
to give yourself the maximum will.
The third example is ethical culture. Go about two unproductive pardons
forms of statutory notices: love and prostitution. Anonymous hats are stacked on
reasons why you can’t think of anything sleeping with eroticism and love - for the sake of decay,
support to the status, emotional innocence and lack of knowledge. so bulo
wait. Life in such a place seems empty and painful. Prostitution -
the newest profession has become mayzhe legal. Kokhannya in no way
transform into a caricature. Love and prostitution - two forms, opposite
rebellions of this year Life, shards of stink drown out the naypotaєmnіshi її coils. ale
replacement of the traditional slut and prostitution is not proponated until the next
accepted forms.
All three examples, according to Simmel's thought, about one: history has reached such a point,
if the mechanism of change of one form of culture is the most significant in the past, no more
dіє. Life, bazhayuchi zvіlnitisya vіd be-any forms, pragne unattainable.
Natomist utopia spontaneously flow free life, Simmel proponing creation
culture, as you will be a leader and for all spiritually-religious,
especially significant formative process. "The whole expanse of life is to blame
be filled with cultural zmіst, thoughts and feelings, diami and shares,
and all the stench will be pierced by their own unity of humility and pride,
tensions and peaceful calm, activity and looking, as you can call
religious. Living with such a splendid mother is an absolute value, earlier
belonged only to the skrem її denunciations. "Bajayu illustrate
it was said, Simmel to direct the verses of Angelus Silesius:
Holy, if vin p'є,
Not less than God's wait,
Chim if you sing psalms”.
The opposition of "human" and "female" in nature and conscience is a riddle, the doss has not been solved. Obviously, there are no "pure" people and "pure" women.
Individuals and women in different proportions among the representatives of both articles, but why is there a sense of self-opposition?
Man, for Zimmel, extrovertedness, what is it, can’t
stable center. The sense of a human butt - in creative speeches, creative spirit,
forms of objectified life. Human strategy, brought to the edge,
I would call before the transformation of people into an instrument, emptying special features in them
zdobutkiv. The center of human specialty is weakly related to the periphery. Tom
a person might want to go in to borrow something that doesn’t fit yoga
nature. It is more important for you, the lower woman, to hear your call. Expansion calls -
postiyna dominant of yoga activity, which approaches the dominance of life
as such, that tezh pragne virvatis from be-yaky cordons. totalitarian way that
Chaotization of the world - rіvnoimovіrnі results of "purely" human activity. Navit
a person’s outward appearance: the ingratitude of m’yaziv, the rudeness of outlining his hands to talk about
strength, aggressiveness, characterize a person as eccentric, instrumental
istota.
A woman by nature is introverted, wholesome, inert. There is a strong core of specialness, as it is easy and without middleman to express yourself
insignificant dії. A woman is not able to think about her calling
recognition. Vaughn to know the sense of life over the hellish deed of realization
mark in the distance, and in the mitts - gestures, mimics, movements. Zhіnka zavzhdy
"at your own home", the same as a person - "keep in good weather". I live the strategy
bring to the extreme boundary, then we will come to the creaturely foundation of pure
spirituality, as there are no ordinary, utilitarian tasks. Like human nature
congenial life, then woman nature is congenial to human nature. Aje
the peculiarity of a person in that I believe that she, in principle, is good and not a mother
zvnіshnyoї meti, like a ussyak creature is put before the need to live for
rahunok chogos chi kogos. Zhіnka vosochiє over the course of the hour. Cholovik
Satisfaction, then, if you "disappear" at a new one. Zhіnocha diyalnіst straightened out
not on perebudovu world, but on the sight of the vlasnoy soul of that nearest
sharpened, like for her the continuation of the inner life. Man is alive
imminent and vіddalenim. Zhіnka - to help those close to her.
A woman to serve the interests of the current day, create houses, family, protect you
mezhі ta podvalini, yakі іsnuyet sogodnі. "Virnist" - її existential
characteristic. The thought about "the woman's schilnist to hell" is hibna. Vono
only the fruit of a hyperbolic human jealousy, which can be rooted in
mother of a woman yak rich. Cholovik is a natural cordon breaker, often not
at odds with the law. Zlochintsiv, zradnikiv, immoralists more than among people,
lower middle female. Zovnіshnіst zhіnki - m'yakіst go, scho plivé, innocence,
the natural beauty of the body is ruined to talk about myst and emotions
the abundance of the inner world, the wickedness of the inner and outer world. truth
the women have their own, but the man can know, create his own truth. Cholovicha
the truth is instrumental, instructing the taskmasters to do it, which is the fault of the occupation.
Zhіnocha istina is ontological, zbіgaєtsya z її buttyam. Won is not subdivided into
"vіdrіzki" rational projects that change one thing in the process of life.
A woman easily, without hesitation, realizes her mental exercise, don't freak out
often without logic, without etiquette. Inconsistency, inconsistency,
transcendental vіdvertіst - powerful women, but not through її vnutrishnu
"nenadiyanosti", but to the fact that її sutnіstі nіdpovidaє bezsosobovym vimog
Panic human culture. Zhіnocha energy freely wiggles into the day
and in mova, even as a person is doubtful for a long time and vagaetsya, persh lower on
something to call.
Cholovik - logical, rational, unpredictable woman. Abstract philosophy
indpovida yogo sincerely consume. But why do you philosophize? Because
do not consider the uninterrupted sense of life, put your own doubts,
important milestones. A woman is less able to philosophize, even a sense of life
she looks out of the middle.
Great vitvir of a woman - Budynok. The meaning of the culture house is often not understood, underestimated. Home life is considered insignificant among the citizens of the community. However, the budinok itself is the primary "client" culture. At the booth, there is a change between the objective and the subjective, and the troubling regularity of life miraculously stabilizes at the singing boundaries at that hour
space. Only a woman of a building breathe life in a landless conglomerate
speeches, zvichok, spogadіv, like we call a budinka. Person to come at
dim, but I don’t create, I don’t support yoga. Objective human culture - tse
"bezpritulny" expanse, ale schorazu re-organizations and reminders.
The woman's profession of a household master does not include public spiritual and creative
functions. "Malі" expanse of a supple life - a salon, a club, a theater stage -
they become alive and quiet, like only a woman to rob them in a similar way at home.
Today's culture - science, technology, trade
creative work, oriented towards the old, distant meta, and not towards the development of special
that ennoblement of life. A person is freely felt by a fragmented world
familiar, familiar forms.
Tse give to you life a priority in front of a woman, but do not offer it spiritually. There is no sense in the fact that culture and nadaly save its own ideas,
homely character. Feminist movement, how do you like Zimmel, mav
on the back, even though it’s not virulent, but I’m going to do it: stop with the alienations, create
svіt, similar to a booth, "discovery" for special stosunkіv. However, under the influx
human attitudes, as if they were assimilated by women, as they began to take care of
politics and administration, feminists "got out of the way", began to domagatis
equal rights "in the middle" of the special areas of human culture, having reconciled
with її first principles. Successfully supprovodzhuvav there is only a minority of women who are ready
zradnitski іdentifіkuvati z holovіchoyu roll. For women more
accessible only "clearances", "back doors" of human culture, like people themselves or
don't want to, but you can master it.
Tim is not less, the success of women among these "problems" eloquently speak about their unique benefits, many of them are not revealed, not revealed, specially
not cultivated. Є low areas of culture, in some women
especially far away.
First, tse - medicine. Not less exuberant, but more medically refreshed
often appear ineffective due to those that the person-licar is not in good health
fight against the mental state of the patient. Vіn vyvchaє ta rejoicing "symptoms". A
a female doctor enters into a patient with a spiritual contact and catches subtle bonds
between straightening character and ailment. Її spontaneous position helps
see the ailing shvidshe.
Another perspective for women is historical science. Nothing meaningful can be found in history, as if to be surrounded by a romatic objective statement
sequence of facts. Great number tinker
causal and inherited links, including the possibility of a strictly linear, rational
schemes of the historical process
the picture is intuitive, the shards can easily be like a fool,
spіvperezhayuchoї osobistosti - put yourself in the center of the enduring process.
Fantasy, almost, showing strength in a woman, lower brilliance to factography
logical thought. To that їy ozumіlіshe and closer taєmnі think of the sovereign
diyachіv, nevyraznі tsіlі folk ruhіv i navіt pokaєmny ssenі davnіh
write on stone.
The third area, especially rich in opportunities for women, is mysticism. the truth,
through the meaning of vaga in the artistic creativity of people - my own
logical and ideological canonical forms, rich creations of women in the gallery of poetry and
literature look pale. Ale in quiet genres, de form nestyka chi angry with
the woman's creativity is rich and penetrating.
An artistic form, specially recognized for a woman, is a novel. Strictly kazhuchi, the novel vzagalі not maє forms. Є love romance,
historical, suitable, biographical, generic, political,
too much. The ideal novel is a fragment of life and at once - now
self-sufficient. Tse budinok, light at the miniature. With any kind of novel, no way
let's finish.
Zhіnocha speciality, according to Zіmmel, clearly shows up at the early and late stages of development - if the forms of culture have not yet formed, but already "should be" in the light of that creativity becomes a wild thunder to the mind and wake up.
Butts can be a folk song - from one side, and mathematics - from
Navit philosophy, it is possible, to appear rich and rich, as if to become
over the baths of a woman's mind. Today's European Philosophy May be Human Prismak
rudeness, homelessness and provincialism. Vaughn is spared lightness, bezperednosti,
like the rulers of the Greek philosophers, like they understood the meaning of androgynism,
harmonious anger of women and human beings in one person. Povna
self-realization and creativity are available only to an androgyne.
Lower - material and things - spiritual forms of culture - are created without state.
That's why the stench is organic for women. Like technology, science, trade, business,
finance, architecture - tse "middle spiritual", people understand, then embroidery,
kitchen cooking, - from one side, pure mathematics and philosophy - from the other,
to pull women to you. At manual art, adorn the body, twisted clothes,
cultivating gestures, mimics, walk, a woman will change a person.
Facts of greater physical similarity between a man and a woman among primitives
narodіv, nizh among civilized people, that deletion of statutory powers in dressy manners
behavior among the ninth cultural elite, among the "emancipated" women, also
talk about the "safety" of the lower i of the highest rіvnіv objective culture.
The dominance in modern culture of "middle" forms to rob a man,
patriarchal.
There, de impulsiveness and non-inferiority show up more easily, de stench doesn’t
fall out of the cultural context, there the daily life is more pronounced.
Stovidstkovo woman looking at the light of the said author's actor on the stage.
The "center" and the "periphery" of the special responsibilities are growing. Іideal actor vіdchuvaє,
to think and act at once, as if it were the power of women. Great actress on
the scene is again changing in roles, it doesn’t have a vlasnoi specialty. Yakscho
the actor-person assumes the same, or may be the result of being present in the new
the specificity of the strong female components of what wine "does not play", but contributes to
own role, special. Nevipadkovo the very Roman people, like a long time ago
attributed femininity to character, created a theater and vzagali success
showed themselves in the arts, lower Germans and English, for which they stuck
reputation of "masculine", state-technical nations
Thus, "objective culture" is adequate to human nature. Ale can't
to say that "subjective culture" is a woman. Shvidshe, zhіntsi mi bachimo
erasing the opposition "ob'ektivne - sub'ektivne" and navit deletion
proportions of natural and cultural elements. Purpose to be illustrated
symbolism of Budinka as a female creation. From one side, budinok - the whole culture,
the life of a human being, a special way of shaping and ordering Life as a whole.
It can be said that Dim is a woman of rationality. In utopian projects won
pragne hopit all suspіlstvo. Power - tse human rationality,
what can organize more of the outer, peripheral elements of life. At the state
form, law, always override the light, just like at the booth
Tі, hto vivchayut process humanіzії zakonіv and po'akshennya zvichaїv in іstorії,
often po'yazyut їх іz growing infusion of women. However, no mention of slavery
strong law, no humanization of the Viyskian zvichaїv, no explanation of torture and help
bіdnim at the sovereign scales are not shown, we know how, s
women's diami. Injecting women into human objective culture,
the people themselves, really, are great. Ale vono polagaє not in the middle
assimilated by the people of the women's feelings and assessments, and at the given value, cultural
objectivity to what is already in a person in a latent way. Order from a woman
A person realizes his strength, significance. The appointed woman is like "beautiful
stati" is not a simple banality. How to call all the signs of "masculinity" and
"women" and say two words, then you can say that the person is guilty
be "significant", and the woman - "beautiful". Significance - building value before
purposeful, effective action. Beautiful - tse self-sufficient,
perfect harmony. Ale, at the reach of the beautiful field, meta
people got excited.
Zimmel is doubtful about the fact that a person, for the first time, an objective culture can be reformed overnight, just like in the world of feminists about a parallel, independent view of a person - a woman’s culture. As soon as possible, vyhovuvat zhіnok those schob to establish and cultivate in them zhіnochu sutnіst.
1. Sokolov E.V., Georg Simmel: philosophy of culture, St. Petersburg, 2003.
2. Internet: http://www.krotov.net
3. Internet: http://www.countries.ru/library/rspersons/index.htm
4. Internet: http://sociology.agava.ru
