Malkina-Pikh I. G.
- M.: View of Eksmo, 2005. - 960 p. - (Doctor of a practical psychologist).
ISBN S-699-07805-3
The book is a guide to the theory and methods of psychological assistance to people, both without interruption in an hour of extreme situations, and at other stages.
Analyzed various aspects of the work of a psychologist in the middle of an extreme situation. They include, in the present day, the techniques of psychological training, as well as a set of recommendations on how to survive in extreme situations and methods of first medical assistance to the injured. Methods are described psychological work with traces of extreme situations; work with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Tsej dovіdnik nasampered, sbіrka tekhnіk, tochnіsh - right, like a psychologist (psychotherapists, consultant) can beat his practical work.
UDC 159.9 BBK 88.3
PEREDMOVA ............................................... ................................................. .................................... 8
PSYCHOLOGIST'S ROBOT In the middle of an extreme situation .................................................................. 10
1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF EXTREME SITUATIONS ............................................................... ....... 10
1.2 EMERGENCY CARE IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 12
1.2.1 Techniques of emergency psychological assistance .............................................................. ....... 18
1.2.2 Psychogenies in extreme situations .............................................................. ................. 24
1.2.3 Psychology of terrorism .............................................. ............................................... thirty
1.2.3.1. Vibukhi .................................................. ................................................. ................... 31
1.2.3.2. Burial of handicappers .............................................. ................................................... 33
1.2.4 Spontaneous mass behavior of people in extreme situations.......... 46
1.2.5 Psychological debriefing .............................................................. ................................... 51
1.3 FIRST MEDICAL ASSISTANCE for those who have suffered in extreme situations ............................................................ ... ............................................... ... ............................................... ... ................... 57
CHAPTER 2 POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: MODELS AND DIAGNOSIS.......................................... ................................................. ................................................. ......................... 78
2.1 STRESS, TRAUMATIC STRESS AND POST-TRAUMA STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)............................................................... ................................................. ......................... 79
2.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW .............................................................. ... ............................................... ... ..... 81
2.3 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PTSD.................................................................. .............................. 83
2.4 THEORETICAL MODELS OF PTSD .............................................................. ............................................... 90
2.5 Epidemiology.............................................. ................................................. ............... 94
2.6 INDIVIDUAL DIFFICULTY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORIES OF INJURIES........................................................... ................................................. ................................................. ................. 94
2.7 DISOCIATION AND PTSD .............................................................. ................................................. .... 101
2.8 DIAGNOSIS OF PTSD ............................................................. ......................................... 105
CHAPTER 3 PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)............................................................... ................................................. ................................................. ................... 150
3.1 GO TO PSYCHOTHERAPY OF PTSD .............................................. ................. 150
3.2 PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR EMOTIONAL TRAUMA FOR ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF OCHIV (EMDG)....................................................................... ................................................. ................................................. ................... 157
3.3 GESTALT THERAPY .............................................................. ................................................. ........... 166
3.4 COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOTHERAPY ........................................................ ... 183
3.5 SYMBOL-DRAMA (THE METHOD OF KATATIM EXPERIENCE IMAGE) .............. 199
3.6 SIMAIN PSYCHOTHERAPY .................................................................. ................................................. 204
3.7 NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING .............................................. 213
CHAPTER 4 .............. 222
4.1 DIAGNOSIS OF PTSD IN PARTICIPANTS IN VIYSKOV DIA.................................................. 223
4.2 PECULIARITIES OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS.................................................................. .......... 230
4.3 CONSULTATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY PARTICIPANTS IN VIYSKOV DIA 231
4.4 TRAINING FOR PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL READAPTATION OF PARTICIPANTS IN VIYSK DIA......................................................... .............................................. 234
CHAPTER 5 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN .............................................. .................................... 269
5.1. HOUSEHOLD (FAMILY) VIOLENCE .................................................................. ............................... 269
5.2 ANNOUNCEMENTS.............................................. ................................................. .............. 277
5.3 COUNSELING FOR VICTIMS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE .................................................................. 279
5.4 COUNSELING FOR VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ABUSE ............................................................. 286
5.5 TRAINING IN RHYTHM-RUH THERAPY .................................................. .......... 288
ROZDIL 6 VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN .............................................. ................................................. ... 320
6.1 EMOTIONAL VIOLENCE .............................................................. .................................................... 323
6.2 PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE .................................................................. ...................................... 324
6.3 PHYSICAL VIOLENCE .......................................................... ... ............................................... ... ... 325
6.4 SEXUALLY ABUSE ....................................................... ... ............................................... ... 326
6.5 VIOLENCE AT SCHOOL.................................................................. ................................................. ............. 332
6.6 HISTORIES OF VIOLENCE IN CHILDREN .................................................. ................................. 333
6.6.1 Impairment of physical and mental development .............................. 334
6.6.2 Illness as a legacy of violence .............................................. ....................... 334
6.6.3 Mental features children who suffered from violence....................... 335
6.6.4 Social implications of child abuse 337
6.7 COUNSELING FOR CHILDREN VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE .............................................. ........ 338
6.8 GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH CHILDREN.................................................................. ...................... 342
6.9 TRAINING WITH CHILDREN WHO SURVIVED SEXUALLY ABUSED.................................. 343
CHAPTER 7 SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR .............................................................. ...................................... 372
7.1 FACTORS OF SUICIDAL RISK .............................................................. ............................... 377
7.1.1 Socio-demographic factors .............................................................. ................. 377
7.1.2 Individual psychological factors .............................................................. ........... 378
7.1.3 Medical Factories............................................... ............................................... 380
7.1.4 Natural Factors............................................................... ................................................. 380
7.2 INDICATORS OF SUICIDAL RISK .............................................................. ...................... 382
7.2.1 Situational indicators .............................................................. ...................................... 382
7.2.2 Behavioral indicators of suicidal risk .............................................. 382
7.2.3 Communication indicators .............................................................. ................................. 382
7.2.4. Cognitive indicators ............................................................... ...................................... 382
7.2.5 Emotion indicators .............................................................. ................................... 383
7.3 COUNSELING FOR SUICIDAL CUSTOMERS ............................................................... 383
7.4 COUNSELING FOR ALL THE FUCKING FUNCTIONS .................................................. 393
7.5 CONSULTANT'S INSTRUCTION .............................................................................. ................................. 394
7.6 GROUP CRISIS PSYCHOTHERAPY .............................................................. ................ 396
7.7 REORDINATION TRAINING .............................................................. ................................... 397
SPENDER 8 SYNDROME Spend.................................................................. ................................................. ........... 425
8.1 BURN AS A PROCESS. STAGES OF THAT CHALLENGE OF GROWTH .............................. 425
8.2 CONSULTATION OF A CLIENT WHO SURVIVED AN INJURY .................................................. 435
8.3 TRAINING "GRIEVING THE LOOK OF GRIEF" .................................................................. .................................... 442
8.4 TRAINING IN SHORT-TERM POSITIVE THERAPY .................................................................. 456
ROZDIL 9 SECONDARY INJURY .............................................. ................................................. ...... 472
9.1 VIGORANNY SYNDROME I SECONDARY INJURY .................................................. ......... 472
9.2 ASSESSMENT OF SECONDARY INJURY .............................................................. ................................. 481
9.3 SUPERVISION .................................................. ................................................. ....................... 486
9.4 WORK WITH A SECOND INJURY .............................................................. .................................... 490
Peredmova ................... 11
Chapter 1. PSYCHOLOGIST'S ROBOT
SITUATION...............I
1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF EXTREME
SITUATIONS ................. 15
1.2 EMERGENCY CARE
In extreme situations 18
1.2.1 Techniques of emergency psychological assistance. ■ ■ ■ 29
1.2.2 Psychogenics in extreme situations...... 40
1.2.3 Psychology of terrorism............ 51
1.2.3.1 Vibuhi ...................... 52
1.2.3.2 Burial of the guards .............. 56
1.2.4 Spontaneous mass behavior of people in extreme situations.................. 79
1.2.5 Psychological debriefing........... 87
1.3 FIRST MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR THI who have suffered
In extreme situations 98
Chapter 2. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS
ROZLAD: MODELS AND DIAGNOSTICS. 134
2.1 STRESS, TRAUMATIC STRESS AND POST-TRAUMA STRESS DISORDER (PTSD).......... . . . 136
2.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW. . . ......-...........140
2.3 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PTSD. 143
2.4 THEORETICAL MODELS OF PTSD....., ....... 156
2.5 Epidemiology ....... 162
2.6 Individual volatility
I PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEWS OF TRAUMA 163
2.7 DISOCIATION AND PTSD. . 174
2.8 DIAGNOSIS OF PTSD.........181
Chapter 3. PSYCHOTHERAPY OF POST-TRAUMA
STRESS DISORDER(PTSD) ... 276
3.1 GO TO PSYCHOTHERAPY OF PTSD... 276
3.2 PSYCHOTHERAPY OF EMOTIONAL TRAUMA FOR ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF OCHIV (EPDG)...... 290
3.3 GESTALT THERAPY............. 306
3.4 Cognitive behavior
PSYCHOTHERAPY .............. 335
3.5 SYMBOL-DRAMA (THE METHOD OF CATATIM EXPERIENCE OF THE IMAGE) ........... 365
3.6 SIMEINA PSYCHOTHERAPY .......... 373
3.7 NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING .............. 389
Chapter 4. 405
4.1 DIAGNOSTICS OF PTSD IN PARTICIPANTS IN VIYSKOV DIA .................................408
4.2 PECULIARITIES OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS. . 420
4.3 COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY PARTICIPANTS IN VIYSKOV DIA......422
4.4 TRAINING FOR PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL READAPTATION OF PARTICIPANTS IN VIYSK DIA............427
Chapter S. violence OVER THE WOMEN.......489
5.1 DOMESTIC (FAMILY) VIOLENCE......490
5.2 SIGNS .............504
5.3 COUNSELING FOR VICTIMS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE .................508
5.4 COUNSELING FOR VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ABUSE........................520
5.5 TRAINING WITH RHYTHM-RUH THERAPY. 525
Chapter 6. VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN..........583
6.1 EMOTIONAL VIOLENCE.........588
6.2 PS ICHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE ........ 590
6.3 PHYSICAL VIOLENCE ........... 592
6.4 SEXUAL ABUSE...................... 594
6.5. SCHOOL VIOLENCE .............. 604
6.6 HISTORIES OF VIOLENCE IN CHILDREN....... 607
6.61 Damage to physical and mental development. . 608
6.6.2 Ill as a legacy of violence....... 609
6.6.3 Mental characteristics of children who suffered
type of violence.................. 610
6.6.4 Social consequences of a bad temper
with children. . . "............... 615
6.7. COUNSELING FOR CHILDREN VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE. 616
6.8. GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH CHILDREN..... 622
6.9. TRAINING WITH CHILDREN WHO EXPERIENCED
SEXUALLY RAPID........... 625
Rozdil 7. SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR......678
7.1. FACTORS OF SUICIDAL RIZIKU...... 687
7.1.1 Socio-demographic officials.„.,... 688
7.1.2 Individual psychological factors..... 690
7.1.3 Medical Factories, ........... 693
7.1.4 Natural Factors............... 694
7.2 Indicators of suicidal risk........ 697
7.2.1 Situational indicators.......... 697
7.2.2 Behavior indicators,..,..-„... 698
7.2.3 Communication indicators......... 698
7.2.4 Cognitive indicators........... 699
7.2.5 Emotion indicators.......... 699
7.3. SUICIDAL COUNSELING
CUSTOMER.................. 700
7.4. CONSULTANCY OF THE GOOD PICTURE
SELF-beating .............. 718
7.5. "PIDTRIMKA FOR THE CONSULTANT....... 720
7.6. GROUP CRISIS PSYCHOTHERAPY.... 723
7.7 REORIENTATION TRAINING........ 727
Chapter 8.......... 776
8.1 BURN AS A PROCESS. STAGES OF THAT CHALLENGE OF GROWTH............. 776
8.2 CONSULTATION OF A CLIENT SURVIVED A LOSS................................ 795
8.3 TRAINING "GRIEVING THE VIEW OF GRIEF" . .... . . 806
8.4 TRAINING WITH SHORT-TERM POSITIVE THERAPY ................................ 832
Partition 9. SECONDARY INJURY........... 862
9.1 VIGORANNY SYNDROME AND SECONDARY SYNDROME INJURY.. 862
9.2 EVALUATION OF SECONDARY INJURY..... 880
9.3 SUPERVISION ................ 887
9.4 WORK WITH A SECOND INJURY....... 895
LITERATURE 923-
For example, in the XX century, there was a great number of dashing and catastrophes, the world literally zahlostuє epidemic of terrorist acts. The understanding of extreme, crisis and supra-extreme situations has not yet come to fruition. Well, it’s not enough to look at them at a glance, their objective features, not protecting the psychological warehouses, so, for example, spriynyattya, razuminnya, responsiveness and behavior of people in such situations. The person is psychologically driven to an extreme situation: like an initiator, like a victim, like an eyewitness.
People who have stumbled in extreme situations go through a number of stages in their psychological states. The back of the head is blamed for a hostile emotional shock, which is characterized by a violent mental strain with a slight increase in fear at a sharpened spriynyatti.
Then the psycho-physiological demobility is on the way, as a result of self-perception and psycho-emotional state of being overwhelmed by almost ruined, panic reactions, lowering the moral standards of behavior, changing the level of efficiency, activity, and deprivation of motivation. At this, the other, stages and the nature of psychogenic damage is rich in which lie not only in extreme situations, її іntensivnosti, raptovostі viniknennya, trivality ії, аlе аnd specific features of the specificity of the victims, but also in the unforeseeable situation
At the change of this stage, it is allowed to come to the stage, if the mood and self-perception are gradually stabilized, the decrease in the emotional background and the contacts with the acute environments are avoided. Then the stage of renewal is coming, if international cooperation is activated.
At the third stage, a person, who has experienced extreme stress, experiences a coherent emotional and cognitive reshaping of the situation, an assessment of their own experiences and feelings. With this relevance, there are also factors that injure the psyche, which are connected with the changing stereotype of life. Staying chronic, cі factori spriyat the molding of stable psychogenic disorders. Its particularity is the manifestation of pronounced anxiety tension, fear, various vegetative dysfunctions, which annually give rise to psychosomatic disorders. For those who have survived an extreme situation, their practicality is significantly reduced, and they are also more critical of their abilities.
When given psychological assistance to people who have been in extreme situations, then take one very important camp to the point of respect - it’s famously here, if the wild elements end, it starts to help the suffering. Adzhe, on the one hand, not only the supra-divine situations themselves, but the scale of their ruinous actions, their rapidity, the wideness of the stresses that they call out, thinly. rich in what are the features of a pre-catastrophic development. And more, even in the post-catastrophic period, it is possible to really attribute the destructive influence of the catastrophe to the dynamics of the social structure, to the virobnica, socio-cultural, psychological interaction of people, to the demographic processes in the zones of trouble. For the same reason, in the modern minds of the Daedals, the nutrition of psychological and psychosocial work with different categories of people, like they have been in extreme situations, become relevant. Prote, regardless of all the importance of the relevance of the psychological assistance to the population during the hour and after extreme situations, these problems are visibly new for both practical psychology and psychological practice.
The book has been promoted to your respect as a guide to the theory and methods of psychological assistance to people, both in the midst of an extreme situation, and at other stages. Therefore, the book is composed of two parts: the first division of the assignments of a robotic psychologist in the middle of an extreme situation.
It includes not only the introduction on this day of the technique of psychological training (for example, so, like a debriefing), but also a set of recommendations on how to survive in extreme situations and methods of first medical assistance to the injured. We were able to importantly turn on the numbers until dawn, oskolki tsimi novice, insanely, may be a psychologist, who works in the middle of an extreme situation.
Others shared a story dedicated to the description of the methods of psychological work with far-reaching experiences of extreme situations. These situations are characterized by the first ever extreme impact on the psyche of a person, which exacerbates traumatic stress in someone, the psychological consequences of which in their extreme manifestation are manifested in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), situations. The general laws of blame and development of PTSD do not lie in the fact that specifically traumatic diseases caused psychological and psychosomatic damage, although in the psychological picture of PTSD the specificity of a traumatic stressor (violence, violence is too thin), without a doubt, to know indigestion. However, the main ones, those who rose to an extreme nature, went beyond the most extreme human experiences and called out intense fear for their lives, zhah that apparently bezporadnost.
Chapter 2 is devoted to a review of the nutritional diagnosis of PTSD, and chapter 3 is a description of some models and techniques of psychotherapy, well-proven for themselves under the hour of work with cym disorder.
Chapters 4-8 are devoted to looking at specific types of extreme situations that most often lead to the PTSD vindication, such as: violence against women and children, the fate of combat actions, the experience of acute grief (spend), suicidal behavior. The skin chapter is motivated in such a way that it takes up a description of specific techniques for the psychotherapy of PTSD, for example, as a group training.
Chapter 9 is devoted to the nourishment of secondary traumatization of people, as a way of treating trauma - psychologists, ryatuvalniks, liquidators. Володіння навичками психологічної само- та взаємодопомоги в умовах кризових та екстремальних ситуацій має велике значення для фахівців служби екстреної психологічної допомоги – не тільки з метою запобігання психічній травматизації, а й для підвищення стійкості до стресових впливів та готовності швидко реагувати у надзвичайних ситуаціях.
Dovіdnik appointments for practicing psychologists and psychotherapists, yakі pratsyuyut like bezperedno in extreme situations, and і z їх іх іх іхідненіmi nasledkami. Tse is not a handyman because the theory is not followed up. Tsey dovіdnik, nasampered, sbіrka tekhnіk, more precisely - right, like a psychologist (psychotherapist, consultant) can win over his practical work.
I would like to especially note that proponed by this book are rightly recognized for independent voicing by people who may psychological education. Classes are carried out under the supervision of a therapist, and only after the fact that, if the technique is mastered, it can be done independently, for example, at the sight of a homework.
PEREDMOVA
Supervisory situations swell in modern socio-political minds, the daedal is wider and wider. More and more often, children have grown up to the minds of man-made disasters, natural disasters, recognize violence, become handcuffs. Therefore, the interest in the psychology of extreme situations in to the current world unsightly growth like among politicians, sociologists, philosophers, and among practical psychologists. The psychology of the Extraordial situations to become one hour to the same hour, one of the navigable of the applied psychologists, the yak of the diox of the psycho -seniwi, and the abstracts survived the supervisor, the methods, the technology, and the Psychologist of the premium: psychologically.
Significant respect is given to psychological literature for the manifestation, psychological analysis and classification of various mental phenomena that are blamed on the victims of extreme events. Zokrema, psychological phenomena, which are blamed in the minds for a plethora of over-the-top factors, are described in the literature under the name of post-traumatic stress syndrome, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Qi become characterized by the dominance of chronic negative emotional experiences: anxiety, fear, depression, aggression, dramatization, dysphoria. Affects, which are blamed on these countries, can reach such a degree of intensity, that the stinks give a disorganizing influx on the intellectual-mnestic activity of a person, facilitating the process of adaptation to the point that they are waking up. Intense emotional experiences, such as fear, panic, zhakh, rozpach, can make it easier to adequately respond to the action, the correct assessment of the situation, respecting the recognition of the solution of an adequate exit from a stressful situation. These phenomena, which reflect the phenomenology of the mental functioning of a person in crisis, stand in the center of respect, like psychiatrists and psychotherapists, and psychologists, like giving psychological help to people who have suffered in supernatural situations.
In a significant part of the depression, there are traces of traumatic stress associated with the experience of extreme life situations, and also forms of addictive behavior, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, evil medicinal preparations. Alcohol or a drug can act as a relaxant, which allows you to take it off, or it can often reduce your discomfort, tension, rotting, fear. Supernatural stress can also affect vital (life) functions, such as sexual behavior or eating. In this way, the consequences of traumatic stress are not only trivaly, but rather emotionally negative become, which makes life easier for a person, and also disrupted behavior, as they represent the sphere of interest of psychiatrists. Tim an hour like a broken behavior mayut psychological reasons, caused by the lack of special resources for underlaying stress, or by the over-the-world and over-the-world maladaptive inflows at the over-the-top furnishing.
Іsnuyut living situations know the skin, like the sheets are traumatic, that help from the side, the shards of the person herself cannot go back to the experiences of stress. For example, the situation of death, spend a close person, open a hole - if special resources may appear insufficient. In order to get rid of an overactive stress disorder, people who are experiencing a loss often start with alcohol and drugs. In the aftermath of chronic tension, they can also experience various psychosomatic disorders. Psychologists are actively investigating the reasons for blaming so-called psycho somatic diseases, for yaks the most significant Mayut itself psychological officials. So somatichnі, yak Virazkova a brushwood of Shlunka of that twonades guts, a non -specific Virazkovich Kolit, Gipertonia is an abstract of the brushwood of the Serzi, often vinya of the navigynoks of the Oskvyna Triville troin -stain, the sorpoles, the abstain, the abstain, the abstain, the abstracts, the abstracts, the abstracts, the abstracts, and In this way, individuals who have experienced stress can become patients of the doctor.
The psychology of extreme situations may be its own theoretical aspect, leading to the development of features of mental functioning in a crisis, so it is practically necessary, as it is necessary to give psychological help to people who have suffered in critical situations. Similar psychological assistance is necessary for the prevention of broken behavior and prevention of psychosomatic disorders. It transfers the normalization of the psychic state to the leveling of negative experiences, yak may have such a ruinous influx as in the psychic, and on the somatic functions of the person. The main task of psychological assistance is the actualization of adaptive and compensatory resources of special features, the mobilization of psychological potential for training. negative experiences supralingual environments. The last effective psychological assistance to the injured is the optimization of the mental state of a person's behavior in extreme situations.
The experience of a practical psychologist, associated with extreme situations, which appeals to your respect, reveals theoretical aspects that allow you to understand the specifics of these situations, their meaning for a person, and practical, applied aspects: the author of specific, traumatic ways of attacking get into overarching situations. Here, too, specific recommendations are made, which can be similar not only to practical psychologists, but also to all persons, as they give help to those who suffer: doctors, ryatuvalniks, military, firefighters.
Soloviova S.L.,
doctor of psychological sciences, professor,
Head of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy of St. Petersburg
State Medical Academy named after I.I. Mechnikov
For example, in the XX century, there was a great number of dashing and catastrophes, the world literally zahlostuє epidemic of terrorist acts. The understanding of extreme, crisis and supra-extreme situations has not yet come to fruition. Well, it’s not enough to look at them at a glance, their objective features, not protecting the psychological warehouses, so, for example, spriynyattya, razuminnya, responsiveness and behavior of people in such situations. The person is psychologically driven to an extreme situation: like an initiator, like a victim, like an eyewitness.
People who have stumbled in extreme situations go through a number of stages in their psychological states. The back of the head is blamed for a hostile emotional shock, which is characterized by a violent mental strain with a slight increase in fear at a sharpened spriynyatti.
Then the psycho-physiological demobility is on the way, as a result of self-perception and psycho-emotional state of being overwhelmed by almost ruined, panic reactions, lowering the moral standards of behavior, changing the level of efficiency, activity, and deprivation of motivation. At this, the other, stages and the nature of psychogenic damage is rich in which lie not only in extreme situations, її іntensivnosti, raptovostі viniknennya, trivality ії, аlе аnd specific features of the specificity of the victims, but also in the unforeseeable situation
At the change of this stage, it is allowed to come to the stage, if the mood and self-perception are gradually stabilized, the decrease in the emotional background and the contacts with the acute environments are avoided. Then the stage of renewal is coming, if international cooperation is activated.
At the third stage, a person, who has experienced extreme stress, experiences a coherent emotional and cognitive reshaping of the situation, an assessment of their own experiences and feelings. With this relevance, there are also factors that injure the psyche, which are connected with the changing stereotype of life. Staying chronic, cі factori spriyat the molding of stable psychogenic disorders. Its particularity is the manifestation of pronounced anxiety tension, fear, various vegetative dysfunctions, which annually give rise to psychosomatic disorders. For those who have survived an extreme situation, their practicality is significantly reduced, and they are also more critical of their abilities.
When given psychological assistance to people who have been in extreme situations, then take one very important camp to the point of respect - it’s famously here, if the wild elements end, it starts to help the suffering. Adzhe, on the one hand, not only the supra-divine situations themselves, but the scale of their ruinous actions, their rapidity, the wideness of the stresses that they call out, thinly. rich in what are the features of a pre-catastrophic development. And more, even in the post-catastrophic period, it is possible to really attribute the destructive influence of the catastrophe to the dynamics of the social structure, to the virobnica, socio-cultural, psychological interaction of people, to the demographic processes in the zones of trouble. For the same reason, in the modern minds of the Daedals, the nutrition of psychological and psychosocial work with different categories of people, like they have been in extreme situations, become relevant. Prote, regardless of all the importance of the relevance of the psychological assistance to the population during the hour and after extreme situations, these problems are visibly new for both practical psychology and psychological practice.
The book has been promoted to your respect as a guide to the theory and methods of psychological assistance to people, both in the midst of an extreme situation, and at other stages. Therefore, the book is composed of two parts: the first division of the assignments of a robotic psychologist in the middle of an extreme situation.
It includes not only the introduction on this day of the technique of psychological training (for example, so, like a debriefing), but also a set of recommendations on how to survive in extreme situations and methods of first medical assistance to the injured. We were able to importantly turn on the numbers until dawn, oskolki tsimi novice, insanely, may be a psychologist, who works in the middle of an extreme situation.
Others shared a story dedicated to the description of the methods of psychological work with far-reaching experiences of extreme situations. These situations are characterized by the first ever extreme impact on the psyche of a person, which exacerbates traumatic stress in someone, the psychological consequences of which in their extreme manifestation are manifested in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), situations. The general laws of blame and development of PTSD do not lie in the fact that specifically traumatic diseases caused psychological and psychosomatic damage, although in the psychological picture of PTSD the specificity of a traumatic stressor (violence, violence is too thin), without a doubt, to know indigestion. However, the main ones, those who rose to an extreme nature, went beyond the most extreme human experiences and called out intense fear for their lives, zhah that apparently bezporadnost.
Chapter 2 is devoted to a review of the nutritional diagnosis of PTSD, and chapter 3 is a description of some models and techniques of psychotherapy, well-proven for themselves under the hour of work with cym disorder.
Chapters 4-8 are devoted to looking at specific types of extreme situations that most often lead to the PTSD vindication, such as: violence against women and children, the fate of combat actions, the experience of acute grief (spend), suicidal behavior. The skin chapter is motivated in such a way that it takes up a description of specific techniques for the psychotherapy of PTSD, for example, as a group training.
Chapter 9 is devoted to the nourishment of secondary traumatization of people, as a way of treating trauma - psychologists, ryatuvalniks, liquidators. Володіння навичками психологічної само- та взаємодопомоги в умовах кризових та екстремальних ситуацій має велике значення для фахівців служби екстреної психологічної допомоги – не тільки з метою запобігання психічній травматизації, а й для підвищення стійкості до стресових впливів та готовності швидко реагувати у надзвичайних ситуаціях.
Dovіdnik appointments for practicing psychologists and psychotherapists, yakі pratsyuyut like bezperedno in extreme situations, and і z їх іх іх іхідненіmi nasledkami. Tse is not a handyman because the theory is not followed up. Tsey dovіdnik, nasampered, sbіrka tekhnіk, more precisely - right, like a psychologist (psychotherapist, consultant) can win over his practical work.
I would like to especially note that this book has the right to recognize independent victories by people who are capable of psychological enlightenment. Classes are carried out under the supervision of a therapist, and only after the fact that, if the technique is mastered, it can be done independently, for example, at the sight of a homework.
PEREDMOVA
Supervisory situations swell in modern socio-political minds, the daedal is wider and wider. More and more often, children have grown up to the minds of man-made disasters, natural disasters, recognize violence, become handcuffs. That is why the interest in the psychology of extreme situations in the world is steadily growing, like among politicians, sociologists, philosophers, and among practical psychologists. The psychology of the Extraordial situations to become one hour to the same hour, one of the navigable of the applied psychologists, the yak of the diox of the psycho -seniwi, and the abstracts survived the supervisor, the methods, the technology, and the Psychologist of the premium: psychologically.
Significant respect is given to psychological literature for the manifestation, psychological analysis and classification of various mental phenomena that are blamed on the victims of extreme events. Zokrema, psychological phenomena, which are blamed in the minds for a plethora of over-the-top factors, are described in the literature under the name of post-traumatic stress syndrome, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Qi become characterized by the dominance of chronic negative emotional experiences: anxiety, fear, depression, aggression, dramatization, dysphoria. Affects, which are blamed on these countries, can reach such a degree of intensity, that the stinks give a disorganizing influx on the intellectual-mnestic activity of a person, facilitating the process of adaptation to the point that they are waking up. Intense emotional experiences, such as fear, panic, zhakh, rozpach, can make it easier to adequately respond to the action, the correct assessment of the situation, respecting the recognition of the solution of an adequate exit from a stressful situation. These phenomena, which reflect the phenomenology of the mental functioning of a person in crisis, stand in the center of respect, like psychiatrists and psychotherapists, and psychologists, like giving psychological help to people who have suffered in supernatural situations.
Significant part of the depression has traces of traumatic stress associated with the experience of extreme life situations and forms of addictive behavior, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, drug abuse. Alcohol or a drug can act as a relaxant, which allows you to take it off, or it can often reduce your discomfort, tension, rotting, fear. Supernatural stress can also affect vital (life) functions, such as sexual behavior or eating. In this way, the consequences of traumatic stress are not only trivaly, but rather emotionally negative become, which makes life easier for a person, and also disrupted behavior, as they represent the sphere of interest of psychiatrists. At the same time, there may be psychological reasons for the disruption of behavior, due to the lack of special resources for the support of stress, or from the overworld and the overworld of maladaptive swells at the overhead furnishings.
Іsnuyt zhittєvі situation, znayomі dermal, є є є є є pasіlki travmaticheskimi, scho help from the side, shards of the person herself vporatisya s experiences of stress can not. For example, the situation of death, spend a close person, open a hole - if special resources may appear insufficient. In order to get rid of an overactive stress disorder, people who are experiencing a loss often start with alcohol and drugs. In the aftermath of chronic tension, they can also experience various psychosomatic disorders. Psychologists are actively investigating the reasons for blaming psychosomatic illnesses, in which the psychological officials themselves may have the most significance. So somatichnі, yak Virazkova a brushwood of Shlunka of that twonades guts, a non -specific Virazkovich Kolit, Gipertonia is an abstract of the brushwood of the Serzi, often vinya of the navigynoks of the Oskvyna Triville troin -stain, the sorpoles, the abstain, the abstain, the abstain, the abstracts, the abstracts, the abstracts, the abstracts, and In this way, individuals who have experienced stress can become patients of the doctor.
The psychology of extreme situations may be its own theoretical aspect, leading to the development of features of mental functioning in a crisis, so it is practically necessary, as it is necessary to give psychological help to people who have suffered in critical situations. Similar psychological assistance is necessary for the prevention of broken behavior and prevention of psychosomatic disorders. It transfers the normalization of the psychic state to the leveling of negative experiences, yak may have such a ruinous influx as in the psychic, and on the somatic functions of the person. The main task of psychological assistance is the actualization of adaptive and compensatory resources of special features, the mobilization of psychological potential for the correction of negative consequences of supra-classical conditions. The last effective psychological assistance to the injured is the optimization of the mental state of a person's behavior in extreme situations.
The experience of a practical psychologist, associated with extreme situations, which appeals to your respect, reveals theoretical aspects that allow you to understand the specifics of these situations, their meaning for a person, and practical, applied aspects: the author of specific, traumatic ways of attacking get into overarching situations. Here, too, specific recommendations are made, which can be similar not only to practical psychologists, but also to all persons, as they give help to those who suffer: doctors, ryatuvalniks, military, firefighters.
Soloviova S.L.,
doctor of psychological sciences, professor,
Head of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy of St. Petersburg
State Medical Academy named after I.I. Mechnikov
A person in an extreme situation may have the following symptoms (Kryukova et al., 2001):
Hallucinations in apathy in stupor
Dvigun wake up
Aggression
hysterics
Nervous tremtinnya
The help of a psychologist in this situation is poking, nasampered, in the combined minds of a nervous "release".
Lighthouse and hallucinations. The situation is critical, resulting in a person's straining stress, causing a strong nervous tension, disrupting jealousy in the body, negatively signifying to health in general - not only physical, but also mental. Tse mozhe zagostriti already clearly mentally ill.
Before the main signs of madder, one can see the signs of madness, or the whiskers, in the pardon of such a victim it is impossible to change.
Hallucinations are characterized by the fact that they are patiently experiencing the presence of obvious objects, so that at the moment they don’t spit on the visual organs (smell voices, suffocate people, smell other things).
In this view:
1. Go back to the medical practitioners, call a brigade of the Swedish psychiatric assistance.
2. Until the fahіvtsіv arrive, follow them, so that the sufferers do not hurt themselves and feel sore. Pick up any item that will create a potential problem.
3. Isolate the victim and do not deprive him of one.
Apathy you can blame it for the trivalo strained, but unsuccessful work; otherwise, in a situation, if a person knows a serious failure, stop fighting for his own activity; otherwise, if someone was not far away to vryatuvat, and close, having drank at the bіda, having perished.
Feel like it is so that you don’t want to collapse, don’t say that the words are forced to collapse.
At the soul - empty, baiduzhist, there is no strength to bring on the viyav feelings. If a person is deprived without encouragement and help in such a state, then apathy can turn into depression (important and painful emotions, passivity of behavior, a little guilt, seeming hopeless in front of life's difficulties, lack of prospects, too).
In the state of apathy, a person can change from many years to many years.
The main signs of apathy are:
baiduzhe setting to otochyuchy;
mlyavist, galmovanist;
Povіlna, with long pauses, mova.
In this view:
1. Talk to the victims. Give him a sprig of simple food: “What is your name?”; "How do you feel yourself?"; "Do you want to eat?"
2. Escort the victim to the mіstsya reparation, to help him to manually vlashtuvatsya (obv'yazkovo zuttya).
3. Take the victim by the hand or put your hand on the cholo.
4. Give the victim the opportunity to sleep or just lie down.
5. There is not much opportunity to choose (weather on the street, public transport, the completion of the operation in the clinic), then speak more with the sufferers, get yoga in a sleepy activity (take a walk, go and drink tea chi kawi, help the sick, you will require help).
Stupor. Stupor is one of the strongest chronic reactions to the body. It’s coming after the strongest nerve shocks (vibe, attack, violent violence), if a person spends energy on survival, there’s no strength left for contact with the nasty light.
Stupor can be experienced from a few days to a few years. To that, if you don’t help and the suffering stay in such a place, you’ll endure a long time, you’ll lead to your physical exile. Oskіlki contact z navkolishnіm svіtom nemaє, sufferers do not commemorate troubles and do not live, schob її go away.
The main signs of stupor є:
Rizke iznizhennya chi vіdsutnіst dovіlnyh ruhіv ta movi;
the number of reactions to foreign stimuli (noise, light, dots, tweaks);
"caught" at the singing position, numbing, became completely unruly;
Possibly the tension of the okremih group of m'yazіv.
In this view:
1. Zignіt injured fingers on both hands and press them to the base of the palm. Thumbs up but put in names.
2. With the tips of the great and impressive fingers, massage the injured specks, ruffled on the forehead, above the eyes, evenly in the middle between the growth line and eyebrows, clearly above the eyes.
3. Place a free hand on the victim's chest. Slow down your breath to the rhythm of your breath.
4. Lyudina, resting in a stupor, maybe a little bit that bachiti. To that, speak to you in your ear quietly, correctly and clearly those who can call out strong emotions (more often negative ones). It is necessary, by some means, to get the reaction of the victim, to bring him out of the grip.
Dvigun wake up. Sometimes shocked in a critical situation (vibrations, elemental dashes) the flooring is stronger, that people simply cease to be sensible, that they seem to be around her. You can’t count wine, de horns, but de helpers, de care, and de guard. A person spends time thinking logically and making a decision, becoming like a creature that is thrown into the church.
The main signs of a rukhovo awakening are:
Ricky ruhi, often without a purpose and without a head;
Abnormally dense movement and increased movement activity (a person speaks without teeth, sometimes absolutely without soundness of speech);
Often there is a reaction to aliens (respect, prohannya, punishment).
In this view:
1. Vykoristovyte priyom "zahoplennya": perebuvaya zzzada, stick your hands to the victim under the groin, squeeze yoga to yourself and lightly throw it on yourself.
2. Isolate the injured person as sick.
3. Mask the "positive" points. Speak in a calm voice about the feeling, like wines. (“Do you want to be afraid, why did you stumble?
4. Do not talk with the sufferers, do not ask questions, and unique phrases from the frequent “no”, as if they are standing up for the unfortunate ones (for example: “Don’t run”, “Don’t wave your arms”, “Don’t shout”).
5. Remember that the injured can be hurt by someone else.
6. The engine of the awakening sounds three times unsatisfactory and can change to nervous tremtiny, crying, and also aggressive behavior (divine help in these camps).
Aggression. Aggressive behavior is one of the fleeting ways, in which the human body “manipulates” to reduce the high internal stress. Having shown anger and aggression, you can save enough long hour and respect the very sufferer and the otochayuchim.
The main signs of aggression are:
Rozdratuvannya, dissatisfaction, gaiv (be it, bring an insignificant drive);
Inflicted with navkolishnim blows with hands or whatever objects;
Verbal image, like;
M'yazova strain;
Advancement of arterial pressure.
In this view:
1. Minimize the number of sick people.
2. Give the victim the opportunity to “let a couple go” (for example, say “beat” the pillow).
3. Entrust your robot with high physical ambitions.
4. Show kindness. Navіt yakscho you do not wait for the sufferers, do not call Yogo himself, but hang out from the drive of Yogi Dіy. Otherwise, aggressive behavior will be directed at you. You can’t say: What kind of a person are you! Next to say: “You are greedy angry, you want to spread everything to the board. Let's try to find out at once how to get out of this situation.
5. Try to defuse the situation with funny comments or comments.
6. Aggression can be repaid by fear of punishment:
There is no way to take away the zisk from aggressive behavior:
Yakshcho suvore punishment and imovirnist yogo zdiisnennya is great.
7. If you don’t give help to dissolute people, you’ll bring them to unsafe consequences: through a decrease in control over your actions, a person will be robbed of ill-considered vchinki, you can manage the number of your own and others.
Fear. The child wanders off at night, seeing that you have a nightmare. We are afraid of monsters who live under the bed. As if you had been in a car accident, a person cannot renew his kermo. Lyudina, as a survivor of an earthshaker, is encouraged to go to her own apartment. And the one who, knowing violence, forcibly hesitates to enter at her own door. The reason for this is fear.
Before the main sign of fear is put:
Tension m'yazіv (especially facial);
Stronger heartbeat;
Hastened the surface of the breath;
Decreased control over power behavior.
Panicky fear, fear can wake up to a leak, cry out for a start, or else, wake up, wake up, aggressive behavior. With whom, a person is badly in control of himself, he doesn’t see that he is working and that he is working for a long time.
In this situation:
1. Put the victim's hand on the wrist, so that you can see your calm pulse. Tse will be a signal for the new one: "I instructed at once, you are not alone!".
2. Breathe deeply and evenly. Hunt the suffering dihati in the same rhythm as you.
3. As patient as it seems, listen to yogo, show zatsіkavlenіnі, razumіnnya, svіchutya.
4. To give the victim a light massage of the strained body masses.
Nervous tremtinnya. In case of an extreme situation, an uncontrollable nervous disorder occurs (a person cannot take a reaction to the power of the fire). So the organism "throws off" the tension.
If you have a reaction of zupinity, then the power will be lost in the middle, in the body, and calling out m'yazovі pain, and farther away, you can cause such serious illnesses to develop, like hypertension, virazka and іn.
Tremtinnya start raptovo - immediately after the incident, or in another hour;
Blaming is stronger than tremtinnya of the whole body, or okremich yogo parts (a person can not be undone in the hands small items, light a cigarette)
The reaction continues to mature for a long time (until the end of the year);
Then the person is strong because of this and will require reparation.
In this view:
1. It is necessary to strengthen the tremtinnya.
2. Take the victim by the shoulders and shake strongly, sharply for 10-15 seconds.
3. Continue to speak with him, otherwise you can take your actions as an attack.
4. After the completion of the reaction, it is necessary to give the victim the opportunity to repent. Bazhano put yoga to sleep.
5. Can't:
Hug the victim and squeeze yoga for yourself;
Ukrivati victim chimos warm;
Calm down the victim, say, so that you can take the guilt to your own hands.
Cry. If a person is crying, in the middle of her speeches are seen that may calm the day. Good, that's the order of the htos, with whom you can add grief.
The main signs of which I will become:
Lyudina is already crying or ready to cry;
Three ruin;
Beware of visibly humiliation;
At the sight of hysterics, there is no sign of awakening.
Like a person streaming tears, there is no emotional release, relief. If the situation drags on, the internal stress can lead to poor physical and mental health of a person.
In this view:
1. Don't leave the victim alone.
2. Establish physical contact with the injured (take your hand, put your hand on your shoulder or on your back, stroke your head). Let you know what's going on.
3. Stop taking "active listening" (stink to help the sufferer spit out his grief): periodically shake "yeah", "so", nod your head to confirm that you are hearing that you are speaking; repeat after the sufferer the tricks of phrases, in which you hang out your own feelings; talk about your feelings and feel like the victim.
4. Do not try to calm the victim. Give him the opportunity to cry and speak out, “splash out” grief, fear, image.
5. Do not ask, do not give joy. Your task is to listen.
hysterics. The hysterical attack is three times a sprat of whilin or a sprat of a year.
Basic signs:
Take care of your knowledge;
Nadmirne zbudzhennya, faceless ruhiv, theatrical poses;
Mova is emotionally intense, swedish;
Screams, ridanya.
In this view:
1. See the watchers, create a calm environment. Leave the sufferers alone, as if not unsafe for you.
2. It is not possible to make a deed, as it can be very strong (you can give a blunder, douse it with water, miss an object with a grunt, shout sharply at the victim).
3. Speak from the sufferers in short phrases, in a sing-song tone (“While drive”, “Smart”).
4. After hysterics, a slump of forces sets in. Put the victim to sleep. Watch out for the yoga camp until the specialist arrives.
5. Don't take care of the victim.
Extreme situations (violence) associated with a threat to life.
Prior to such situations, terrorists bury, plunder, and robbery attack.
Behind short hour clashes with a real threat of death (in everyday life, the psyche creates a defense, allowing death to be accepted as far away as it is unrealistic). The image of the world is changing, reality is presented as a combination of fatal twists. A person begins to divide his life into two parts - until the end and after it. Blame it on you that you can’t comprehend yogo and feel that experience. It is necessary to remember that this person did not know physical violence, she still took away a strong mental trauma.
Help for adults:
1. To help the injured person to speak out, to explain the experience he has experienced (for example, if you are guided by the words, ask him to describe what happened, his own opinion from the student, or from looking at the evidence).
2. To show the victim that you can wind a link with the most splendid heart, you can make vysnovki, embroidered for a distant life zhittєvih viprobuvan).
3. Give the victim the opportunity to talk to people who have experienced a tragic situation with him (exchange of telephone numbers of participants in the subdivision).
4. Do not allow the victim to play the role of a “victim”, so that he wins a tragic podia for the loss of the victim (“I can’t do anything, even if I experienced such terrible indignities”).
Help the child.
The child, having experienced violence by birth to himself or to members of this family, having become a witness to the infliction of stones on other people, feels as strong as he is grown up (fear of repeating the fall, ruining the illusion of justice to the world, bezporadnist). Direct violence against a child can appear psychologically too important, unbearable for a new one, who hangs in Moscow that zatsipeninn.
In a child, a picture of the future can be fixed in memory. Vin new and new imagine the most terrible moments of what happened (for example, injured, wounded people, or people, like they attacked a new one).
Sounds like mischief with fierceness, hatred, a child is consuming faith in those who have grown up can turn out of themselves. You start to be afraid of powerful uncontrollable emotions, especially since you have fantasies about the post.
The child, who has experienced a psycho-traumatic pitfall, should not waste her life prospects (I don’t know what will be with her in a day, a month, a river; she’s interested until early, she’s motivated to take something new).
For a child, the experience of podia can cause a special development.
In this view:
1. Let the children be sensible: you are seriously put up to її experience and you knew other children, as if you had gone through it (“I know one brave boy, it happened to him”).
2. Create an atmosphere of safety (hug the child, especially, move with her, take part in the games).
3. To marvel at the same time from the child's "good" photographs - not to allow you to turn back to the receiving images of the past, to relax the unacceptable mind.
4. Please tell me about the description of the details in detail.
5. To help children develop a life perspective (specific goals in specific terms).
6. Repeat that it is absolutely normal to feel hopelessness, fear, anger.
7. Promote the child's self-esteem (praise him more often for good things).
8. Want the children to play with squeak, water, clay (to help them to blame the names of their experiences in looking at the images).
9. You cannot allow a child to become a tyrant. Don't beat the hell out of it, I'm almost sorry.
sexual violence . Tolerated a complex of the most powerful experiences: feel sorry, litter, lack of escape, impossibility to control and evaluate it, fear through those that “everyone recognizes”, giddiness to the upper body.
Depending on the one who, having become a valtivnik (unknowingly unknown), psychologically the situation is perceived in a different way.
As if an unknown person was a bully, then the victim of the greater world is able to fight the reason for what happened behind the best conditions (finish the last hour, the deserted yard of the road is thin).
If you are guilty - you know, then the cause of the person is shooing in himself (the character is different). Stress reaction after the gvaltuvannya of a well-known person, less hostile, but more advanced.
Bazhano, I’ll help you by giving a man a tієї well statі, scho th patience.
1. Do not rush to hug the victim. Take Yogo by the hand or put your hand on Yomu's shoulder. As soon as you know that people are unacceptable, unique bodily contact.
2. Do not blame the victim, which is necessary for him at the same time (guilty is to blame for not losing control of reality).
3. Do not drink the victim about the details of what happened. At the same time, do not ring yoga in that which was trapilos.
4. Give the victim the understanding that you can protect your support.
5. As soon as you suffer, you begin to tell about those that happened, promptly speak not about specific details, but about emotions that are related to the cause. Think, schob vіn saying: "It's not my fault, vinny ґvaltіvnik"; "Everything possible was crushed for such furnishing."
6. As soon as the injured virishiv turned to the police, go there at once. When making an application, acknowledging the acceptance of malpractices, I know in detail I experienced a stingy situation. You will need your support.
In the minds of catastrophes and spontaneous neuro-psychic disorders, they manifest themselves in a wide range: from maladaptation and neurotic, neurosis-like reactions to reactive psychoses. Їх vaga to lie down depending on the rich factors: vіku, statі, equal vihіdnoї social adaptation; individual characterological features; additional obtrusive factors at the time of the catastrophe (self-reliance, pissing about children, the presence of ailing relatives, good healthlessness: vaginess, ailment thin).
The psychogenic infusion of extreme minds is formed not only in a straight line, without a middle threat to the life of a person, but in the middle, po'yazanoї z її ochіkuvannyam. Psychic reactions in case of fire, hurricane and other extreme situations do not seem to be of a specific nature, more powerful than a specific extreme situation. It is more desirable to have a universal reaction of nebezpeka, as the frequency and depth are determined by the rapidity and intensity of the extreme situation (Oleksandrovsky, 1989; Oleksandrovsky and others., 1991).
The traumatic influx of various unfriendly factors, which are blamed on minds that are not safe for life, on the mental activity of a person is influenced by non-pathological psycho-emotional (singing physical world) reactions and pathological states - psychogenic (reactive states). The first is characterized by a psychologically intelligent reaction, and a direct fallacy in the situation, as a rule, a small trivality. In case of non-pathological reactions, praxis (even if it is reduced), the possibility of connection with acute and critical analysis of one’s behavior are saved. Typical for a person who has stumbled in a catastrophic situation, a little anxiety, fear, humiliation, anxiety for the share of relatives and loved ones, pragnennya z'yasuvati in the face of catastrophe (spontaneous hardship). Such reactions are also indicated as becoming stressed, mental tension, affective reactions too thin.
On the basis of non-pathological reactions, pathological psychogenic discord and sickly camps, which lead people out of harmony, which allow for the possibility of productive intercourse with other people and building up to purposeful activities. In a number of depressions, at any time, there may be discordances, blaming psychopathological manifestations that are accompanied by a wide range of psychotic dislocations.
Psychopathological discord in extreme situations can lead to a lot of damage to the clinic, which develops in the minds of great people. However, the essence of the matter. First, due to the multiplicity of raptly debilitating psycho-traumatic factors in extreme situations, there is a simultaneous culprit of mental disorders in a large number of people. In a different way, the clinical picture in these cases is not individual, like for the “superior” psychotraumatic environments, and it can be reduced to a small number of typical manifestations. Thirdly, regardless of the development of psychogenic disorders and the unsafe situation, having suffered, continue to actively fight against the effects of natural disaster (catastrophe) for the survival of the life of loved ones and all the rest.
Most often, the first and second extreme situations of psychogenic disorder occur in 4 groups of non-pathological (physiological) reactions, pathological reactions, neurotic and reactive psychosis (div. table 1.1).
Table 1.1.
Psychogenic discord, which are feared every hour and after extreme situations (Oleksandrovsky, 2001)
The behavior of a person in an extreme situation, which has raptly developed, is rich in what emotions are characterized by fear, as far as singing between can be considered physiologically normal, shards of emergency mobilization of physical protection for mental self-development. In the event of a critical staging to wet fear, the appearance of difficulties in pre-cillary activity, decreased ability to control and accept logically grounded solutions, various psychotic disorders (reactive psychosis, affective-shock reactions of panic) are formed, as well as
Among reactive psychosis in situations of mass catastrophes, affective shock reactions and hysterical psychosis are most often observed. Affective-shock reactions are blamed for rapt shock and a threat to life, the stench is always non-trivial, it lasts for 15-20 minutes until a few years, or it is completed by two forms of shock states - hyper- and hypokinetic. The hypokinetic variant is characterized by manifestations of emotional-rukhovo galvanism, severe numbness, sometimes even to complete malaise and mutism (affectogenic stupor). People are caught in one position, their mimicry is either bait or fear. Vasomotor-vegetative damage and deep obscuration of evidence are indicated. The hyperkinetic variant is characterized by hostile psychomotor arousal (rukhova storm, fugiform reaction). People go where to go, їhnі ruhi that vyslovlyuvannya chaotic, urivchastі; mimics evoke zhahlivі experience. Sometimes, the mischievous entanglement of a seemingly clumsy moving stream is overwhelmed. People are disoriented, their vision is deeply obscured.
In case of hysterical discord in the experiences of people, people begin to re-evaluate the figurative images of the manifestations, people become more naive and self-conscious. In this background, damage to information often develops. For the hysterical day-to-day obscuration of information, it is characteristic not of outward exclusion, but of sounding of disorientation, deceitfulness. Behavior of people must always be aware of a specific psycho-traumatic situation. In the clinical picture, there is a demonstrative behavior with crying, stupid regot, hysteroform attacks. Hysterical hallucinosis, pseudodementia, and puarillism are also referred to as hysterical psychoses.
The most typical manifestations of non-psychotic (neurotic) disorders at various stages are the development of situations and acute reactions to stress, adaptive (adherent) neurotic reactions, neurosis (anxiety, hysterical, phobic, depressive, neurotic).
Away reactions to stress are characterized by a sudden passing of not psychotic discords, whether of any nature, as if they are blamed as a reaction to an extreme physical challenge, or a psychogenic situation under the hour of a spontaneous storm and sound out in a couple of years or days. These reactions proceed from overwhelmed emotional disturbances (I will become panic, fear, anxiety and depression) or psychomotor disturbances (I will become ruhovy zbudzhennya, galvanism).
Adaptation (pristosuvalni) reactions are manifested in mild and other non-psychotic disorders, which are better, lower the severity of the stress reaction. The stench is guarded in a special way, without any obvious mental discord, which blows over it. Such a discord is often surrounded by a singing world in clinical manifestations(partial) or they appear in specific situations; stinks, as a rule, werewolves. Sound the stench closely associated with the hour and the difference with psychotraumatic situations, crying out for important expenses.
The most often guarded in extreme minds adaptive reactions can be seen:
Short-hour depressive reaction (reaction to spend);
Protracted depressive reaction;
A reaction with a more important disorder of other emotions (a reaction of anxiety, fear, anxiety, soon. Bud.).
To the main posterigaєtsya forms of neuroses include:
- Anxiety neurosis (fear), for which is characteristic of mental and somatic manifestations of anxiety, which does not show real anxiety and manifests itself either in the appearance of attacks, or in the appearance of a stable state. Anxiety sounds more diffuse and may grow to the point of panic. They may show other neurotic symptoms, such as obnoxious or hysterical symptoms, but stench does not dominate the clinical picture;
- Hysterical neurosis, which is characterized by neurotic disorders, in which the damage to vegetative, sensory and motor functions (“conversion form”) is overwhelmed, selective amnesia, which is due to “mental acceptance and vagueness”, influence and self-induction on aphids. May mothers express a change in behavior, sometimes they form a form of hysterical fugue. Tsya behavior can imitate psychosis or, svidshe, indicative of a sick person's manifestation of psychosis;
- neurotic phobias, for some typical neurotic state with a pathologically pronounced acuteness of singing objects or specific situations;
- depressive neurosis - they are characterized by neurotic disorders, which are characterized by inadequate strength and clinical depression, as a result of psychotraumatic conditions. Wines are not included until their manifestations of vital components, adding that seasonal colivannya and showing signs of illness in a psycho-traumatic situation, which changed the illness. Sound from the experiences of ailments during the day the projection of the tightness on the future. Often there is a mist of anxiety, as well as confusion of anxiety and depression;
- neurasthenia, which is manifested by vegetative, sensorimotor and affective dysfunctions and proceeds for the type of dramatic weakness with sleeplessness, increased drowsiness, volatility, lowered mood, constant dissatisfaction with oneself and nausea. Neurasthenia can be a result of trivial emotional stress, relapse, blame on aphids traumatic lesions and somatic illnesses;
- hypochondriacal neurosis - is manifested by the head rank of superworldly squealing of the body's health, the functioning of such an organ or, more likely, the camp of one's own mind's vitality. Sound the sickness of the experience together with anxiety and depression.
The development of mental disorders, which were observed in extreme situations, as well as the analysis of a complex of ritual, social and medical approaches, give the possibility to schematically see three periods of development of the situation, in which various psychogenic disorders are observed.
First (Host) period characterized by a threat to one's own life and the death of loved ones. Vіn trivaє z on the cob infusion of an extreme clerk to the organization of ryatuvalnyh robіt (khvilini, year-old). The straining extreme infusion is torn during this period mainly by vital instincts (for example, self-saving) and leads to the development of non-specific, specific psychogenic reactions, the basis of which is to become the fear of different intensity. At this hour, psychogenic reactions of psychotic and non-psychotic peers are more important. A number of moods have a possible development of panic.
In the midst of a sharp infusion, if there are signs of insecurity, people blame the destruction, those who are unreasonable are unreasonable. Over this short period, with a simple reaction of fear, a slower increase in activity is expected: the movements become clear, economical, safe place. The disrupted promos are intermingled with an accelerated її pace, hesitation, the voice becomes booming, twinkling. The mobilization of the will, the animation of ideation processes are being appointed. Mnestic damage in this period is represented by a decrease in the fixation of something superfluous, fuzzy ways of what is happening around, the prote in full obyazy obyatovuyutsya in the air of that experience. The characteristic change of the hour, the stretch of which is uplifted, so that the severity of the acute period in the sprynyatti is greater in the sprat of times. In case of folding reactions to fear, we are faced with greater manifestations of fluctuations in hyperdynamic or hypodynamic variants, described above. Movna production urivchasta, intermedium with wiguks, an hour may be athos. Tell me about your behavior with those who suffered during this period of non-differentiation, sumar.
A number of mental disorders are often seen as boredom, congestion, hastened the discharge, chill-like tremor, insomnia, and in female women - vykidni. Spriynyattya open space change, spotovoryuyuyutsya between objects, їх razmіri that form. Sometimes it seems to be “unreal”, and therefore it seems to take a long time for a decade after the day. Trivaly can be buti and kinesthetic illusions (seeing the earth, what hits, watering, swimming, etc.).
Lyudina, as she turned for professional social-pedagogical and psychological assistance in a crisis situation, she was in the state of emotional stress and check operational solutions. Socio-pedagogical work with people in the camp will be in crisis principles of short-line intensive psychotherapy(V. G. Romekta in.):
In practice, to help people in crisis situations, preventive measures are widely training programs for special learners people who are approaching some important situations during life. This program may include the following tasks:
The main technology of interaction with people in a crisis camp is formed from low last stages, the task of which is to accept a decrease in emotional tension, to establish trust between a social teacher and a client, in search of ways to overcome the crisis.
Persh krok- Besida. Cob rozmovi maє dvі meti:
The client is given the opportunity to speak, just as a social teacher listens, without interrupting, without interfering in front of the yogo movie and picking up all the primary information. Permissible more than neutral replicas, pidtakuvannya, which help the client to speak.
Another Croc- Installed vidnosin with the client. If the problem is associated with a crisis, it is clarified, it is formulated, a stage is begun, a metaphor of some kind - help the client in analyzing the problem.
Third Croc- the installation of that promotion of all healthy, positive, saving sides of the client's specialty, turning them on those that would increase his self-esteem and increase his self-esteem. At once, it is necessary to set up a number of friends and relatives of the client, as if the situation could help you. If you dare, you can reach the mobilization of all resources, as if the client himself could instantly let go of respect.
Quarter Croc- Viroblennya plan dіy, sryamovanogo on the bottom of a critical situation. The social educator helps the client to understand the variant of the solution of the problem, for which the client himself is suitable. The client's part in the creation of the plan imposes a new internal goiter on vikonati namіchene. Please, as it is sometimes laid down by social educators, psychologists at this stage, called to close the goiter. The social educator takes the position of "passive activity": three pauses (with the method of redirecting the activity to the client); if you propagate it, then the forms have ready-made solutions, there are no more hypotheses.
Final stage - Support and maximum praise of the client, the expression of faith in the new one, in the strength of the force, the impression of the intended.
Concrete help to help with that chi іnshmu type crizi richly why it is distinguished by its specificity. Stages of technology to help people who have suffered a loss, will be able to go through the stages of grief (V. G. Romek et al.):
In times of violent death, it is necessary to repeatedly discuss all the most important details, so as not to waste your fearful, traumatic character. Only the same person, like she has lost a loved one, can mourn for her. It is necessary to give the opportunity to cry, without swearing obov'yazkovo vtishat. Postupovo (closer to the end of the last period) next to get the mourner to regular activity.
3. Help at the stage of renewal. People, as if they suffered a loss, needing additional help to re-enter life, plan ahead. The task of this stage is to help those who have turned to a great life and restore their life senses. Experience integrating and getting involved in the motivation and energy for life decisions. Fahivets helps to name the goals, to be new plans. Together with the client, I will discuss the reach of the sleeping robot. Possibly, the client needs to be helped to master new behaviors, or to reinforce old ones, for example, to learn and improve acquaintances, change the way of life. It is important to realize that one should not hesitate to replace what has been spent: renewal does not mean forgetfulness. Shards of a person can repeatedly turn before experiencing a severe period, it is necessary to give the opportunity to speak again and again about the deceased. During this period, you can buti and be like a prohannya about help from the side of friends, relatives, who help you to spend money. Sometimes it’s effective to insinuate at the baiduzhost, not to reach relatives, to tell about obov’yazki.
In fact, the "robot of grief" is unlikely to be completed if it is completed. It is important to pay attention to the sequence of stages of social and pedagogical rehabilitation. You can’t try to instill badness in a person, if you are trying to get out at the peak of your feelings, otherwise you can pronounce a decision, for the adoption of such people you haven’t matured.
