All water reserves on Earth can be divided into rare (salt and fresh), solid (fresh) and
gas-like (fresh) water (Table 6.9). Zagalny water volume is about 1.5 billion km3. At this rate, 93.96% of the water is concentrated in the seas and oceans. A high level of salts (up to 35 mg/l) makes this water unsuitable for household needs and drinking water.
Fresh water is becoming less than 6% of all water resources on Earth. It has been estimated that the global reserve of fresh water is approximately 30.3 million km3. On the territory of the Soviet Socialist Republic there are approximately 69 thousand. km3 of fresh water. However, most of the world's reserves of fresh water are concentrated in the ice fields of Antarctica, Greenland, the Arctic and other permafrost zones, which make it inaccessible.
It is important that only 02-03% of all water on Earth can actually be recovered for nutritional purposes. Regardless of the world's apparently large reserves of fresh water, at the XXXV session of the UN General Assembly it was determined that over 1 billion people face a severe shortage of good water for drinking and domestic purposes.
The first reason for the shortage of water lies in the fact that the supply of water suitable for drinking water is distributed unevenly both on Earth and in other countries. So, for example, in most of the USSR, 80% of fresh water is concentrated in Skhidny Siberia, on Go far away This is the European Night, where only 30% of the region's population lives and the industry and rural dominion are less concentrated.
Water supply in the developed regions is steadily increasing and approaching the value of the entire fresh water resource. In Russia, this is especially noticeable in the modern European part, where the rising water has already displaced 2/3 of the entire river flow and has an unfavorable effect on the water balance of the Caspian Sea.
Another important reason for the shortage of fresh water is anthropogenic in nature. This is not an absolute change in the volume of water, but a decrease in its content as a result of contamination by microorganisms and chemical substances when entering the water of the Gospodar-fecal, industrial and agricultural wastewater. According to the UN, nearly 1 million new chemical compounds are currently being synthesized in the world, of which over 15 thousand. velmi toxic. Zagalom up to 80% of dry chemical compounds is gradually obtained from too much of a middlebrow, including the number of natural reservoirs. The world soon discharges approximately 420 km3 of wastewater, which could lead to the obstruction of up to 7000 km3 of natural waters. This is 1.5 times greater than the flow of the river of the huge Radyansky Union, which is 4700 km3.
Due to the shortening of fresh water reserves on Earth and the decreased content of natural waters, humanity faces the problem of “water famine.” This will require intensive research into new scientific solutions, aimed at ensuring the supply of good water to the population, industry and rural government.
To change the “water hunger”, you can see 2 main, closely interconnected directions of entry. First of all, it is important to ensure the conservation of natural waters and the effective purification of household wastewater before being discharged into waterways. However, an equally important problem is the fight against contamination of waste water with industrial wastewater. This galusa decided to study the creation and thorough methods of purifying wastewater from industrial facilities, including “recycled water supply”, etc. large-scale recycling of water to be purified for technological purposes. It is also possible to use “dry technologies” without requiring water and, therefore, not leading to water contamination.
Another direct way to combat “water hunger” is to rationally reclaim and increase natural water reserves. This is beneficial for saving drinking water for both household and industrial needs and a steady fight against waste.
the most valuable and expensive product, including economical methods.
Water security for the population can be improved by creating artificial water reservoirs to accumulate fresh water reserves. The availability of water resources is constantly changing and other important national supplies - energy, transport, industrial, agricultural, hygienic, aesthetic. Dozens of great reservoirs have been created on the Volza, Angara, Irtisha and other great rivers, which provide electricity. At the Bratsk reservoir on the Angara with a volume of 169.4 km 3, a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of approximately 4100 MW was generated.
The remaining fates are also developing methods for accumulating fresh water reserves in underground aquifers through surface runoff and flood water discharge. The surface of the earth through which surface water passes plays the role of a filter, which allows the liquid of surface water to be significantly transferred from its transformation underground. At the same time, in some regions of salinity, ground water is diluted with low-mineralized surface runoff filtered through the soil.
One of the hypothetical possibilities for extracting large quantities of fresh water is the melting of the permanent ice of the Arctic and the formation of icebergs. However, this creates low energy, economical, technical and environmentally friendly nutrition, which significantly reduces the level of the Light Ocean.
Why did the problem of “water famine” arise?
Since the dawn of humanity, the water on Earth has not changed. However, people's demand for water is growing sharply. Living with more clean water, people return to nature the polluted wastewater from industrial production, public utilities, and the agricultural complex. And there is less clean water on Earth.
Residents of Central Russia have had a lot of luck - they stink of drinking water from artesian wells. It's rich in minerals and tastes great. However, garna water is far from clear. People who are not connected to water supply systems are drinking water from the street aquifers. Thousands settlements take water from rivers and lakes. Most often, water undergoes purification at special stations.
Plenty of people have no respect for the acidity of distilled water. Vaughn reacts as if she’s sane. However, it has been realized that how rich a person is, it is more important for him to be placed before what he sings. It is also important to take a bottle of natural water home, buy mineral water, or install tight filters on your home taps.
Regardless of the fact that humanity lives in the middle of the great Kaluga, which consists of the river and oceans, fresh water reserves become less than 2.5-3% of the total volume of the country. Even today, the skin of the people who live on Earth is lost.
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In the other half of the 20th century, due to the importance of many analysts, there was an effort to control resources, the main rank in carbohydrates. It seems that the shadow has lost such an important storehouse of human life as fresh water. It would seem that there would be no special sense in fighting through it, the axis out there is turning on the crane and scraping. Unfortunately, not all peoples are allowed to experience this great good. And then, literally within ten years, violent outbreaks on a planetary scale could begin.
The Earth has plenty of water; more than two-thirds of the planet’s surface is covered by it. The final obligation is to set the figure to 1386 million cubic kilometers. The trouble is not in how much, but how. Fresh water reserves in the whole world are less than forty parts of the natural mass (approximately 35 million cubic km), all of which is used for drinking water and is used in various sectors of the economy (agricultural, industrial, household) not due to high water ist kitchen...
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> Fresh water on planet Earth
Date: 2016-04-07
How much fresh water is left on the planet?
Life on our planet originated from water itself, the human body is 75% made up of water, so the supply of fresh water on the planet is even more important. Adje water is a stimulant of our life.
Fresh water is considered to be water that contains no more than 0.1% salt. Moreover, it doesn’t matter in what form it is in: rare, solid or gas-like.
97.2% of the water that exists on planet earth goes to the salty oceans and seas. І less than 2.8% – this is fresh water. On the planet it is distributed as follows:
2.15% of water reserves are frozen in the mountains, icebergs and ice caps of Antarctica; 0.001% of water reserves are in the atmosphere; 0.65% of water reserves are located in rivers and lakes. Stars take people for their living.
Vzagali respects that there has been endless fresh water. Oskolki...
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Pitna water
Planet Earth is very rich in natural resources: naphtha, coal, natural gas, valuable metals. And for thousands of years people have been profiting from these gifts. Some of them are valued very highly, they become more expensive, they are valued with great care and respect, and they do not bother about the value of other things, but begin to value the more they spend.
The answer is simple – water, or more precisely, fresh, clean water. Everyone knows about the knowledge of small rivers, lakes, ponded water, but I don’t want to cry out for praise. Most people simply do not care about the value of water or respect it as a renewable resource. The truth of these pardons may be the mother of wrongful inheritances. Already, 1/3 of the entire population experiences a shortage of fresh water, and every year the problem becomes more global.
Who can wonder what is causing this problem, even if it is so much. True, on top of everything...
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The planet's fresh water reserves are changing. How can you threaten humanity?
The water reserves on our planet are great - in recent years, the hydrosphere has become close to the second billion cubic meters. And this is very important, because without sufficient water reserves, not only humanity, but also the entire flora and fauna could not survive. However, less than 3% of the total volume of water on Earth is fresh water. It uses approximately ninety million cubic meters. And over seventy hundred square meters of the earth's surface are covered with salty waters of the ocean of light, unsuitable for drinking.
What are the water reserves of planet Earth.
Fresh water is found near rivers and lakes. Most of the life we need from the countryside is stored in ice reservoirs, as well as at underground drainage basins, which have become natural roads. What is most valuable here is not the underground lakes, but simply the wet sand and gravel found in the great depths. Less than 0.3 hundred percent of all world reserves of fresh water are found in...
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Fresh water reserves on Earth may reach their end by 2033.
Scientists at the International Institute for Water Resources Management warned that fresh water could run out on Earth in as little as 25 years. This will happen through the growing population of the planet and an increase in the obligations of living in the homeland. Russia is not faced with this problem as much as the edges of Asia and Africa, but Russians may still be faced with the same difficulties.
The problem of shortage of nutritious water may become more serious on the Earth in the near future. This data was compiled by the International Water Management Institute.
According to experts, the crisis will be provoked by the growing population of the planet. According to UN forecasts, by 2030 it will increase from 6 to 8.5 billion. In order to ensure the safety of one person, according to the traditional diet for industrialized countries, 2.5–3 thousand are spent. liters of water. What kind of brilliance...
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The seas and oceans are filled with water. Enmity is developing that the Earth will have plenty of water. But, in fact, the amount of water available for recovery is far less than all the water on Earth.
Water is the basis of life on Earth. It occupies most of the planet, which is not surprising. Even life collapsed near the water, and then expanded onto land and wind. Both people and creatures are formed from water. People and all living beings of the dark planet need fresh water to survive. And it will become less than 3% of the Earth’s total water reserves. Reshta water, which is 97%, is salty and therefore unsuitable for drinking. Most of the fresh water supply is frozen in ice tanks. And this means that the amount of available fresh water is negligible compared to the total amount of water available throughout the Earth. That is why it is so important to rationally drain fresh water supplies.
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Fresh water becomes a little more than 2.5-3% of the Earth's natural water reserve. Most of the meat is frozen in the ice fields and snow cover of Antarctica and Greenland. Another part is the number of fresh water reservoirs: rivers and lakes. p align="justify"> A third of the fresh water reserves are stored in underground reservoirs, deep and close to the surface.
At the beginning of the new millennium, there was serious talk about the shortage of nutritious water in many parts of the world. Every inhabitant of the Earth is obliged to spend 20 to 50 liters of water on daily hygiene and for special hygiene. However, there are places in which drinking water does not provide the basis for life. Residents of Africa are aware of the worst water shortage.
According to UN data, in 2011 the world's population increased to 7 billion people. The number of people will reach 9.6 billion by 2050. The growing population is accompanied by the development of industry rural dominion.
Enterprises vicorize fresh water.
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How many hundreds of hundreds of water are there on earth?
Consider how many hundreds of waters there are on Earth, indicating that 70.8% of the surface of our planet is covered with water. And this is true, as they include both the surface area of the earth’s surface (about 510 million sq. km) and the area of the Light Ocean (360 million sq. km).
However, the Ocean of Light is not the entire hydrosphere of the Earth. 3.2% of the earth's surface is occupied by ice fields (16.3 million sq. km), 0.45% - lakes and rivers (2.3 million sq. km), 0.6% - swamps and very wetlands (3 million sq. km). If you think about it, you will see that 75% or three quarters of the Earth is under water.
However, in order to determine how much water there is on Earth, it is not enough to measure the area of the earth's water basin (even though people were able to earn a lot more in the 20th century). In order to understand the vital importance of the hydrosphere of our planet, it is necessary to know the depths of all waters, the thickness of ice reservoirs and the volume of groundwater.
Today...
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Reserves of natural resources in the world
That part of the Earth's nature, with which humanity interacts in life and activity, is called natural, or dowkills.
The material basis for the development of human marriage is the wealth of nature. All components of nature can be considered in detail at the stage of production in material production, both as natural intelligence and as natural resources.
Elements of nature that are directly exploited (or may be abused) by humans in their activities are called natural resources. Natural resources that can be completely exhausted are called non-extractable. The energy of the sun, wind, tides, rivers, nuclear energy is brought to them; natural resources that can be completely exhausted are called exhaustible. Secondary natural resources include fresh (biological, land and water) and non-durable (mineral) resources.
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Drinking water on Earth will run out earlier, lower naphtha
By the time the deposits of “black gold” are mined for another hundred years, nutritious water may run out much earlier – even before 2030. Such a dull new come back soon, sitting down for payment.
The problem does not lie in the supply of water resources - the modern Earth has colossal reserves at both poles. However, the ice water is deprived of the theoretical reserve that still needs to be learned from the future. Numerous regions of the world are experiencing an environmental and humanitarian catastrophe due to the lack of drinking water.
According to data for 2006, more than 42 thousand of the Earth's population have access to clean water. The coming fate is likely to shorten another two hundred years. In just a few seconds, one child dies due to ailments associated with the acidity and quantity of water. Such tributes were voiced by representatives...
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Resources are reaching the end: naphtha, products, water. At the end of the day, prices for naphtha showed a slight decrease after five days of growth. Timing is no less, prices will drop for about a maximum of the remaining 10 months due to increasing tensions around Iran’s nuclear program. It is becoming increasingly obvious that the world's financial system is insufficient due to the availability of energy resources. Also, due to the increasing population size, there is an increasing shortage of other resources that ensure human livelihoods: food and fresh water. The World Organization of Creditors (WOC) Intelligence Service conducted a study to determine how the world is deprived of natural resources and how their scarcity is affecting the global economy.
The 70s rock. In the last century, the needs of mankind began to outweigh the planet’s capacity to renew its resources. At a time, according to ecologists, the Earth needs 1.5 years to create something that humanity can live with...
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The topic of water (both pure drinking water and salty ocean water) is more relevant than ever. Industry is growing, and at the same time the supply of clean water is growing. How best to convey to people the fact that the Earth has lost very little water? If you were to marvel at something like a human being, you would see: rivers, lakes, seas, rivers and oceans. Well, what are the problems? Axis, water! There is still a lot of building left.
Ale nastrudі tse negarazd. From the connection between the water supply of all the water on Earth and the water supply of the entire planet, you can easily notice that there is very little water.
Before us is our home planet, but only from it all the water from dry rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, groundwater, ice reservoirs and all living things was evaporated (and in humans, on average, up to 35 liters of water). All the water that was evaporated was collected in one small bag, which was placed in a leveled area with the deserted Earth.
This illustration was already created by the US Geological Survey.
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If you think about the distribution of fresh and salt water on the planet, you will see that there is very little fresh water - less than three hundred times the total world water resources.
According to the figures, the global light consumption of water is close to a second million...
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It has become clear to us that on earth over 97.5% of all water reserves fall into the seas and oceans. This fact confirms the shortage of fresh water, which amounts to 2.5% of light reserves.
More than half of the unsalted water is found at the polar caps and Girsky ice fields in a “frozen” appearance. In addition, about 24% is found in groundwater. Analyzing this situation, it is possible to come to the conclusion that our planet is experiencing a serious shortage of fresh water.
As accessible and inexpensive, you can see lakes and rivers, which contain no more than 0.01% of the world's water reserves.
Since it is of particular importance for the life of living things, one can proudly say that biology is the valuable treasure of the Earth.
Water is in constant supply in Russia. After evaporation from the surface of water reservoirs, it accumulates in the atmosphere. At that moment, when the vapor concentration reaches its maximum, a transition to a rare or solid state occurs, and the reserves of lakes and rivers are replenished.
A large number of scientists on our planet are no longer unchanged; it’s easy to move from one unit to another.
Of the total amount of litter that falls, only 80% ends up in the ocean. What do you expect with 20 hundreds of rubles that you lost that fall on land? With her help, the people will replenish the water.
It turns out that the waters that are lost on land may be lost in lakes (rivers) or run off at the drainage point. In addition, it can seep into the soil and replenish the reserves of soil minerals.
The shortage of fresh water is due to the damaged connection between the soil and the resentment of soil, soil and shortcomings.
The problem of fresh water shortage is associated with geological and climatic factors. From a climatic point of view, the frequency and quantity of rainfall, as well as the ecological status of the region, are important. The litter that falls brings a number of inorganic particles: sawdust, volcanic sawdust, fungal spores, bacteria, various microorganisms.
The problem of fresh water shortage often arises from the presence of different salts in the ocean. Sea hair contains anions to chlorine, sulfate, potassium cation, calcium, and magnesium. They bring their “contribution” into the atmosphere and the industry. They have sulfur oxides and nitrogen, which are the main cause of “acid boards”. It is negative to infuse them with acid and chemicals, which will actively interfere with the agricultural state.
The structure of the river bed can be seen before them. Since it is formed by vapnyak rocks, the water is harsh and clear. While the base of the channel is granite, the water is soft. The turbidity of it gives importance to parts of the inorganic and organic movement.
The rise in fresh water shortage - serious problem, which deserves to be seen in the vicinity and view. For example, often the supply can be based on the amount of groundwater. The stench settles as a result of melt water seeping into the ground. Vaughn is destroying organic speeches Soil soil is infested with molecular sourness. Clay, sand, and sand balls are the most susceptible to rotting. Organic compounds are filtered and the water is infused with microelements and inorganic salts.
A number of factors are poured into the soil cores:
The reasons for the shortage of fresh water can be explained by the fact that ground waters contain magnesium, calcium, saliva, sodium, as well as an insignificant amount of manganese cations. Stinks are created by salts containing hydrocarbonates, carbonates, chlorides, and sulfates.
“Old” soil dzherelas have a high concentration of salts, so you can feel the salty taste in them. The shortage of fresh water on the planet is affecting the technology for purifying soil reservoirs. The harvest of high-yield vologa grows in clay vapnyak balls, alce the road is unhappy.
Why do people worry about the shortage of fresh water? The reason is that this country is rightfully called the basis of life on Earth. By itself, it has no living value, but without it the existence of living organisms is impossible.
In algae there is up to 90% water, and in the organisms of adult humans it is about 65%. In the following organs there is a significant increase in:
Due to the fact that there is a problem of shortage of fresh water, it is significant that it is an important source of pollution for many chemical substances. It can be considered as the medium in which the processes of life operate.
It helps with the breathing process and helps regulate body temperature. It itself effectively delivers acid and living components to various cells in the human body, protects important vital organs, and removes waste from the body.
For the revitalization of a living organism, it is important to drink liquid and liquid instead of water. When changing the quantity and salt storage, the processes of digestion and hematopoiesis are seriously disrupted. Without fresh water, there is no regulation of heat exchange with the excess fluid.
People seriously suffer from a lack of fresh water; they can spend more than a few days without it. A change in the amount of water in the body by 10-20% is a serious threat to life.
The shortage of fresh water leads to the need to reduce technical needs. The result may be a reduction in infectious diseases, so it is important to develop new methods of desalination of sea water.
Depending on the intensity of work, external factors, and cultural traditions, people live on two to four liters of water. According to the World Health Organization, no more than 5% of drinking water can be considered acceptable for human consumption.
Fresh water reserves on the planet can be considered as a single resource. In order to ensure the development of light reserves at the end of the day, a clear decision is required global problems. The shortage of fresh water is especially relevant for regions where there are no abundant and stable supplies of fresh water. At the stinging station there are surface and underground vents.
The main problems that negatively influence water on the fish (lakes and rivers) are associated with the following factors:
This will result in a disruption of the natural balance of the aquatic ecosystem, posing a threat to freshwater living resources, resulting in a shortage of fresh water on earth.
The presence of pesticides in water and rowing, the creation of water-bearing spores, irrigation projects.
Negative impacts on ecosystems include erosion, deforestation, pollution, and desertion of land. Such problems arise due to the unreasonable enormity of the seriousness of the wrong approach to water resources. The government's activity of people, organized to the detriment of nature, creates a shortage of fresh water: problems and ways of growing - urgent nutrition, as humanity has dared to reconsider its focus on aquatic ecosystems.
We need self-discipline first preventive visits, in order to eliminate expensive costs for the purification, renewal, and development of fresh water resources.
Water that comes from the Sverdlova, municipal water supply, must first be purified so that it meets hygienic standards.
One of the ways to extract fresh water is to freeze sea water. This method itself is used to study these regions, where there is a serious shortage of fresh water. What are the main disadvantages of this technology? Freezing occurs due to lower temperatures, which transfers energy costs. In connection with increased prices for energy supplies, this method of extracting fresh water is difficult to consider economical and rational.
In order to overcome the problem of shortage of fresh water, it is increasingly necessary to carry out comprehensive wastewater treatment and comprehensive purification systems. The acidity of water can only be assessed based on the evidence of the results of bacteriological and chemical analysis.
What are the main problems with water that residents are concerned about? It may have some minor mechanical parts, soil, and coloids present. The stench not only causes sewer and water pipes to become clogged, but also has a negative impact on healthy people and provokes untreated infectious illnesses.
Unacceptable taste, color, smell - all these are called organoleptic characteristics that can be associated with the acidity of drinking water. Such problems can be caused by organic pollutants, strong water, and excess chlorine.
To improve the quality of drinking fresh water, it is important to evaluate its bacteriological contamination. The reason for such processes is various bacteria or microbes. Some of it can endanger the health of people, and regardless of the presence of such nutritious water, it cannot be consumed.
It is often the case that the latest bacteria in the process of their life create organic products. When they interact with chlorine and bromine, they produce carcinogenic and toxic compounds.
Among these officials, what leads to a shortage of fresh water can be called water pollution. They are concerned with the decline in their economic importance and biospheric functions, which is due to the entry of unprofitable speeches. For example, electric stations and industrial plants discharge heated water from rivers and lakes. This process is accompanied by changes in water temperature, changes in acidity, increased toxicity of the water, and damage to the biological fluid.
In many regions, the main source of fresh water is groundwater, which was previously considered clean. As a result of the ruler's activity, people have a lot of similar problems. Unfortunately, the stage of their obstruction is often so high that underground water appears inappropriate for pitty.
For various needs, humanity lives great quantity fresh water. The main farmers are the rural state and industrial plants. Among the water-bearing galuzes one can see the steelmaking, hygrochemical, chemical, pulp-paper, and petrochemical industries. More than half of all water is used for industrial purposes. If clear water purification systems are not maintained in order to allow fresh water to become heavily stagnant, then in a couple of years the shortage of fresh water will become a large-scale catastrophe.
Ecologists and chemists are conducting serious scientific research aimed at finding optimal methods for desalination of sea water. It's time to get stuck now Innovative methods purification of drinking water, which allows you to reduce costs.
In addition, special respect is given to the establishment of full-scale purification systems in industrial enterprises. Only with an integrated approach to all nutrition, the desalination and purification of sea water can be used to reduce the shortage of fresh water.
In the case of small military service members and small groups of their own units (reconnaissance officers, paratroopers, pilots in case of accidents) there may be no demand for water from unfastened water supplies. In this case, the stench of the mother is to blame for the accumulation of acidity in the water, to which such consequences are presented. The stench is due to the fact that it is portable, cheap and simple in a vikoristan, universal and quick for the effect of the action, so there is sufficient stability while saving and not changing the power of water. It is necessary to note that the drugs that are present in the supplied water can be produced without uncontaminated water, or more precisely, in the absence of vegetative forms of microorganisms.
As a means of non-contamination of individual water supplies, acids (hydrochloric, citric, tartaric, acid), salts (NaHSO 4, AqNO 3), oxidizing agents (water peroxide, potassium permanganate, ozone, chlorine, bromine, iodine) and metals (sour ) .
From the overinsurance schemes, the most effective and efficient ones appeared chlorine preparations, which takes place among other methods of non-contamination of small quantities of water.
The BBB sold sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) tablets containing 3 mg of active chlorine. However, due to instability, while preserving the stench, they are replaced with chloramine compounds. From them the greatest expansion of the influx pantocide . This drug has great stability: it can be used without losing the activity of many ingredients.
Pigulki panthocide mix 3 mg of active chlorine and include parasulfodichloramide benzoic acid, soda and kitchen salt. One tablet is packaged in a non-contaminated flask (750 ml) per wash contact for 30-40 minutes. Before the pantocid is finished, you should add the maximum strength of the tablet (20-25 minutes), as well as add some water to the taste.
The rest can be taken with added sodium thiosulfate in the form of tablets that are used to administer to soldiers, along with pantocidum. The presence of dechlorinating properties allows you to add a handful of tablets to the flask to carry out hyperchlorination of the water. This allows you to significantly increase the reliability of non-infection, which is especially important when the enemy is infected with a bacteriological infection.
In the rest of the fates this title was assigned pathocide bisulfate and iodine tablets(Maksimenko S.S. and Gubar M.A.)
Pantocid-bisulfate tablets are composed of pantocid sulfate (Na 2 SO 4) and sodium hydrosulfate (Na 2 HSO 4). Instead of active chlorine, 3.2 mg. The stench is persistent when stored, dissolves well in water, quickly releases active chlorine (10-15 minutes), and has a more pronounced bactericidal effect, lower than the original pantocid tablets. Add a splash of organoleptic power of water (sour taste) and increase the sulfates in them until a few traces of them are left. To reduce the sour taste, the authors recommended adding a soda tablet to the water before drinking, which would reduce their vigor.
Iodine tablets Mix organic compounds with iodine (triglycin hydroperiodite or diglycin hydroiodide), molecular iodine and other compounds (glycocol, alcohol, citric acid or sodium pyrophosphoric acid). The strength of active iodine in the skin tablet becomes 3 mg. Its advantages are: high bactericidal properties, cysticidity, stability while saving and a slight contribution to the organoleptic power of water. According to the above-mentioned authors, as well as American researchers (Fair, Kreyer, etc.), iodine tablets are the most effective way to treat small water supplies. It is important to note that there is a shortage of drugs that go into production.
In order to prevent contamination of individual water supplies, preparations based on trichloroisocyanuric acid, zocrema type " Aquasept ", which is a tableted mixture of monosodium salts of dichloroisocyanuric acid with various technological additives. The tablet is dispensed with a length of 5-10 minutes and contains 4 mg of active chlorine, which with a volume of 750 (1 flask) will ensure the non-contamination of water for washing contact with a length of 15 times.
Neoaquasept (analogous to English " Puritabsa") – a mixture of sodium trichlorosocyanuric acid, acidic acid, adipic acid, sodium hydrogencarbonate and calcium stearate. One tablet contains 10-15 mg of active chlorine.
In Denmark it was split up portable property, based on the oxidative-sorption principle of water purification (“Tourist-2M” and “Dzhereltse”). " Tourist-2M » - A device for the non-contamination of individual and individual-group water supplies in the form of a polyethylene bag with a capacity of 3 liters with built-in filter elements. Water that is not contaminated is collected in a bag, into which 1 ml of 5% iodine is added, and after 10-15 minutes. contact is filtered to clean capacity. One bag of insurance for the treatment of 50 liters of water.
Water purifier "Dzherelo » apply to reagent-free water treatment methods. It is a plastic tube filled with a sorbent, ion exchange resin and disinfectant, which easily removes free iodine. Purified and uncontaminated water is obtained in the process of blowing through the mouth with a tube. One tube is designed to purify up to 20 liters of water, if it increases, the passage of polluted water through the filter charge is kept away from its vicinity.
To prevent contamination of individual water supplies, tablets may be used for stagnation handy supplies from a first aid kit or an individual chemical package:5% iodine tincture, 3% water peroxide, potassium permanganate ta in. The infusion of iodine and water peroxide is added at a dose of 10-20 mg/l of active substance.
6. VIMOG THE WATER IS SO YARD IN THE MINDS OF THE FIELD.
From a hygienic point of view under the water understand the totality of powers that are primarily concerned with satisfying the physiological and government-domestic needs of people.
Good water It is necessary to be transparent, barbaric, not to remove third-party additives and reserves, not to remove pathogenic microorganisms and chemical substances that are harmful to health at maximum permissible concentrations.
In the minds of the field The water is of such a viscosity that staying in it for hours, which represents a real combat situation, does not result in a decrease in the military service personnel’s strength.
The supply of water for the government's nutritional and sanitary needs is blocked due to untested water supplies.
In accordance with the regulations, a new approach has been established vymogi up to the bitterness of the water.
1. The quality of drinking water supplied by centralized drinking water supply systems is regulated by GOST 2874-82 “Drinking water. "Hygiene benefits and control over the food."
2. The availability of drinking water from local water supplies is regulated by Sanitary Rules and Norms (SanPiN 2.1.4.544-96 “The availability of drinking water from non-centralized water supplies. Sanitary protection of water supplies”). “The sanitary rules for the proper management and maintenance of wells and drains that are used for decentralized water supply”, as well as the Posіbnik for field water supply.
The acidity of the water in the mine wells and dzherelakh, which is used for vicorization, for the government's nutritional needs, is responsible for the following consequences:
3. In order to ensure the quality of water, centralized gospodarsko-pit water supply is regulated by GOST 2761-84 r. “Dzherela centralized gospodarsko-pit water supply. Hygiene, technical benefits and selection rules.”
The acidity of the government's drinking water supply, which is obtained, purified and disinfected with military parts independently with the help of personnel duties, may be consistent with the onset of illnesses (Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 39 dated 28.01.9 6 rubles):
Methods of non-contamination of water in field drains are responsible for ensuring the safety of water according to the main criteria:
I. Water safety in epidemiological conditions- extreme reduction of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins.
Sanitary and bacteriological displays:
ІІ. Unavailability of water behind the chemical warehouse.
Sanitary norms of the maximum permissible limits for leaky rivers in the water bodies of state-owned drinking water bodies comply with SanPiN 2. 1. 4. 544-96.
The overload of explosives near the water is not guilty of overshooting (order of the Intercessor of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan NT ZS No. 020-86):
V-gases – 0.005 mg/l, soman – 0.05 mg/l, sarin – 0.1 mg/l, mustard gas – 2.0 mg/ Excess amount of RV: minimum limit permissible concentration, which is more than 3 x 10 - 11 Ki/l, calculated for thorium-232, and the maximum - for technical-96, up to 10 -5 Ki/l. GDK decides 241 isotopes vary between these values.
ІІІ. Water is guilty of mother's friendly organoleptic power Prote for the military minds of the war, the infusion of water is allowed, which contains salts - up to 1000 mg / l, which has a color content of up to 40 0, clarity up to 30 cm, smell and smell - up to 3 points. It is allowed to add water from excess chlorine up to 2 mg/l and for one-time use – up to 10 mg/l.
Fresh water becomes a little more than 2.5-3% of the Earth's natural water reserve. Most of the meat is frozen in the ice fields and snow cover of Antarctica and Greenland. Another part is the number of fresh water reservoirs: rivers and lakes. p align="justify"> A third of the fresh water reserves are stored in underground reservoirs, deep and close to the surface.
At the beginning of the new millennium, there was serious talk about the shortage of nutritious water in many parts of the world. Every inhabitant of the Earth is obliged to spend 20 minutes on his skin and special hygiene before drinking water. However, there are places in which drinking water does not provide the basis for life. Residents of Africa are aware of the worst water shortage.
According to UN data, in 2011 the world's population increased to 7 billion people. The number of people will reach 9.6 billion by 2050. The growing population is accompanied by the development of industry and rural dominion.
Enterprises use fresh water for all industrial needs, whereby they turn to nature water that is often no longer suitable for drinking. It drains into rivers and lakes. The growth of this pollution will continue to become critical for the ecology of the planet.
The development of rural rule in the countries of Asia, India and China drained the largest rivers of these regions. The development of new lands leads to shallowing of water and encourages people to open up underground wells and deep-water reservoirs.
Most of the natural fresh water is replenished with natural sludge. Vologa is drained into rivers and lakes by atmospheric precipitation, some of which are located near underground reservoirs. Deep water horizons are being brought up to faulty reserves.
The barbarian source of clean fresh water supplies the rivers and lakes of the future. The boards do not stand up to water and become shallow, and the water is often wasted away.
Part of the water that is vikorized goes under the ground through a stream in the city's water supply lines. When turning on the tap in the kitchen or in the shower, people rarely think about how much water is lost. The idea of saving resources has now become relevant for most of the world's inhabitants.
The extraction of water from deep boreholes can be a great blessing, saving future generations of the main reserves of fresh natural water, and unduly destroying the ecology of the planet.
The results are now increasingly important in conserving water resources by increasing control over the processing of waste and desalinated sea salt water. As soon as humanity begins to think and constantly sets in, our planet will once again be deprived of a wonderful resource for all types of life that can be found on it.
