Uninterrupted technical progress, the forced nature of human beings, which trivay, industrialization, as it has changed the surface of the Earth to the point of unrecognized, have become the causes of the global environmental crisis. In this hour, the inhabitants of the planet are especially acutely confronted with such problems of dovokіllya as a clouded atmosphere, a collapse of the ozone layer, acidic deposits, a greenhouse effect, a fermentation of the soil, a fermentation of the waters of the light ocean, and overpopulation.
Today, an average statistical person inhales close to 20,000 liters a day, in order to avenge, around the life of an important sour, a whole lot of shkidlivih hung particles and gases. Atmospheric contaminants are mentally divided into 2 types: natural and anthropogenic. The rest prevail.
You can't do better with the chemical industry. The backwaters produce such shkidli speech, like saws, fuel oil ash, various chemicals, nitric oxide and richly other. Wimіri again showed a catastrophic setting of the atmospheric balloon, the confusion of the wind became the cause of many chronic illnesses.
Atmospheric pollution is an environmental problem, not a bit familiar to the baggers of all the soil. Particularly cordially її respect the representatives of the city, in which there are enterprises of black and color metallurgy, energy, chemical, naphthochemical, budіvelno and cellulose-paper industries. In some places, the atmosphere is also strongly disturbed by vehicles and boiler houses. Use all anthropogenic pollution.
What's up with natural dzherel chemical elements When the atmosphere is clouded, forest fires, volcanic upheavals, wind erosions (development of soil and particles of mountainous rocks), widening of the saw blade, evaporation of organic succulents and natural radiation can be seen before them.
Atmospheric effects
Atmospheric zabrudnennya poіtrya is negatively signified on healthy people, hosting the development of heart and lung diseases (zocrema, bronchitis). In addition, such diluted atmospheres like ozone, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide destroy natural ecosystems, reducing growth and calling for the death of living things (zokrema, rich ribeye).
The global environmental problem of atmospheric pollution, after the words of those representatives of the government, can be overcome with such paths:
The ozone ball is a thin conduit of the stratosphere, which protects all the life of the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet changes of the Sun.
Causes of environmental problems
Back in the 1970s. environmentalists have shown that the ozone layer is collapsing under the influx of chlorofluorocarbons. Tsі khіmіchnі chovina go to the warehouse of cooling radiators refrigerators and air conditioners, as well as retailers, aerosols / sprays and fire extinguishers. In a smaller world, the ozone balloon is thinned and other anthropogenic infusions are launched: the launch of space rockets, the use of jet launchers in high atmospheric balls, the testing of nuclear blasts, the rapid growth of the planet's forests. There is also a theory, zgіdno z kakoyu, thinning of the ozone ball will lead to global warming.
Effects of the collapse of the ozone balloon
As a result of the destruction of the ozone ball, the ultraviolet wave can easily pass through the atmosphere and reach the surface of the earth. The influx of direct UV-changes is detrimental to the health of people, weakening the immune system and making it sick like skin cancer and cataracts.
Similar to the glassy walls of a greenhouse, carbon dioxide, methane, nitric oxide and water vapor allow the sun to heat up our planet and at once transfer the infrared energy to space, which rises into the surface of the earth. All gases are at a reasonable temperature for living on earth. However, the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere is the only environmental problem that is called global warming (or the greenhouse effect).
Causes of global warming
During the 20th century, the average temperature of the earth increased by 0.5 - 1 °C. The main cause of global warming is the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the increase in the amount of hot water that people use (vogillya, naphtha and those are bad). Prote for the application Oleksia Kokorina, climate programs Light fund of wild nature(WWF) Russia, “The largest number of greenhouse gases are produced as a result of the operation of power plants and the extraction of methane during the production of energy resources and the delivery of energy resources, at the same time as road transport, or the scalding of associated naphtha gas from tarboils, they are responsible for a small amount of energy in the middle”.
The other causes of global warming are the overpopulation of the planet, the shrinkage of forest areas, the depletion of the ozone layer and the pollution. Prote chi all ecologists believe that the increase in average temperatures is entirely on anthropogenic activity. Deyakі vvazhayut, scho global warming spriyaє and natural increase in the number of oceanic plankton, scho lead to increase the concentration of the same carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Effects of the greenhouse effect
How will the temperature during the 21st century increase by 1? C - 3.5? C, as they predict the future, the consequences will be more cumulative:
Virishennya environmental problem
To improve the process of global warming, in the words of environmentalists, come in like this:
Acid wood, which avenges the products of scorching fire, also becomes unsafe for dovkіllya, healthy people and navit for the integrity of the monuments of architecture.
Acid wood effects
The release of sulfuric and nitric acids, which roam in the fermented litter and fog, with the help of aluminum and cobalt, ferment the soil and water basins, harmfully pour into the tallness, calling out the dry tops of leafy trees and coniferous conifers. Through acidic wood, the yield of agricultural cultures falls, people drink water rich in toxic metals (mercury, cadmium, lead), marmur notes of architecture are transformed into gypsum and rose.
Virishennya environmental problem
In order to respect the nature of architecture and acidic wood, it is necessary to minimize the amount of sulfur oxides and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
For a short while, people are making 85 billion tons of inputs. Among them are firm and rare inputs of industrial processes and transport, agricultural inputs (including otrutochemicals), but also smittya and atmospheric fluctuations of shkidlivih speeches.
The main role of soil contamination is played by such components of technogenic inputs as important metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, mish'yak, thallium, bismuth, tin, vanadium, antimony), pesticides and petroleum products. From the soil, the stench penetrates the water from the roslin, to wind the neck. According to the language, toxic metals are ingested into the body of a person and do not always appear quickly and regularly. Part of the power may be accumulated by stretching long fates, provoking the development of important illnesses.
Contamination of the light ocean, subterranean and surface waters of the land is a global environmental problem, which makes it possible for people to lie in full and in full.
Causes of environmental problems
The main contributors to the hydrosphere today are naphtha and oil products. At the waters of the light ocean, speech penetrates as a result of the catastrophe of tankers and regular skids of sewage waters by industrial undertakings.
The cream of anthropogenic petroleum products, industrial and butyl objects pollute the hydrosphere with important metals and foldable organic shells. Leaders in the destruction of the waters of the light ocean mineral cavities and biogenic elements are recognized silsk state that kharcheva promislovist.
Do not mention the hydrosphere and such a global environmental problem as a radioactive contamination. The reason for this molding was the burial of radioactive sources near the waters of the Light Ocean. A lot of powers, which may have unleashed the atomic industry and the atomic fleet, from 49 to 70 years of the XX century, purposefully folded into the seas and oceans and shkidlivy radioactive speech. At the burial sites of radioactive containers, the level of cesium often goes off scale this year. Ale "underwater polygons" is not the only radioactive dzherelo zabrudnennya hydrosphere. The waters of the seas and oceans are enriched with radiation and in the wake of underwater and surface nuclear waves.
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The problem of atmospheric pollution is one of the most serious global problems, with which the people of Nebezpeka have become entangled in the atmosphere - in those who are more likely to use sloppy speeches, they are harmful to living organisms, and in the change of the Earth's climate, which are called entangled.
To illustrate such a statement does not mean everyday difficulties. The All-World Organization for the Protection of Health brought data on this topic for 2014. Nearly 3.7 million people died through the windfall around the world. Mayzhe 7 million people died in the wake of the fermented wind. І tse per rik.
Povіtrya was zabrudnennya in the mustache. Volcanic eruptions, after forests and peat, drank and sawed roselin, and else wasted into the atmosphere of speeches, which sound like no power. natural warehouse, But the results of natural causes were seen - the first type of wandering around is natural. The other one is due to the fidelity of a person, that is a piece of anthropogenic.
Also, a large part of the physical, chemical elements are found during the scalding of carbohydrate fuel and during the robotic engines of transport facilities. In case of recurrence of fluctuating speeches, various negative phenomena occur, such as the greenhouse effect, the collapse of the ozone layer, and acidic deposits.
The main shkіdlі speech:
Oxide carbonaceous abo "chadny gas". Chemical formula CO. Tse gas without color and smell. It appears after an inconsistent combustion of coal, gas, oil and other types of fire for the minds of insufficiency of sourness and low temperature. In vzaєmodіє z evident in the blood of a person hemoglobin and blocking the flow to her sourness. Previously, yoga was seen in 1776 by the roci liar Jacques de Lasson.
Carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide gas. Chemical formula of CO2. Gas without color, but with a sour smell and relish. Z'yavlyaєtsya after a complete oxidation of the carbon. Wine is one of the greenhouse gases.
Dioxide of sulfur or sulfur anhydride. Chemical formula of SO2. Barless gas. The smell is sharp. It appears during the burning of such types of fire, as if to avenge the sirk and during the processing of sulfur-free ores. One of the types of gas that forms acid wood. In the organism of a person, on the back of the head, there is a waste of savory tastes, then the breath becomes more difficult, the leg is swollen and that tooth is breathless.
Nitrogen oxides and dioxygens, ozone, carbohydrates, lead, drank promiscuity, etc.
Also, there are more harmful factors of anthropogenic nature:
Testing of nuclear weapons.
The work of thermal power plants.
Wikidi otruynykh gazіv іz pіdpriєmstv.
Boiler work.
Arranging the memory of that entrance on the halls.
Wait, scho blame people.
Exhaust gases and transport facilities.
Poloty reactive lethal devices.
Є different ways virishennya tsієї problems. Wow like this:
clay method. Vіn transferring the installation of filters from vapnyak, activated carbon, ammonia. All tsі spoluki mаyutnіst poglanyati shkіdlі gas. This method is considered to be one of the most extensive, at the link with yoga simplicity and high purity of purification. Not a lot of clay (absorptive) method are those that have installations that filter, wash large dimensions and take up a lot of space. Folding is also connected with the need for periodic replacement of the cleaning room.
oxide method. This way of transferring "vipally" shkidlivyh houses. However, at the same time, carbon dioxide gas is seen.
catalytic method. Vin allows you to pass toxic gases and vapors through solid catalysts, which will help to speed up your breath. This way to achieve effective, prote will require significant financial and energy investments.
Mechanical method. Yogo zastosovuyut sogodnі dosit rarely. The mechanical method of transferring jet gases directly from a special turbine. Gvinti, who are present there, create whirlwinds, for which the process of picking up toxic pollutants is carried out. Warto say that this method will require great energy expenditures. The filtering process is also complicated by the need for continuous maintenance of installations. With this, the effectiveness of purification is small.
Electric fire method. This way is respected by the latest and most effective of the day. The gas is straight into the vessel, and then passed through an electrified half-light. However, this method is short. Implementing yoga is practical to do it smoothly.
Ninі vchenі proponuvat poddnuvati osnovnі way vyvіshennya problem zabrudnennya atmosphere. So, for example, filtration installations different types. Filters are installed in some of them, and special lead-free additives and catalytic converters are installed in others. At the result of gas, a sprat of purification is to pass. Looking at the main ways of the brooding atmosphere, one cannot but say about the new developments in the gallery of the car. As you can see, transport is brought in by one of the main post-employees in the trash speeches at the door. Today, new models are being released, which are equipped with ventilation filter systems. At the bottom of the country public transport works exclusively on electricity and bio-fire.
Also, this problem can be overcome, but the implementation of these methods is not enough. This problem can be overcome with lesser silliness. All countries, implementing the methods of cleaning up the wind, reducing the number of speeches, can save the lives of people from death.
List of literature:
Zhukov V.I., Gorbunova L.M."Assessment of the flow of the transport and road complex in the middle of the city." 2016
Lisov P.K., Akif'ev A.P., Dobrotina N.A. " Biology with the basics of ecology Assistant for VNZ "2015r.
Maglish S.S., Karevsky A.Y. " biology » 2015
Pihiv " Biology with the basics of ecology, 2013.
Ponomarova I. N., Kornilova O. A., Simonova L. St; for red. Ponomarova I. N.. - M.: Ventana-Count. " Biology» 2014
Sukhorukova L.M. " Biology» 2017.
"Spoilage is an environmental problem". This phrase does not reflect in any way the nasledkiv, as it carried in itself the destruction of the natural warehouse and the balance in the sum of gases, called repetition.
To illustrate such a statement does not mean everyday difficulties. The All-World Organization for the Protection of Health brought data on this topic for 2014. Nearly 3.7 million people died through the windfall around the world. Mayzhe 7 million people died in the wake of the fermented wind. І tse per rik.
98-99% nitrogen and sour, reshta: argon, carbon dioxide, water and water will enter the warehouse again. The atmosphere of the Earth is being formed from a new point. The main component, yak bachimo, kissen. Vіn is a necessary foundation of all living things. Let the cells "breathe" so that when yoga enters the cell, the body is chemical reaction Oxidation, after all, as you see, the energy is necessary for growth, development, reproduction, exchange with other organisms, just for life.
The atmosphere is clouded with confusion as if it were introduced into the world of not powerful chemical, biological and physical speeches, to change their natural concentration. But it’s not important to change the concentration, but without a doubt, it’s noted, but the change in the warehouse is the most important component for life - sour. Adzhe obsyag sumishi do not grow up. Shkidlivy that zabrudnyuyuchi speeches do not give up to simple additional obligations, but to become poor and take up space. In fact, we blame and continue to accumulate a lack of food for clitin, so that the basic life of living life.
Nearly 24,000 people are dying of starvation for food, then about 8 million for rivers, which can be equal to the number of deaths due to wandering around.
Povіtrya was zabrudnennya in the mustache. The eruptions of volcanoes, after forests and peat, saws and saws, grew and, moreover, were swallowed up in the atmosphere of speeches, which did not sound like a natural warehouse, but ale came as a result of natural causes - the first type of wandering is natural. The other one is due to the fidelity of a person, that is a piece of anthropogenic.
Anthropogenen is scrapped, his chergo, can be a shade on PIVIDI: Transport Vnaslіdok Roboti Riznikh Vidizh, Vobronichi, Tobto, Vikisov in the atmosphere of the river, Scho to dwell at the Vobrovichu Proktovy Vynikliki Zhittniye -nikiliki.
The very confusion can be physical, chemical and biological.
The first is a mechanical saw. Appears at technological processes for details of speeches and materials.
The other one is out. The stench is cured by the condensation of cooled gas vapors and is passed through the technological control.
The third is flying ash. Vіn mіstitsya in the flue gas near the starry camp and is an unburned mineral house paliva.
The quarter is industrial soot and hard, highly dispersed coal. Vіn utvoryuєtsya in case of uneven burning in carbohydrates or їhnomu thermal distribution.
Basically, on this day, such zabrudneniya zherelami є thermal power plants, which work on solid fire and vugilli.
The main consequences of atmospheric pollution are: greenhouse effect, ozone dirks, acid rain and smog.
Greenhouse effect of urges on the ability of the Earth's atmosphere to miss short whils and keep long distances. Short winds - tse sleepy radiation, and long - tse heat recovery from the Earth. Tobto the ball is settled, in which case the accumulation of heat is like a greenhouse. Gazi, buildings of such an effect are called, obviously, greenhouse. These gases heat up themselves and heat the whole atmosphere. The whole process is natural and natural. Vіn vіdbuvavsya i vіdbuvaєtsya ninі. Without it, we would not be able to live on the planet. Yogo cob pov'yazanі z diyalnistyu people. And yet, earlier, nature itself regulated this process, but at the same time, the people were intensively intervening.
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas. Part of the greenhouse effect is over 60%. The others are preceded by chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone, just a little more than 40%. The very beginning of such a great part of carbonic acid gas, natural self-regulation was possible. Scatters of carbon dioxide gas were seen in breathing by living organisms, stilts and saplings of the growth, vibrating the sour. This concentration of yoga was saved in the atmosphere. Promislova and other activities of the people, and, nasampered, virubuvannya lіsіv and scorching of natural fire, have led to an increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases for a decrease in the amount of oxygen and concentration. The result was more heating of the atmosphere - an increase in the temperature of the air. Forecast so that the increase in temperature will lead to the deep melting of the ice and ice builders and the advance of the ocean of the Light. From one side, and from the other side - zbіshitis, for the rakhunok more high temperature, evaporation of water from the surface of the earth. Otzhe, zbіlshennya desolate lands.
Ozone dirki chi damage to the ozone ball. Ozone is one of the forms of sourness and dissolves in the atmosphere in a natural way. Tse with the use of ultraviolet vibrating the sun on the acid molecule. Therefore, the maximum concentration of ozone in the upper spheres of the atmosphere at an altitude of about 22 km. view of the Earth. The height of the vines expands for about 5 km. this ball is vvazhaetsya zahisnim, to that sho zatrimu tse same viprominyuvannya. Without such a zakhist, all the life of the Earth perished. We are afraid of a change in the concentration of ozone in the cold sphere. Why do you need dossi, it has not been reliably established. In 1985, rock was revealed above Antarctica. From that hour the apparition took away the name " ozone dirka". The same was signed at the Vidnia Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Ball.
Promises for the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere, which are connected with atmospheric water, nitric acid she calls out "acid" boards. Such vvazhayutsya be-yakі fall off, the acidity of such things for the natural, that ph<5,6. Это явление присуще всем промышленным регионам в мире. Главное их отрицательное воздействие приходится на листья растений. Кислотность нарушает их восковой защитный слой, и они становятся уязвимы для вредителей, болезней, засух и загрязнений.
Falling soil, acids, like in their water, enter into a reaction with toxic metals, which are near the earth. Such yak: lead, cadmium, aluminum and others. Investigate and seperate their penetration into living organisms and underground water.
In addition, acid boards protect against corrosion and at the same time work on the construction of life, and other constructions made of metal.
Zmіg - a picture of the great industrial places. Blame it there, because in the lower balls of the troposphere there accumulates a large number of straying speeches of anthropogenic influence and speeches, taking away their mutual interactions from sony energy. Zmіg settles down and lives long in the places of windless weather. Іsnuє: vology, screaming and photochemical zmіg.
With the first vibrations of nuclear bombs at the Japanese sites of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, people discovered another, possibly the most safest type of atmospheric pollution - radioactive.
Nature can build up to self-purification, but the activity of a person is important for everyone.
Students, graduate students, young adults, like victorious base of knowledge in their trained robots, will be your best friend.
Placed on http://www.allbest.ru/
Federal Agency for Education
Sovereign Lighting Mortgage
higher professional education
"Ural State Pedagogical University"
Ecological problems of atmospheric pollution. The specifics of the affected medium. transfer process. Primary and secondary effects
Faculty "Safety of Life"
Kerivnik: Mikshevich N.V.
Wickonaw: Student
4 course
BJ group - 41z
Nikiforov D.A.
Yekaterinburg 2016
Entry
2. Atmospheric confusion
Visnovok
Entry
The problems of ecology, connected with the state activity of people, do not waste their relevance in our day.
It will be unfavorable to become dovkіllya on a global scale. In the atmosphere, the concentration of carbon dioxide is increasing, the ozone ball of the Earth is collapsing, acidic deposits are falling down, which give shkodi to all living things, the loss of sight of living things is all accelerating, fishing for waste, reducing the earth's fertility, increasing hunger, directing inflate. and the fox covering of the Earth becomes less daedal.
The study of these main problems of ecology in the world will be dedicated to the work.
the atmosphere is cloudy wind ecological
1. Specificity of the affected medium. Atmospheric povitrya and problems related to yoga confusion
Atmosphere (like Greek atmos - steam and sphaira - cool), gas-like shell of the earth or some other body. It is impossible to tell the exact upper inter-terrestrial atmosphere; Approaching to the thick of speech, which fills the interplanetary expanse. Follow the atmosphere at heights to the order of the radius of the earth (about 6350 km). With the height of the warehouse of the atmosphere, there is little change. The atmosphere can be clearly expressed to Sharuvat Budov. The main spheres of the atmosphere:
1) Troposphere - up to a height of 8 - 17 km. (deposit in latitude); all the water vapor and 4/5 masses of the atmosphere are in it, and all the weather develops. Near the troposphere, one can see a ground ball of 30 - 50 m, which is located under the centerless influx of the earth's surface.
2) Stratosphere - a ball above the troposphere up to a height of about 40 km. Mayzhe be characterized by a completely constant temperature for altitude. It crosses the troposphere with a transitional ball - the tropopause, close to 1 km. At the upper part of the stratosphere, the maximum concentration of ozone is observed, which dries up the great amount of ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, and it protects the living nature of the Earth from the її shkidlivogo infusion.
3) Mesosphere - a sphere between 40 and 80 km; in the lower half the temperature rises from +20 to +30 degrees, in the upper half it drops to -100 degrees.
4) Thermosphere (ionosphere) - a sphere between 80 and 800 - 1000 km, which is propelled by the ionization of gas molecules (under the influx of cosmic radiation, which penetrates without interruption). Changes of the ionosphere are signified on the earth's magnetism, give birth to the manifestations of magnetic drills, pour into the air that blasted radio wave; they blame polarity. In the ionosphere, a few balls (areas) are distinguished with the maximum ionization.
5) Exosphere (sphere of expansion) - a ball larger than 800 - 1000 km, from which the molecules of gases expand into space.
The atmosphere passes 3/4 of the drowsiness of the industry and obscures the old climate of the earth's surface, thereby increasing the amount of heat that goes to the development of natural processes on Earth.
Atmospheric appearance - the natural sum of gases in the surface sphere of the atmosphere and the posture of living, virobnichih and other uses that were formed during the hour of the evolution of the Earth.
The atmosphere superficially protects people from numerical insecurity, which threatens you from space: it does not let meteorites through, protects the earth from overheating, instills sony energy in the required amount, reduces the difference in additional temperatures, which is almost 200 K for an uncompressible amount. An avalanche of cosmic vibrations is falling on the upper boundary of the atmosphere. Yakby stench reached the earth's surface, mittevo arose for everyone who lives on Earth.
The gaseous shell reveals everything that lives on the Earth in the presence of harmful ultraviolet, X-ray and space changes. The atmosphere is very important for roses of light. Depending on the atmosphere, breaking sleepy shifts into a million other shifts, expanding them and creating even lighting, to which we sounded. On the other side, the atmosphere is the middle, where sounds expand. Silence reigned on the Earth without respite, the bula of human speech was impossible.
However, the atmosphere has a significant number of gas-like vents of vibration.
Zabrudnyuyucha speechovina - a house in the atmospheric landscape, which at the highest concentrations unfriendly pours into healthy people, objects of dewy and animal world and other components of the natural environment, or the owner of the material values.
The main sources of atmospheric pollution are industry and motor transport. At the same time, in our country, 27% of pollution falls on thermal power plants, 24% and 10% on ferrous and color metallurgy enterprises, 16% on naphthochemicals, and 8.1% on household materials. Moreover, a part of the energy industry falls over 40% of the scorching liquids, 70% of the sulfur oxides and over 50% of the nitrogen oxides. From the wild obsyagu zabrudnyuyuchih speeches, yakі potrapyayat povitrya, chastno transport falls 13.3%, prote in the great places of Russia, the figure reaches 60-80%.
In the rest of the rocks, instead of in the atmosphere, Russian places and industrial centers such shkidlivyh houses, like hovering speech, sulfur dioxide. Іtоtno changed, with a significant decline in virobnizstva, the number of industrial wikis has shrunk, and the concentration of carbon oxide and nitrogen dioxide has increased in relation to the growth of the car park.
In the midst of the confusion, the creatures and the growths suffer.
Вплив сірчистого газу та його похідних на людину та тварин проявляється насамперед у поразці верхніх дихальних шляхів, під впливом сірчистого газу та сірчаної кислоти відбувається руйнування хлорофілу в листі рослин, у зв'язку з чим погіршується фотосинтез та дихання, уповільнюється ріст, знижується якість деревних насаджень that yield of agricultural crops, and for more high and triple doses, I will add the growth of gin.
The atmosphere is brooding, leading to an increase in the number of sickness in the wild roads. The camp of the atmosphere is indicated as signs of disease in various industrial areas.
2. Atmospheric confusion
The role of the atmosphere for the biosphere of the Earth is great, the rocks out with their physical and chemical powers ensure the most important life processes in Russia and creatures.
Under the zabrudnennyam atmospheric povitrya sled rozumіti be-yaku yogo warehouse and authority, scho negatively influencing healthy people and creatures, the camp of roslin and ecosystems.
Atmospheric pollution can be natural (natural) and anthropogenic (technogenic).
Natural zabrudnennya povitrya caused by natural processes. Before them one can see volcanic activity, vivitrusion of mountainous rocks, wind erosion, mass flowering of growths, smoke from forest and steppe fires and ing. Anthropogenic straying is caused by the fluctuation of various straying speeches in the process of human activity. Behind its scale, it significantly overturns the natural turbidity of the atmospheric wind.
Fallow in terms of width, one can see different types of atmospheric pollution: local, regional and global. Mistseve zabrudnennya is characterized by movement in the mist of straying rivers of small territories (locality, industrial district, rural subdar zone and others.). With the regional zabrudnennі to the sphere of the negative influx, significant expanses are lit up, even the whole planet. Globally zabrudnennya pov'yazanі z zmіnoyu I will become an atmosphere and zagalom.
Behind the aggregate mill, there are fluctuating speeches and the atmosphere is classified into:
1) gas-like (dioxide of sulfur, oxide of nitrogen, oxide of carbon, carbohydrate in.);
2) rіdkі (acids, meadows, salts and others);
3) hard (carcinogenic speech, lead and other pollutants, organic and inorganic sawdust, soot, resinous speech and others).
The smut pollutants (pollutants) of the atmospheric air, which are absorbed in the process of virobnicho and іnshої activity of humans, are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and solid particles. About 98% of the swear words fall on this part of the common language. There are more than 70 names of shkidlivyh rechovina, among them - formaldehyde, fluorine water, half-lead, ammonia, phenol, benzene, sulfuric carbon and others.
Krіm zaznachenih smut zabrudnjuvachіv at poіtrya sip a lot of other rather unsafe toxic speeches: lead, mercury, cadmium and other important metals (dzherela vikidu: cars, smelters and others.); in carbohydrates (CnHm), among them the most unsafe benzo (a) pyrene, which is responsible for carcinogenic disease (fluff gases, boiler furnaces and others), aldehydes, and in the first part of the Black Sea formaldehyde hydroxide, sirvoden, toxic volatile agents (gasoline, alcohols, ethers ) and in.
The most unsafe atmospheric pollution is radioactive. Ninі vono umovleno importantly globally dispersed long-lived radioactive isotopes - the products of testing nuclear weapons, like in the atmosphere and under the earth. The ground sphere of the atmosphere also wanders into the atmosphere of radioactive speeches from inflammable AES during the process of normal operation and other dzherel.
A special place is occupied by the wiki of radioactive speeches from the fourth block of the Chornobyl AES in the quarter - grass 1986. As soon as the atomic bomb vibrated over Hiroshima (Japan), 740 g of radionuclides were thrown into the atmosphere, as a result of the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. radioactive speech into the atmosphere, becoming 77 kg.
Another form of atmospheric pollution is local excess heat supply from anthropogenic vents. The sign of the thermal (thermal) atmospheric pollution is the so-called thermal zone, for example, “island of heat” near the places, warming with water.
Zagalom, as judged by the official data for 2006, the day of the atmospheric wind in our country, especially in the places of Russia, is high, regardless of the significant decline in the number of people, which will tell us about the cars in front of the big cars.
2.1 Main sources of atmospheric pollution
В даний час «основний внесок» у забруднення атмосферного повітря на території Росії вносять такі галузі: теплоенергетика (теплові та атомні електростанції, промислові та міські котельні та ін.), далі підприємства чорної металургії, нафтовидобутку та нафтохімії, автотранспорт, підприємства кольорової металургії та виробництво budmaterialіv.
The role of various galleys of the state in the muddled atmosphere in the rich industrial lands. So, for example, the main number of common speeches in the United States, Great Britain and FRN falls on motor vehicles (50-60%), while on the part of thermal power generation it is significantly less, only 16-20%.
Thermal and nuclear power plants. Boiler installations. In the process of burning solid and rare fire into the atmosphere, smoke is seen to avenge the products of both carbon dioxide and water vapor and non-combustible (carbon oxide, sulfur, nitrogen, carbohydrate and in) combustion. The discussion of energy wikis is already great. So, today a thermal power plant with an output of 2.4 million kW is used for mining up to 20 thousand. tons of coal and evacuate into the atmosphere in one hour 680 tons of SO2 and SO3, 120-140 tons of solid particles (ash, sawdust, soot), 200 tons of nitrogen oxides.
The conversion of installations to a light fire (fuel oil) reduces the amount of sols, but practically does not change the amount of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. The most environmentally friendly gas burner, which is less polluted by the atmosphere, lower fuel oil, and even less, lower vugillya. Dzherela is polluted with toxic slurries at nuclear power plants (AES) - radioactive iodine, radioactive inert gases and aerosols. The atmosphere is very energetically polluted - the scorching system of the living room (boiler installations) gives little nitrogen oxides, but a lot of products of uneven combustion. Through the small height of the smoke pipes, toxic speech in high concentrations rises near the boiler. Black and color metallurgy. During the melting of one ton of steel, 0.04 tons of solid particles, 0.03 tons of oxides of sulfur, up to 0.05 tons of carbon oxide are released into the atmosphere, and also in small quantities such unsafe fermenters, like manganese, lead, phosphorus, mish'yak, steam mercury and mercury During the process of steel-smelting, steam and gas sums are released into the atmosphere, which are formed from phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia and other toxic substances. The atmosphere is also becoming dizzyingly at sinter plants, at blast-furnace and ferroalloy milling.
Significances of gases, which are used, and a saw, which is to avenge toxic speech, are determined at the plants of color metallurgy during the processing of lead-zinc, copper, sulfide ores, during the extraction of aluminum and other.
Chemical production. Vikidi tsієї galusі hocha in a small amount (about 2% of all industrial wikis), prote, zvajayuchi on its high toxicity, significant diversity and concentration, become a significant threat to humans and all bioti. At different chemical concentrations in the atmosphere, sulfur oxides, half-fluorine, ammonia, nitrogenous gases (sum of nitrogen oxides), chlorides, half-days, sulfuric water, inorganic drank thinly).
Wikidi vehicles. There are hundreds of millions of cars in the world, like they scorch the majestic amount of oil products, sustenance of atmospheric air, we are in front of the great places. So it was in Moscow that a part of the motor transport falls 80% of the total amount of vikidivs into the atmosphere. The exhaust gases of the engines of internal combustion (especially carburetor ones) will avenge the great number of toxic pollutants - benzo (a) pyrene, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides and carbon, and especially unsafe pollutants of lead (in times of ethylated gasoline).
Intensive atmospheric pollution is also observed during the production of mineral syrovin and processing, at naphthate gas refineries (Fig. 1), during the consumption of sawing and gas from underground fire pits, during the scalding of that mountain in stokers (terikons), etc. . In rural areas, in the middle of atmospheric pollution, farms and poultry farms, industrial complexes and meat production, sawing of pesticides, etc.
Mal. 1. Ways widened wikidіv сірки near the region of the Astrakhan gas processing plant (APTZ)
3. Paths for the transfer of atmospheric pollution
The displacement of elevated masses over the surface of the Earth is due to many reasons, among them wrapping the planet, the uneven heating of the surface by the Sun, the establishment of zones of reduced (cyclone) and elevated (anticyclone) pressure, even or high relief and rich other. Until then, on different heights, the swedishness, steadiness, and straight-upward flow of streams are strongly perturbed. That is why the transference is confusing, like at different levels of the atmosphere, go with other winds and hours in other directions, lower at the earthly sphere. With strong winds, connected with high energies, wandering, which are consumed at the temples, up to 10-20 km, the balls of the atmosphere can stretch for a long time, or take a year to move for thousands of kilometers. Thus, the volcanic popil, the viking of the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia in 1883, was like a kind of haze over Europe. Radioactive falls of varying intensity after testing especially hard water bombs fell on the entire surface of the Earth.
3.1 Transferred by winds
More important is the straying like a natural, and man-made trip, consuming near the ground level and expanding with winds, which are clouded over the earth's surface. Qi winds are damp at different direct lines, but by stretching rock in the skin area of the earth’s surface, the direct lines naturally change. Rozpodil forces that direct winds for the river (or for the month), the middle for a rich rock, it appears as a so-called trojan of winds, as if graphically depicted as an incorrect bagatoknik (sound like an 8-kutnik). Most of the territory of our country, which is in the middle latitudes, is characteristically overpowered by the western winds. Therefore, the transference of confusion at the surface of the ball seems to be more important at a straight line from the sunset of Skhid.
Reflecting on the transference of the encumbrance of the remaining fates, it speaks of significant international problems. The transfer of wandering to the territory of other countries, or transcordon transfer is not carried out by the traditional norms of international law. However, yoga is no longer worth mentioning.
Ale, the main mass of zabrudnen, especially transport, yakі not vykidayutsya, like a promise, smoke pipes on skіlki-nebud pomіtu height, utvoryuyut maximum concentration near the zones of their illumination. Therefore, the most confusing is observed again at the great industrial places and on the territory of the country, where the high density of the population is combined with the high level of industrial production and the concentration of vehicles. Zim pov'yazana and nerіvnomіrnіrіnіnіlі rozpodіlu zabrudnіn poіtryanym pools іrіznyh kraїnі regіonіv.
In the wake of the fire of the transcordon transference of the Earth, little was left of the place, de poitrya did not take away even insignificant numbers of houses of anthropogenic exodus.
4. Environmental effects of global atmospheric pollution
The most important ecological effects of the global atmospheric pollution can be seen:
1. possible warming of the climate (“greenhouse effect”);
2.breaking the ozone balloon;
3. removal of acid woods.
Most of the scientists in the world look at them as the biggest environmental problems of the present.
Possible warming of the climate (Greenhouse effect). Changes in the climate, which are expected in this hour, which are manifested in the incremental increase in the average temperature starting from the other half of the past century, most scientists show the accumulation in the atmosphere of the so-called "greenhouse gases" - carbon dioxide (CH), methane (CO2), methane (CO2) chlorofluorocarbons (freovіv)), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides and in.
Greenhouse gases, which are similar to CO2, are changing over to the long-term heat recovery from the Earth. The atmosphere, full of greenhouse gases, is like a hothouse. Vaughn, from one side, passes in the middle a greater part of the sleepy viperation, from the other side - may not let in the name of heat, which is re-prominated by the Earth.
At the link with the spalyuvannyam people all the greater quantities of vikopny paliva: oil, gas, coal and other. (mostly over 9 billion tons of coal fire) - the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is constantly increasing. For airborne wikidiv into the atmosphere with industrial virobnitstvі that in butі zrostaє instead of freonіv (chlorofluorocarbonic acid). At 1-1.5% on the river, there is more methane (weaking from the underground garnished mushrooms, spitting biomass, seen by the great horned thinness and in.). In a smaller world, it grows in the atmosphere and nitrogen oxide (by 0.3% marginally).
As a result of the increase in the concentration of these gases, which create the "greenhouse effect", there is an increase in the average global temperature over the earth's surface. For the remaining 100 years, the warmest boules were 1980, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2006 and 1988 years. In 1988 the average temperature was 0.4 °C higher, lower in 1950-1980. it will move up by 1.5 °С porіvennja z 1950-1980 rocky. The scale of warming for this remarkably short term will be a sign of warming, as it happened on the Earth after the Ice Age period, and also, environmental consequences can be catastrophic. We are in front of the tse pov'yazano z transferring to the rivers of the Light Ocean in the wake of the melting of the polar ice floes, the short-lived area of the girsky icing is thin. bud. they established that it would inevitably lead to the destruction of the climate, the flooding of the coastal plains in more than 30 countries, the degradation of the frozen rocks, the swamping of the great territories and other unfriendly heritage.
Prote low vchenih bachat in front of the global warming climate and positive environmental impacts.
An increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere that causes an increase in photosynthesis, as well as an increase in the climate, can, in my opinion, lead to an increase in the productivity of both natural phytocenoses (fox, garden, onion, savannah, , vineyards and others).
Destruction of the ozone balloon. The ozone ball (ozonosphere) suffocates the entire earth and rises at altitudes of 10 to 50 km with a maximum concentration of ozone at altitudes of 20-25 km. The abundance of the atmosphere with ozone is constantly changing in any part of the planet, reaching the maximum in the polar region.
Previously, the development of the ozone ball turned the respect to a wide zagal in 1985, if over Antarctica there was an expanse of a decrease (up to 50%) in the place of ozone, which took away the name "ozone dirka". From that hour, the results of the vimiryuvan confirm the change in the ozone ball on the entire planet everywhere. So, for example, in Russia for the last 10 years, the concentration of the ozone layer decreased by 4-6% in the winter hour and by 3% - inlet.
Ninі vysnazhennya ozone ball is recognized as a serious threat to global environmental safety. The reduced concentration of ozone will weaken the atmosphere and protect life on Earth from the strong ultraviolet emission (UV radiation). Living organisms are more likely to be used for ultraviolet modification, more energy to induce one photon from these changes is enough to destroy chemical bonds in most organic molecules. It is not to be expected that in areas with a decrease in ozone in the number of sleep apnea, there is an increase in the incidence of cancer of the skin and other.
It has also been established that under the influence of a strong ultraviolet vibration, the growth gradually spends its life before photosynthesis, and the damage to the life of plankton leads to the growth of trophic lances in the biota of aquatic ecosystems.
Science has not established until the end, what are the main processes that destroy the ozone ball. It transfers both natural and anthropogenic influences of "ozone diroks". Stop, at the thought of more studies, more imovirno pov'yazane with the movement of chlorofluorocarbons (freoniv). Freons are widely used in industrial production in bottles (refrigeration units, retailers, bottlers, aerosol packaging, etc.). Rising into the atmosphere, freons spread out to see chlorine oxide, which is detrimental to ozone molecules.
According to the data of the international environmental organization "Greenpeace", the main suppliers of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) - USA - 30.85%, Japan - 12.42; Great Britain - 8.62 and Russia - 8.0%. The United States broke through the ozone layer "dirk" with an area of 7 million km2, Japan - 3 million km2, which is in this time more, lower than the area of Japan itself. In the rest of the United States and a number of western lands, the backwaters of the production of new types of refrigerants (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) with a low potential for breaking the ozone layer were stimulated.
Acid boards. One of the most important environmental problems, which is caused by the oxidation of the natural environment, is acid wood. The stinks at the industrial level are released into the atmosphere to sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides; As a result, dosch and snig are acidified (pH number below 5.6).
Water in contact with water becomes acidic. Riba guinea
The total amount of anthropogenic sources of light of the two main pollutants in the future - the culprit of acidification of atmospheric water - SO2 and NO2, will be more than 255 million tons. Z'yasuvalosya, scho natural ecosystems zaznayut ruynuvannya navit for less equal zabrudnennya povіtrya, nizh that, which is not safe for a person.
It is not safe to establish, as a rule, not the acid fall itself, but the processes that proceed under their infusion. Under the influence of acidic fallout from the soil, it is not only life that is necessary for the life of speech, but also toxic important and light metals - lead, cadmium, aluminum and other. negative experiences. For example, the increase in acidified water with aluminum less than 0.2 mg per liter is lethal for fish. The development of phytoplankton is rapidly growing, phosphate shards, which activate this process, get behind aluminium, and become less accessible for assimilation. Aluminum also reduces wood growth. The toxicity of important metals (cadmium, lead, etc.) is more pronounced.
The injection of acidic woods reduces the resistance of forests to dryness, ailments, natural zabrudnennya, which leads to even more pronounced degradation of natural ecosystems.
We are using the butt of a negative injection of acid rainfall on natural ecosystems - acidification of lakes. It is especially intense in Canada, Sweden, Norway and on the Finnish front. Let me explain that a significant part of the Wikimedia Commons in such industrially separated countries, like the USA, the FRN and the Great Britain, falls on their own territories. The most striking at the edges of the lake, shards of primary rocks, warehouses of their beds, sound represented by granite-gneisses and granites, which do not neutralize acidic falloff, for example, in the case of vapnyakiv, they create a puddle of the middle of acidification. Strongly acidified and rich lakes in the United States.
The acidification of the lakes is not safe for the populations of various species of fish, but often attracts the gradual death of plankton, the number of species of algae and other inhabitants, the lakes become practically inanimate.
In our region, there is an area of significant acidification due to the fall of acid falls, and there are dozens of millions of hectares. Acidification of lakes was designated as the okremi.
Visnovok
Evaluation and forecast of the chemical state of the atmosphere, connected with natural processes and zabrudnennya, are substantiated by the assessment and forecast of the density of the natural environment, conditioned by anthropogenic processes. The volcanic and fluid activity of the Earth, other natural phenomena cannot be surmised. There is less to be said about the minimization of negative influences, which is less possible for different deep understanding of the features of the functioning of natural systems of various hierarchical levels, and, let's think, the Earth is like a planet.
Anthropogenic processes of the muddled pool are mostly subject to management. However, the fight against transcordonim transfers of straying speeches in the atmosphere can be successfully carried out only for the understanding of the close international spivpratsi, which becomes difficult for various reasons.
It is even more difficult to estimate the rate of atmospheric change, if natural and anthropogenic processes are added to it. The peculiarities of such interactions are still weak.
Екологічна практика в Росії та за кордоном показала, що її невдачі пов'язані з неповним урахуванням негативних впливів, невмінням вибрати та оцінити головні фактори та наслідки, низькою ефективністю використання результатів натурних та теоретичних екологічних досліджень при прийнятті рішень, недостатньою розробленістю методів кількісної оцінки наслідків забруднення atmospheres of other life security natural environments.
It is easy to formulate a formula for the quality of life in such a tribal environmental crisis: hygienic cleanliness, clean water, strong and sustainable products, recreational security for the needs of the population.
In such a setting, nutrition is necessary and practical, come in, as the basis of the "ecology" of suspensory production. Повинна бути забезпечена стратегія превентивних екологічних заходів, що полягає у впровадженні найдосконаліших технологій при структурній перебудові господарства, що забезпечують енерго- та ресурсозбереження, що відкриває можливості вдосконалення та швидкої зміни технологій, впровадження рециклінгу та мінімізацію відходів. The concentration of suspense at any time is directly related to the development of the survival rate of goods and the improvement in the frequency of recovery. In general, the state of Russia can maximize the speed of energy and resource use of the gross national product, saving energy and resources for one inhabitant.
The hour is coming, if the world can choke, as if a person will not come to the rescue. Only a person has an ecological talent - to take the necessary light from cleanliness.
List of victorious literature
1. Akimova T.A., Haskin V.V. Ecology. M., 1988. - 541 p.
2. Anderson D.M. Ecology is the science of the present middle ground. M., 2000. - 384 p.
3. Vasiliev N.G., Kuznetsov E.V., Moroz P.I. Protection of nature from the basics of ecology: a handyman for technical schools. M., 2005. - 651 p.
4. Mutual Suspility and Nature / Ed. Є. T. Faddeva. M., 1986. - 198 p.
5. Vorontsov A.P. Rational environmental protection. Head helper. -M.: Association of Authors and Viewers "TANDEM". Vidavnitstvo EKMOS, 2000. - 498 p.
6. Girenok F.I. Ecology, civilization, noosphere. M., 1990. - 391 p.
7. Gorelov A. A. Lyudina - harmony - nature. M., 1999. - 251 p.
8. Zhibul I.Ya. Ecological needs: present, dynamics, prospects. M., 1991. - 119 p.
9. Ivanov V.G. The conflict of values and the manifestation of environmental problems. M., 1991. - 291 p.
10. Kondratiev K.Ya., Donchenko V.K., Losev K.S., Frolov A.K. Ecology, economics, politics. SPb., 1996. - 615 p.
11. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, the middle school of that person: a guidebook for universities, middle schools and colleges. -M.: FAIR-PRES, 2005. - 386 p.
12. Reimers N.D. Ecology: theory, laws, rules, principles and hypotheses. M., 1994. - 216 p.
13. Tulinov V.F., Nedelsky N.F., Oliynikov B.I. The concept of modern natural science. M., 1996. - 563 p.
14. http://bukvi.ru
15. ekolog-smol.ru
Placed on Allbest.ru
...Atmospheric weather protection is the key problem of improving the health of the natural environment. Atmospheric wind zabrudnennya, dzherela zabrudnennya. Light ecological traces of the fermented atmosphere. Destruction of the ozone balloon. Acid boards.
abstract, additions 13.04.2008
Understand that way to protect the atmospheric wind. Ecological benefits for the wild atmosphere, established standards and fees. Legal protection of the ozone balloon. Vidpovіdalnіst violating legislation on the protection of atmospheric dust.
abstract, additions 25.01.2011
Parameters dzherel vikidu zarudnyuyuchih speeches. Stupin influx of atmospheric pollution on the settlements near the zone of influx of vibrations. Propositions for the expansion of MPE standards into the atmosphere. Significant sbitkiv vіd zabrudnennya atmosphere.
thesis work, donations 11/05/2011
Zabrudnennya, the protection of that method and the appointed zabrudnennya povitrya. Characteristics of undertakings that dzherel zabrudnennya atmospheric wind. Methodology for the vyznachennya vykidіv shkіdlivih speeches, in the atmosphere. Rozrahunok payments for atmospheric pollution.
course work, donations 07/02/2015
The main sources of atmospheric pollution and environmental impact. Protect the atmosphere: dry and wet sawdust, filters. Absorption, adsorption, catalytic and thermal cleaning of the air. Rozrahunok cyclone TsN-24 and bunker.
course work, donations 12/17/2014
Anthropogenic pollution of the atmospheric wind. Come in and protect the atmospheric air from the windy and stationary dzherel zabrudnennya. Improving the system of exploitation and environmental control of motor vehicles.
abstract, additions 07.10.2011
Ecological and hygienic problems of atmospheric pollution in industrial places. Creation of ecologically safe energy systems. Zapobіgannya, iznizhennya shkіdlivih khіmіchnyh, physіchnyh, bіologichnyh and іnshih influxes on the atmosphere.
presentation, donation 29.05.2014
The main atmospheric pollutants and global traces of atmospheric pollution. Natural and anthropogenic dzherela zabrudnennya. Factories self-cleaning atmospheres and cleaning methods. Classification of types of wikidiv and yogo gerel.
presentation, donation 27.11.2011
atmospheric wind warehouse. Peculiarities of the reconnaissance method of extracting representative information about the expanses and timchas's sluggishness of wandering around. The head of the route and the transit post is a guardian of the zabrudnennya atmosphere.
presentation, donation 08.10.2013
Natural and anthropogenic pollution of the Earth's atmosphere. Yakіsny warehouse wikidіv zabrudnyuyuchih speeches pіd h budіvelnyh robіt. Ecological standards for atmospheric pollution. Vidpovіdalnіst for dotrimanny sanitary and hygienic norms.
The wandering of the Earth's atmosphere is a change in the natural concentration of gases and houses near the surface of the planet's shell, and bring in the introduction from the middle of foreign rivers.
Forty years ago they talked about international rіven. In 1979, the Convention on Transcordon Messing up the Great Winds appeared in Geneva. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 became the first international treat for the rapid release of greenhouse gases.
If you want to come in and give your results, otherwise the zabrudnennya atmosphere becomes overwhelmed with a serious problem of sustainability.
The main warehouses of atmospheric pollution are nitrogen (78%) and oxyfuel (21%). Part of the inert gas argon - troch less than a hundred. The concentration of carbon dioxide becomes 0.03%. Small quantities in the atmosphere also have:
In clean, exposed oils, carbon oxide and ammonia are present in visible traces. Surrounded by gases, in the atmosphere - water vapor, salt crystals, saws.
The main zabrudnyuvachs of the surface of the medium:
I especially care about the health of people to become more important with important metals. Such zabrudnyuvachi, like cadmium, lead, mish'yak lead to the vindication of oncology. Mercury vapor, which is inhaled, does not breathe blissfully, but, while looking at the salts, ruins the nervous system. Significant concentrations of small amounts of organic speech: terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols. Bagato s tsikh zabrudnyuvachіv povіtrya є mutagenic and carcinogenic spolukami.
Vihodjachi z nature of the phenomenon, razraznyayut so see the confusion again: chemical, physical and biological.
To the warehouse of the povіtryanoї middle is poured in like a person, and nature. Natural sources of fermentation of the atmosphere: volcanoes in the period of activity, forest fires, soil erosion, dusty storms, spreading of living organisms. A miserable part of the infusion falls on the cosmic saw, which is settled after the burning of meteorites.
Anthropogenic causes of atmospheric pollution:
When monitoring the intensity of the atmospheric air in the city, it is necessary to pay attention to the concentration of healthy people in speech, and the temporal interval of their breath. Atmospheric pollution in the Russian Federation is assessed according to the following criteria:
The fermentation rate of the affected medium is considered low, if CI is less than 1, ISA varies between 0-4, and NP does not exceed 10%. Among the great Russian cities, based on the materials of Rosstat, the most environmentally friendly are Taganrog, Sochi, Grozny and Kostroma.
With an increase in the equivalence of wikidivs, the repetition of CI should be 1-5, ISA - 5-6, NP - 10-20%. The regions with indicators СІ - 5–10, ІЗА - 7–13, NP – 20–50% are again characterized by a high level of confusion. An even higher level of atmospheric cloudiness is observed near Chit, Ulan-Ude, Magnitogorsk and Biloyarsk.
At the beginning of 2016, the All-World Organization for the Protection of Health published a broader rating of the places from the most popular views. The leader of the list was the Iranian Zabil - a place on the pivdenny descent of the country, as it regularly suffers from food drills. Three atmospheric manifestations are close for several months, repeating shortly. The Indian cities of Gvaliar and Prayag leaned on the other and third positions. The WHO is coming to the capital of Saudi Arabia - Er-Riyadh.
El-Dzhubayl is the largest place in the world with the most dense atmosphere – it is equally small for the number of people on the birch of Perska Zatoka and at one time there is a great oil and gas industry and oil processing center. On the sixth and somіy gatherings, the Indian places - Patna and Raipur - slumped again. The main source of the atmosphere turbidity there is the industry of business and transport.
Most of the vipadkivs have a clouded atmosphere - an actual problem for the countries that are developing. Vtіm, pogreshhennya I will become a navkolishny middle ground, not only the industry, which is rapidly growing, but also the transport infrastructure, and technogenic catastrophes. Yaskrav butt - Japan, yak survived a radiation accident in 2011.
Top 7 powers, de camp is apparently tight, looking like this:
Atmospheric pollution is one of the main reasons for the increase in the number of respiratory diseases, like gostrikh, and chronic ones. Shkіdlivі domіshki, yakі povіtrі, spriyat rostirovanie cancer lung, heart disease, stroke. According to WHO estimates, 3.7 million people per hour perish on the river due to the wandering of the middle of the world near the world. Most of these vipadkіv recorded in the lands of Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia and Zahidny region of the Pacific Ocean.
At the great industrial centers, such an unacceptable sight is often seen as a snake. A bunch of particles saw, drive that dima in a similar way to reduce visibility on the roads, through which the number of accidents is more frequent. Aggressive speeches strengthen the corrosion of metal structures, negatively pour into the camp of dewy and creaturely light. The greatest concern is for asthmatics, OSIB, if you are ill with emphysema, bronchitis, angina pectoris, hypertension, VVD. In healthy people who have inhaled aerosols, they may have a severe headache, watch out for tearing in the throat.
Increase the saturation with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen until the acidic boards are hardened. After falling off with a low pH level in the waters of the fish genus, and the individuals that survived cannot give offspring. As a result, the species and numbers of populations are shortened. The sourness of the fall will wag the life of speech, and by the same token, the soil will be destroyed. The stench saturates the chemical ops on the leaves, weakens the growths. For dovkіllya such boards and fogs also become a threat: sour water rose pipes, cars, facades of budіvel, monuments.
A number of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, water vapor) have been promoted to increase the temperature of the lower spheres of the Earth's atmosphere in the heated medium. A direct consequence of the greenhouse effect is the warming of the climate, which is expected to be sixty years old.
On the weather, be smart to pour in the “ozone dirks” commemoratively, which are settled under the infusion of bromine, chlorine, atoms and sourness and water. Cream of simple speeches, ozone molecules can also destroy organic and inorganic substances: freon poisons, methane, chlorine water. Why is it not safe to weaken the shield for dovkill that people? As a result of thinning the ball, sleepy activity is growing, which, in its own right, leads to an increase in mortality among representatives of the marine flora and fauna, an increase in the number of oncological diseases.
The change in atmospheric pollution allows for the introduction of a variety of technologies that reduce the burden of Wikipedia. In the field of heat and power engineering, there is a tendency to rely on alternative energy sources: there will be sony, wind, geothermal, tidal and cold power plants. At the station of the surface of the medium, the transition to the combined vibration of energy and heat is positively indicated.
In the fight for cleaner air, an important element of the strategy is a comprehensive program for the disposal of waste. Vaughn can be straightened out by changing the number of smittya, as well as sorting, reworking and re-swapping. The city planning, focused on the expansion of the medium, including the refurbishment, transferring the energy efficiency of the life, the life of the bicycle infrastructure, the development of the domestic transport.
