“Three main nutritions add up to the problem of transferring speech. This is the first food about fabrics, which are used to change speeches, the food about the direct transfer ... and the third food is about the mechanism of the transfer.
D. A. Sabinin
Close transport - tse transfer of ions, metabolites and water between cells and tissues (for the purpose of membrane transport in the skin cells). distant transport transferring the speeches between the organs of the grown-ups.
The transport of speeches in the rosline is carried out by any fabrics and by wire bundles, specializing for the purpose of the method. In its own way, the passage of speech passages along some tissues can be found: a) along the clitin walls, then along the apoplast, b) along the cytoplasm of the clitin, connected one with one plasmodesma, then along the symplast, c) possibly, from the endoplasmic reticulum for the participation of plasmodesma. The transfer of water and speeches along the conducting bundles includes transport along the xylem (“high strum” - from the roots to the organs of the leak) and along the phloem (“lower strum” - from the leaves to the zones of the preservation of the living speeches or putting them into the reserve). Metabolism is transported by phloem and during the mobilization of reserve speech.
In rich algal algae, the metabolites are carried by the symplast. Laminaria - great storms of algae, in some thawed differentiations on the fabric and sieve-like tubes are formed in the central part of the stem. Simplasne and apoplastic conduct of the drive and speeches of the vzdovzh usієї growth of the taman and the greater mohіv. In all other higher terrestrial growths there are duct bundles, which are formed from tracheid and (or) vessels of xylem, sieve-like tubes and clitin-satellites of phloem, parenchymal and other specialized clitin. Bundles, which are carried out, unite the mustache of the growing organism, ensuring the transfer of speeches on a distance of tens of centimeters to tens of meters (near villages). Transport along the clitin walls and along the cytoplasm in the marine roslins occurs in small spaces, which are measured by millimeters, for example, radial transport in the root stems, the transfer of speech in the mesophiles of the leaves.
Budova xylemite and the mechanism of xylem transport of water in mineral cavities are described in the anterior divisions (Div. 5.4.4 and 6.11.2). At whom the distribution will be laid down the main position and deeds of supplementary information.
Xylemnia is a variety, which is mainly composed of inorganic speeches (Table 8.1). However, in the case of the hemp, which vibrates with xylemy, when the upper part of the stem is removed, there are also different nitrogenous parts (amino acids, amides, alkaloids and other), organic acids, organophosphorus ethers, half, as well as phytohormones. Xylem sap can have buti and folded speech, which can be used here from vacuoles and cytoplasm of tracheal elements, thus completing its development.
Table 8.1 Percentage (mmol/l) of phloem and xylem sap in single lupine (J. S. Pate, 1975)
Descriptions are more ruh mineral salts through a root in the xylem - cob stage їх translocations with tall scorch. After drinking in the xylem, the salts are carried far to all organs by the mechanism of volumetric flow, which ensures transpiration (transpiration strum). Tsey ruh can be demonstrated by putting a proof of kiltsyuvannyam roslin. In the event of the removal of fabrics, stitched closer to the surface of the stovbur, such as phloem, etc., do not destroy the suppleness of the ions to the parts of the growth, which should lie higher. The analysis of the xylem juice also shows that a significant part of nitrogen is transported through the vessels in the form of amino acids and other organic parts close to them, even though some of them are collapsing uphill near the storage of inorganic ions, nitrate and ammonium. Later, already in the root part of the mineral nitrogen is transformed into nitrogenous organic matter. So very small amounts of phosphorus and sirks are transported from seemingly organic fields.
Tom, want traditionally xylem and phloem look like two fabrics, which should be carried out in the same way organic speeches.
The head savers of mineral elements, tobto "points of their recognition", є growing parts of growing, zocrema upper_vkovі and bichnі meristems, young leaves, flowers and fruits that develop, as well as store tissues.
Photosynthesis does not appear near all parts of the growth. Tim from them, yakі vіddlenі vіd photosynthetic structures, for example, roots, need a special transport system for the supply of asimіlіyаtіv. In marine plants, organic products are transferred from the main organs of photosynthesis - leaves - to the phloem of parts of the plant. On the little one, a general scheme of connections between autotrophic clitins, which establish organic life of speech, and clitins, which possess ci speech, is induced. As you can see from this little baby, organic speech in the roslins can move in the flow like uphill, and down. Tse vіdrіznyaє phloem vіd xylemy, which transport zdіysnyuєtsya uphill. It should be noted that the spare organs at the hour can function like a dzherela asimilyativ, those like their spozhivach.
Sound close 90% of all phloem-borne living speeches store the disaccharide glucose. This is why it is inert and good rozchinny carbohydrate, which does not play any role in metabolism and, therefore, is an ideal transport form, shards are small, so that wines are stained in the process of transferring. The main purpose of sucrose is to revert to active monosaccharides - glucose and fructose. The high versatility allows the reach of the phlo-em juice even at a high concentration, for example, in the cane cane, it becomes up to 25% (w/v).
phloem to transfer in various forms and deaks elements of mineral ingestion, for example, nitrogen and sulfur in the storage of amino acids, phosphorus in the presence of inorganic phosphate and phosphorizing sugars, potassium in the presence of ions. They may contain small amounts of vitamins, plant hormones (such as auxins and germs), viruses and other ingredients.
On the face of it demonstrate the circulation of coal at the growth it is possible to give carbon dioxide gas to the leaves, marking with a radioactive isotope | 4C. Radioactive carbonic acid will be fixed in the process of photosynthesis, and 14C will be deposited in the warehouse of organic compounds, including sucrose. Potim Rukh isotope can be used with the help of other methods, for example, radioautography, the treatment of the Geiger pulses on the surface of the growth or the extraction of th part of this isotope. Zreshtoyu, and phloem, and xylem take part in the circulation of coal without intermediary. For example, having reached the roots of sucrose at the warehouse, the charcoal can be vicorous there for the synthesis of amino acids from nitrates and carbohydrates, and then the synthesis of amino acids, which can overcome the charcoal bleeds, can be transported into the xylem juice uphill by the stem.
They are found near the roslin as a result of their diffusion due to the soil difference in the clitin walls of the root hairs and other epidermal clitins. Then, first, it will move to other parts of the growth, the stench will be transported to the symplast or apoplast. If the ion is located at the symplast, passing through the plasmalemma of the outer clitinum of the root, it is further transferred from the clitinium to the clitinum along the plasmodesmata. In addition, the veins can collapse with the apoplast until they reach the Kaspar belt (div. Fig. 7.14). So, as no water, no difference, they can not diffuse through the suberinized clitin walls, which establish the Casparian belt, all ions, before it, like collapsing far away, must pass through the cytoplasm of the endoderm clitin. Some ions can penetrate through the membrane barriers easier, lower. Therefore, the dominance of plasma and root clitin is important for controlling the exchange of mineral cavities between the soil and the above-ground parts of the growth. Due to the selection of membrane penetration, the role of active transport of rich ions is also important. Negatively charged ions sound actively transported to the clitina, the shards of them moving into the clitina by the path of diffusion are galvanized by the internal negative potential. Overworldly presence of certain cations, for example, Na + difuzies are neutralized by active visions of cich ions from cells, so that the stench is actively expelled by the growth.
Having penetrated into the cytoplasm of the endoderm clitin, they can continue along a symplastic path through the plasmodesma to either the clitin of the pericyclic ball or, having occluded the symplast, the stench can reach for additional diffusion or active transport of the xylem or the apoplastic zone of the stele. If they continue to be transported along the stele through the symplast, then by the stench of guilt, deprive the protoplast and overturn the clitin membrane, first to eat the empty dead element of the xylem judge. We know that they accumulate in the xylem tubes in the period when a weak water strum is expected. The shards, when they are guilty, move like the middle of the smallest one of the cells, so it is obvious that the two sides of some membranes, equally, endodermal cells, are brought to the surface and the middle of the root, due to the mother of the power of ionotransport.
Having entered the xylem, they are not able to go back to the symplast, the shards of their diffusion cross the vibratory penetration of the clitin membranes, until that hour their path to the ground through the apoplast of blocking by the Casparian girdle. The accumulation of ions in xylem increases the concentration of speech in xylem juice, which can lead to a development of a root vice, looked into a goal. 6. They are in the xylem, which are carried by the outer transpiration struma, before penetrating into the protoplast of the living cell, due to the newly clayed plasmalem. Yakim bi not bu v ways ioniv, roslin, obviously, to reduce the number of plasma membrane barriers to a minimum, as if the ion is guilty of overturning in order to reach its final goal.
After advancing to the root xylem, most of the ions are transported to the above-ground parts of the growth, while the deaks are consumed by the phloem and are transported together with other dissimilar cavities to smoldering cells in the root apex, during growth, and to the zones of storage of living cavities. Znov poglenі іonі vіlno move іn thе dew. However, the choice of these ions in clitin may be related to their inclusions as a structural molecule. The fabrics that are being molded require an uninterrupted supply of all the main mineral ions. If all the stench comes from the soil, then the rose does not face the daily difficulties. However, if any mineral ion is rejected, it can be taken away during the decay of previously formed molecules in old cells. So, N, which is dissolved in the breakdown of amino acids, and Mg 2+, which is responsible for the decomposition of chlorophyll, are transferred from the older parts of the growth to the young clitin, which grows. Such a movement of roaming living elements zdijsnyuetsya, imovirno, phloem. The sight of these elements from larger old clitins will soon come to an end, and the appearance of symptoms of mineral deficiency in the older parts of the growth.
Deyakі mineral elements mitsiously zv'yazyuyutsya in kіtinі i, nadіyshovshi to her once, do not blame the star. Symptoms of deficiency of such non-destructive elements are observed in the youngest tissues. Ca 2+ and Fe 2+ (+) - two elements, in which there is often a small amount, which also indicates the development of some symptoms of a deficiency in the tissues, which grows. In the presence of Ca 2+, it is impossible to mold the middle dress of new clitins. Shards of normal permeability of the membrane lie down in the presence of calcium, the apex ceases to grow and is not barred. Zalizo is necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyll. Vono is also a component of ferredoxin and cytochromes. In case of failure, the growths often show the same etiolation of the youngest leaf. Independently, in addition, crumbling or non-destructive deficient elements, normal intensive growth of growth can be replaced only after the actual full security of yoga with all the necessary elements of life.
1. How does the transport of speeches grow?
Water from mineral rivers walk near the roslin from the ground through the root hairs. Then, according to the clitins, the cinnamon of the rozchins should be at the judge's wire tissue, as it is in the central cylinder of the root. Sudini - tse dovgi tubes that are made up of rich clitin, the transverse walls between them collapse, and the inner one is free. In this rank, judges are dead conductors of the elements. According to the vessels, the zavdyaki are due to a number of factors, the water that is scattered in the nii of the speech is transferred from the stem to the leaf. Tsey straight to the ruin of the rozchinіv otrimav name visionary flow of speeches.
organic speeches are transported as leaves along the stems directly into the root system. The transfer of these speeches is carried on the heap along the sieve-like tubes of the leaf, and then the stems. Sieve-like tubes tse living cells, the cross walls of which may open richly and look like a sieve. Elements and names of the conducting elements. The flow of organic speech along sieve-like tubes from the leaf to all organs is called low.
in such a manner, the upper stream ensures the transport of inorganic speeches by vessels, and the lower stream — transport of organic speeches by sieve-like tubes.
2. Where and now are speeches stored in Russia?
Roslins store both inorganic and organic speech. For example, the growths of dry mist, such as stonecrops, young, cacti, scarlet, milkweed, - may have fleshy sap stems or leaves, in which rich water is accumulated; the wreaths of this growth can endure trival periods of dryness. The organic speech of roslin is also stored in special tissues of the stem, the root of the leaf. Most of the time, plants store carbohydrates, proteins and fats. So, starch is found in the carbohydrate in the core of the stems of trees, in the variety of roots - root crops (for example, carrots, beetroot) and root bulbs (georgina, etc.), in varieties of pagons - bulbs (potatoes), rhizomes (iris, abo) and cibulins (tulips), etc. Storage proteins and fats are stored mainly in plants (for example, corn, peas, kvassol, peas), and less often in fruits (for example, sea buckthorn, olives).
Roslins store lives of speech from species vegetative organs but in the fruits of that nasіnі. These speeches help them to endure unfriendly minds, ensure the emergence of new organs of growth or their reproduction.
3. What do the types of pagons look like among themselves?
As you already know, the main above-ground species are in the flow or її parts (stems and leaves) є whiskers, thornsі vus. Wusiki- ce podovzhenі thin pagons, zavdyaks like growths are attached to the support (for example, grapes, ogіrki), and spines- these are short-lived pagons, like they protect the rose from the epidemiological viparovuvannya (for example, cacti, chort-loch). The stench is rotting in the sinuses of the leaf, or at the vuzli opposite the leaf, to bring them along the way. Suppress thin pagons sunitsa, polunitsі, goose fist, or crow's feet, name wusami. With their help, the growths multiply. Material from the site
The largest expansion of underground views in the past roots, bulbі cibulin. rhizome similar to root. Ale, the new one has no root chokhlik and root hairs, then there are the rudiments of a leaf, which looks like a litter. In the sinuses of these lusochok є nirki, from which underground and aboveground pagons develop (for example, piriya, iris, konvalіya, valeriana). The stalk of the rhizome can be long (for example, konvalіya, pyrіy) and short (for example, iris). Aerial rhizomes develop broadly from brunok rhizomes. Bulba- tse sweaty, bloated, fleshy appearance of the leak. Bulbi can be aboveground (for example, kohlrabi) and underground (for example, Jerusalem artichoke, potatoes). In potatoes, the bulb is settled down in the presence of the growth of the stem, the leaves do not develop and may look like scars, as they call logs. Nirks, how to lay down buti, they try to call them in their sinuses vіchki. Tsibulina- subterranean species of flow, in which life of speech is accumulated (for example, a chapel, a tulip, a cybula, a narcissus). In cybuli rіpchasta cibulin is composed of a shortened stem (bottom), dry and internally fleshy varieties of leaves-lusok and nirok.
Otzhe, vtechі vіdіznyayutsya mіzh themselves and functions.
Chi did not know those who were joking? Speed up with a joke
On this side of the material behind the topics:
Clitini are exchanged with different speeches with the usual middle ground after diffusion. However, the transfer of speeches by a great diffusion in the great country is not effective; vinikaє need for special transport systems. Such a rescheduling from one month to the next, there is a flurry of prices in these areas. All speech, which is transferred, collapses with the same swidkistyu on vіdmіnu vіd diffuzії, where the skin of the tongue collapses with its сєєвідісіsty in staleness in the form of a gradient of concentration.
In creatures, one can see some of the main types of transport: grass, dichal, blood-bearing and lymphatic systems. Some of them have been described earlier, we will move on to the others in the following paragraphs.
In sudine roslins, the transfer of speech is carried out for two systems: xylem (water and mineral salts) and phloem (organic speech). The transfer of speeches along the xylem straightened from the roots to the above-ground parts of the growth; according to the phloem of life, speech crumbles under the leaves.
Osmosis is one of the most important mechanisms for the transport of speech in roslina. Osmosis is the transfer of molecules of a retailer (for example, water) from areas with a higher concentration to an area with a lower concentration through a water-permeable membrane. The whole process is similar to natural diffusion, but it flows more smoothly. Numerically osmosis is characterized osmotic vise- a vise, which is necessary to report, in order to save the osmotic need to drive to the point.
In roslins, the role of such impenetrable membranes is played by the plasma membrane and the tonoplast (membrane that is away from the vacuole). If the clitin is in contact with a hypertonic variant (that variant, in which the concentration of water is less, lower in the clitin itself), the water begins to appear from the clitin name. This process is called plasmolysis. Clitina frowns at her. Plasmolysis is brutal: if you place such a cell in a hypotonic range (with more water in it), the water will come in the middle more often, and the cell will swell again. With this inner part of the clitin (protoplast) repair a vice on the clitin wall. At the dewy clitin, the swelling swells with a hard clitin wall. In animals, clitins have no hard walls, and plasma membranes are much lower; necessary special mechanism to regulate osmosis.
Once again, it is undeniable that the osmotic vice is a magnitude more potent, less real. Vaughn becomes real, less than a few vipadkah - for example, for її vymіrі. It is also necessary to remember that the water collapses right in front of the lower osmotic vice to the higher one.
The main water mass is covered with young zones of root growths in the area of root hairs - tubular growths in the epidermis. Zavdyaki їm signifi- cantly grow on the surface, soaking up the water. Water comes at the roots of the rahunok by osmosis and collapses uphill to xylem along the apoplast (clitin walls), symplast (along the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata), and wind through the vacuoles. Slide to indicate that the clitin walls have spouses, ranks belts of Kaspar. The stench is formed from a water-impervious suberin and transcends the passage of the water and the openings of their speeches. In these areas, the water is disturbed and passes through the plasma membranes of the clitin; vvazhayut that in such a rank the growths are protected from the penetration of toxic speeches, pathogenic fungi, too.
Another important force, as I take a fate from pіdёmі vodi, - tse root vice. It should become 1-2 atm (for vinyatka vipadkas - up to 8 atm). The value of the size, zvichayno, is not enough, so that you can independently secure the ruh of the homeland, but її the contribution of the wealthy roslin without perechechny.
Sweeping along the xylem into the leaves, water and mineral speech are divided through the line of bunches, which is carried out along the clitins. Rukh on the clitins of the leaf works, like in the root, three ways: on the apoplast, symplast and vacuoles. At its own expense, vicorist roslina is less than 1% water, which is clayed with it, the grits viparate through a wax ball on the surface of the leaves and stem - the cuticle (about 10% water) - and especially the pores - exhalation (90% water). Herbaceous growths spend today close to a liter of water, and in great trees the figure can be hundreds of liters. Viparovuvannya vodi (transpiration) zdiisnyuєtsya for the energy of the sun. The simplest way to transpire posterigati is to cover the roslin in the miner with a kovpak; on internal surfaces Kovpak picks up drops of redini.
On swidkіst viparovuvannya pour in a lot of chinnikіv; as a sound mind (light, temperature, moisture content, visibility of the wind, availability of water near the ground), and peculiarities of the leaves (surface area of the leaf, cuticle thickness, amount of fresh air). A number of external factors lead to a change in the diffusion of water from the leaves, and others (for example, the presence of light or a strong wind) call for the fading of the air (the zaddyaks of robots and especially clitins that blink). Roslins of arid regions may have special attachments for changing transpiration: they are deeply entangled in leaves, densely pubescent with hairs or a patch of hair, thick waxy streak, turning leaves on thorns or thorns and others. Autumn leaf fall in the dead latitudes is also calling for a change in the vaporization of the water, if the cold comes.
Deyakі mineral speech, vykonavshi their I will draw the function, can move far up the hill or down the phloem. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya, for example, before dropping leafing, if the accumulated leaves of the korisnі speech are taken away, put in the other parts of the growth.
In rich-clitinous roslins, there is one more transport system, recognized for the distribution of photosynthesis products - the phloem. On top of the xylem, organic speech can be transported by the phloem uphill and down. 90% of speeches, which are transferred, become sucrose, as they practically do not take part in the metabolism of growth without intermediary, and that is the ideal carbohydrate for transport. Shvidkist ruhu tsukru sound to become 20-100 cm / year; in a day you can walk along the trunk of a great tree, a sprat of a kilo of tsukra (at a dry mass).
As large streams of living speeches can flow in thin sieve tubes of phloem (their diameter does not exceed 30 microns), it is not clear to understand. Obviously, speech along the phloem is expanded by mass strum, and not by diffusion. Possible transport mechanisms are normal pressure or electroosmosis.
In case of progressive phloem, sieve-like tubes become clogged as a result of the introduction of calosis on sieve-like plates. The irreversible turn of the living speeches sings through the sprat of whilin after the shock.
