And yet, middle-class culture preserved many cultural forms, the creation of Antiquity (before Rome). It's true, even more often in an urchin, superficial look. Get in touch with new values and goals. For example, middle-class education continued to be like a piznioantichna system of “seven free mysticisms”: grammar, rhetoric and dialectics, then geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy were first taught. But in Antiquity, illumination is of little self-worth, and an unillumined person never became free to the end, becoming a slave to his passions in those splendid surroundings. At the Middle Ages, enlightenment was us in front of a reserve for liturgical practice, that governance of the state. Deyakі disciplines, zokrema rhetoric, completely changed their zmіst. In the early Middle Ages, rhetoric became a mysticism for writing, and not for sleeping a word, a practice for mastering business documents, and not a mysticism for speaking beautifully. Arithmetic was shaping the newcomer's rahunka, that rosemary of the day, but in no way appeared to be known from the knowledge of the day of the world like in Antiquity.
The foundation of middle-class theology was ancient. Dekilka to century Christian philosophy developed within the framework of Antiquity. Christianity was confused about its own ideals, perebuvayut culture with a deeply developed system of ontology, epistemology, logic, and the subtle science of polemics. Struggling with the pagan philosophy, as it began to penetrate into Christianity in the form of heresies, it was possible only by means of means. Blaming theology, it spiraled against ancient neoplatonism. Ale on the view of Antiquity, philosophy in the Middle Ages ceases to be the remaining way of understanding the truth. More faith for her.
The church organization of the early Middle Ages continued for another three or three hours to follow the principle of the ancient cities: prominently independent metropolises, that patriarchy created a single union. Wanting the Roman bishops back to the actual subdivision of the church in 1054 p. they jumped to the creation of a centralized church and really little special rights (the shards of the apostles Peter and Paul were founded by the Roman Church itself, and Rome itself took care of the purity of faith). But here Christianity has lost its form. Even the main bannim of the polis organization was free of gromadianism, and the Christians, navit bishops, were slaves, hail and God.
Undoubtedly pouring in Antiquity and middle art. The domed temple, the basilica, as an architectural form, were placed behind the Roman culture. At the sculpture, the traditions of ancient maestros were victorious. The connection between iconography and Greek painting was seen in the technique, form, and the back of the ancient story as a symbol for the Christian story. Ale mystetstvo in Serednyovichchi poklikan us before to bring people closer to God, eternity, to grow like a natural cob, and not to reinforce the harmony of the corporeal and the spiritual, the mother and the form.
The modern advance of the ancient Roman and middle-class culture is also being taken care of. Latina is deprived of my veneration and church preaching. However, people who respected my native language were less Daedal. Up to 8 tbsp. in rich barbarian kingdoms, the population ceased to understand Latin.
It is noteworthy that the Serednyovichchya Bula was not a large part of the ancient bookish recession. Moreover, the texts of ancient authors, like Antiquity itself, were practically unknown, and they knew very little about them, who signified the development of the scientific thought of Greece and Rome, in Serednyovichchi. For example, from the work of Plato to 12-13 Art. less than a part of the dialogue "Timei" was twisted. Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy were forgotten for a long time. With whom Julian Solin (3rd century) becomes an authoritative geographer, the robots of such a fantastic description of the country are clearly gravitating towards myth.
By the greater world, the ancient cultural heritage was preserved by Byzantium and, at the same time, it created the synthesis of the ancient and Christian traditions, and became one of the mediators in the transfer of the ancient heritage to Europe.
Christianity was the main phenomenon of the cultural life of the ancient Antiquity, as it passed from the Middle Ages, becoming its foundation. Already until the end of 4 tbsp. the majority of the population of the Roman Empire would have been formally Christian. On the decay of the ancient civilization, only the church organization could save its life and that of the culturally uniting power of Europe.
If this material appears to be familiar to you, you can save it on your side in social measures:
| Tweet |
Minsk 2007
UDC 008(076.6) LBC 71.oya7 L24 Series founded in 2001
Peculiarities of cultural studies
In most cases, the lesson of this science in the initial course is to be repaired from the understanding of the understanding of how science is designated. The term "culturologist
Culturology as an integrative science discipline
As far as culturology, it is an integrative scientific discipline, as if culture is being cultivated at a glance
Head of that function of cultural studies
Having designated the subject of cultural studies and її originality as an integral gallery of scientific knowledge about the whole phenomenon of culture, which is dynamically developing, we can formulate її main
material culture
Material culture can achieve a foldable structure. Її basis є subject-productive elements. Stop, at your side, turn on the culture of virobnitstva, life
spiritual culture
Before the basic elements of spiritual culture, put: zvichaї; call; laws of values Zvichaї, zvichaї, laws of diversity
Main approaches to historical typology of culture
Іsnuyut takі come to the historical typology of culture. Evolutionary. Yoga is based on the idea of the unity of the cultural and historical process. Ku
Culture of social and ethnic communities
The culture of social and ethnic cohesion is the best perspective for looking at human culture;
Professional and folk culture
Before different types of culture lie professional and folk culture. Professional culture revitalizes as folk
Economic change of mind and social functions of mass culture
Coils of a wide expansion of mass culture in to the current world kriyutsya at the commercialization of all suspіlnyh vіdnosin. Pragnennya bachiti goods in the sphere of spiritual activity
Dominant culture, subculture, counterculture
Skin suspenstvo may be a succession of cultural zrazkіv, as it is accepted by more members of the sspіlstvo. Qiu sukupnіst accepted to be called the dominant culture
Economic culture
Let's guess that the economy is a social institution, recognized for the production, distribution, exchange, and the provision of material goods and services. Economic culture
Political culture
Political culture includes the arbitrariness of ways political activity, knowledge, values orientations and norms of political behavior of social groups
legal culture
Legal culture is an important repository of contemporary culture. Legal notices in the present hour practically all spheres of the life of society,
Functions of legal culture
Integration. The system of law has been called upon to ensure the success of the suspіlstva, with the help of the protection of conflict situations. Regulatory function
moral culture
Moral culture is one of the main pillars of the spiritual life of the soul. Order from law, the sphere of morality acts as the main mechanism of regulation
Religion and culture
Religion as a look of light and metaphysical power of human self-confidence is one of the constitutive rice cultures. Until the New Hour, she started a spiritual cult
Art culture; mysticism; aesthetic value; artistic image; artistic creativity; artistic style
Artistic culture is one of the warehouses of the system of functioning of the “other nature” of people. Maybe, it's one of the most stable
art culture
Artistic culture is mastering the sphere of artistic values, so that it can be directly promoted to aesthetic values that are presented by the cult
Mysticism is like knowledge
Art is a special kind educational activities, which is the reason for the specific interrelation between the subject and the object in the process of recognition. For scientific
The sign-symbolic function of art
The essence of the sign is such that vin, lightening the power of nature, is a substitute for the singing sensation. You can talk about those who no longer transmit the mysticism and call out from the witness of the people the deeds of meaning
Mystery like catharsis
Even in ancient Greece, the ancient thinkers gave respect to those who could especially build harmony with the inner world of a person, shape the songs of morality.
Main rices of primary culture
The primacy is historically the first and most important stage in the development of human culture. The nutrition of the timchasovyh within the framework of this period is very rich superechok. Zagalom accept
Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism (in Greek, anthropos - a person, morphe - a form) - giving human powers to objects and phenomena of inanimate nature, celestial bodies, roslin and living
Traditionalism
Traditions play a significant role in culture, acting as a channel for the transmission of accumulated knowledge. Ale, in the first place, the stench is of little particular importance, the traces of the same tradition and the connection with the tradition of Bulo
Spiritual culture of the first people
The traditionalism of primary culture has led to the fact that all significant forms of behavior were socially sanctioned, strictly regulated by the symbolic system of conduct -
Forms of religion
There are no unequivocal thoughts among the past in religion about how the forms of the first religions can be respected by religion. A number of doslidnikiv do not belong to religion magic (J.Frez
Magic as a way to know and master the world
Under magic, understand the system of rituals, for the help of such people, by a supernatural order, to infuse into nature, that people are spirits. Magic is bound with pre
Myth as the main form of archaic evidence
Peculiarities of the myth as a way of luminous perception of the appearance of figuratively sensitive, symbolic, syncretic nature of the manifestation of manifestations of nature and enormity
The culture of ancient suspres
Ancient civilizations are a special social and historical phenomenon that can resist the pre-class and pre-state, house and pre-gromadian, nareshti, which is even more important, dopismen
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt- power at the pivnіchno-shіdnіy Africa, at the lower flow of the bunk. Nil, one of the oldest powers in the world. Natural minds became the main factor in the development of ancient Egyptian
Ancient India
At the valley of the river Ind, already in the ІІІ-ІІ yew. before. n. i.e. that self-sufficient culture was founded. Culture of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappi (named after the place of manifestation of the most ancient Russian settlements) of III yew.
Ancient China
The Chinese people have created a special type of culture, which inspires it among other peoples. Long hour living in isolation, having created an original civilization with a special type of mutual people
Characteristics of rice of ancient Greek culture
The term "ancient culture" refers to the culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome from the XIII-XII centuries. e.i to IV-V Art. n. e., pov'yazanu іz zarodzhennyam, rozkvitom i zanepad rabovsnikіv
Mythology
Mythology played a great role in the formalization of ancient culture. Myths themselves are archaic stories about the deeds of gods and heroes on the basis of fantastic
Davnyorim culture
Ancient Rome played the key role of European history, that and light culture. The complex of countries and peoples, which until today is signified by the words "Western Europe"
architecture
High level Architecture reached the development, as it recognized the strong flow of the Turkish and Greek. Ale, at the same hour, near the spores, the Romans jumped to reinforce the force, Mitz, to oppress people
Science and Mystery
The achievements of science are not so important among the literature. Although the nabuli of a singing geographically wide, medical knowledge, but the daedals became more commemorative signs of regression.
Turns of middle culture
The European middle class began practically from the cultural catastrophe of the ancient, ancient civilization. Together with the ruins of the Roman statehood, valuable substantiations are rapidly emerging
Christianity in the culture of the Middle Ages
Christianity acts as a light-seeing basis of the Middle Ages, putting a win on all spheres of spiritual and material life. The system of values in the Middle Ages in its own abs
Paganism in the middle culture
After the empire was occupied by the German tribes, the Roman Church stumbled upon the need to reinforce the Christianity of the barbarian peoples, the knowledge of which was richer than archaic, lower antique. Before
Carnival, funny character of folk culture
The carnival, funny character of folk culture is an important feature of the culture of the Middle Ages, which manifested itself most clearly in localities. carnival i
Elucidation of that science in the Middle Ages
Literacy was a reality, but an ideal symbol of culture. There are not so many literate people, a book is rare. Pobutova reality - the people who are sleeping. Ale, the figure of copying becomes more noble, nobler than the figure
Litsar culture
Vіyskoviy camp buv necessary warehouse like antique, і nіmetskoi culture. Ale there, the warrior would be less hired, serving his master, the leader. Stretching of the mustache early middle
Art culture Serednyovichchya
The average svetoglyad zoomed in on the specific drawings of the science of the tsієї epoch: Zvernennya to God. Mysticism is not enough to bring people to God, to put them in front of the image, and
Molding culture
Nasampered, the next meaning of the term "renaissance" is "revival". Go, persh for everything, about the revival of ancient ideals - in the widest understanding - as normative
Ideas of ancient humanism
Another most important idea, as it was formulated within the framework of the Age of Renaissance - the idea of the divine on the cob in humans, moreover, the type of active social behavior is more important,
Science and Mystery
The science school of the world, which was born, is inextricably linked with the artistic practice of the Renaissance epoch. Zhodin s great artists at this hour, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Albrecht
Pivnichne Revival
The Pivnichne Revival, to which France, Nimechchyna, the Netherlands, etc., adopted the humanist ideas of the Italian Renaissance, but with it, in the culture of these lands, the so-called.
The culture of the Belarusian people of the Renaissance epoch
The humanistic ideas of the Revival came across the most important sphere of the spiritual life of the Middle Europe - the church. Blame the ideas of turning to the right meanings of religious vodnosin, yak
The era of capitalism
XVII century vіdkrylo new era- the era of capitalism. At the same time, Protestantism has given an agonizing impulse to rationalize all kinds of activity and the creation of science for the New Hour - enlightened knowledge. Vіn osvyach
Development of European science
Examples of the XVI – n. XVI Art. Galileo laying down the foundations of new mechanics-dynamics, important remarks in the gallery of astronomy, I. Kepler learned astronomical awareness in mathematical formulas (Ke laws
Development of enlightenment movement
Naprikintsi XVII-n. XVIII Art. in European culture, the vinyl ideology of Enlightenment, as it propagated the priority of science, the mind in life, specialty, supremacy, power, the idea of the development of thorough people
The development of science in the X1X century
The 11th century is the hour of the discovery of classical natural science, the creation of a single system of sciences. The first scientific laboratories appeared, as if they practiced craftsmanship. More and more science
Development of art and architecture
Great damage to the development of science and technology has spilled onto artistic culture. Classicism, romanticism, critical realism are the primary artistic influences
Culture of the XX century
Twenty centuries has changed history as the most tragic and bloody. Yogo head of rice is an exhausting zlіt of science and technology on aphids of gigantic zіtknen, revolutions.
Science in culture of the XX century
Discussions about the significance and role of different types of cultures inevitably led to the problems associated with the establishment of the field of science in daily suspense. Tim more so, that at the 20th century. science as a special socio-cultural
Art directly in the culture of the XX century
The main innovations in culture, which appeared in the first half of the 20th century, were molded importantly in the mainstream of modernism, which became a specific path
Musical culture of the XX century
Musical culture of the 20th century artistic literature, are characterized by the hints of modernist features and forms of artistic expression. Tse clearly
Modern day civilization
The word "civilization" resembles the Latin "civilis" - a hromada, a resident of a city. Even in antiquity, it was victorious for the designation of the ancient svіtu vіd var
Main ideas of modern civilizational theory
Let's make a presentation on the main ideas of the leaders of the present-day civilizational theory. The theory of local types by N.Ya. Danilevsky (1822-1885). At his head
Development of a civilizational theory of local cultures
P. Sorokin (1889-1968) in his work recognized the main provisions of the theory of local cultures and raised a low critical level of respect, which took away the development of civility.
Formation of light civilization
Today, it is obvious that the world is becoming more and more mutually dependent social system. Vinikla tisna economical integration; the system of international practice was formed; boules s
Nature
Nature is one of the broadest to understand. The manifestations of that object of nature are the light of the distant stars, and the mutual transformation of the most elementary particles, the boundless expanse of the ocean and the other.
Naturalistic concepts of culture and people
The naturalistic concepts of culture and people are the sum total of philosophical and theoretical views that lead the life of a person to natural ambushes, and її diyalnіst, incl.
Modern forms of naturalism
Modern forms of naturalism in the traditional way. In this hour of mirkuvannya about human nature, about the language of nature and culture, nature and people know
Ecology
Ecology-understanding what to look like in the Greek oikos - Budinok, Batkivshchyna; viniklo as a sign of the gallus of science, which continues to be seen between people and natural nature, їх “e
Mutual culture and specialty
Culture is a specific human way of activity, directing the creation of spiritual and material values, the result of which is a dynamic system of symbols
Stages of interaction between cultures and special features
Understandably, the three components of the depicted truncated pyramid are closely tied to each other in such a way that it is enough to put one of them in so that the entire culture system is destroyed
Socialization of specialty
Culture, created by the creative activity of a person, having taken the form of an instillation of an ideal, I’ll think of a specific TV, something like a novel, opera, sculpture, temple, religious doctrine, just, myself
Vindication of various psychocultural types of specialty
It is known that the variety of variants of success of culture and specialness should be brought to the conclusion of various psychocultural types of specialness. At the given hour
mov yak culture element
Mova is one of the main elements of culture, an important part of communication. Why does the movie need vinyl? At dawn, the development of human supremacy in the form
Movie Vinification Process
At the same time, on the earth's backstage, there is no movable language, as if I would save the memory of the early stages of development. From these rich sciences, it is possible to complete the process of vindication of a movie. Paleoanthr
Form the basis of the movie
Language is used in different forms - dialects, social dialects (professional language), common language, literary language. Dialects - mystic names for sound
Formation of ethnic self-respect
Modern processes are closely related to the development of the ethnic group. Ethnos are characterized by a low sign, among them there are biological ones (racial unity, commonality); geographic (unity
Historical path of formation and development of Belarusian culture
The historical path of the formation and development of the Belarusian culture is foldable and super articulate. On which way there was a period of fair zloto, but it was trodden and so, if it was
The injection of social and political minds into the development of culture
Particularly significant developments in the development of Belarusian culture are connected with the socio-political transformations that occurred in Belarus after the revolutions of 1917 to rock - an ear of luthium
Belarusian musical and theatrical art
Belarusian musical art is a special sphere of artistic activity, which took off a significant development in the 20th century, sparking the creative success of musicians on a different scale
Culturology
Lecture course 3rd edition, supplemented
Looking at the paintings of the artists of the Renaissance of that late century, one often marvels: in one scene, people are depicted, taken from early hours. Some clearly look like representatives of the Middle Ages, others - like characters of antiquity. It is impossible for some people to realize until what hour it would be possible to see the heroes in the paintings, the floorings of the super-excellent look, which will wear the elements of the clothes of different epochs.
Blame the law of nourishment: why did the mitzis of the Renaissance not know how the antiques looked? Aje mi know. And the stench was guilty of knowing better for us, fragments of information before them were more.
P'ero della Francesca. The Battle of Iraclius from Chosroes (fragment). OK. 1460 r. In the foreground are images of warriors, clothes worn by a typical antique tunic. Behind the figure of that ancient "gladiator" we have a lot of classic middle-class knights. The date is depicted until the 7th century, but the date is not important for us at the moment. The cost of all the pictures that are being looked at here. It is less important that the artist shows us characters, such as, judging from them old-fashioned look, m zmusheni vіdnesti till raznyh o'clock. He himself, obviously, did not think about it and dragged his heroes into the battle of one era.
Yakby marveled at the paintings, for example, ancient characters are depicted only in a middle-class dress, - and such people are richly finished, - they could admit that this is the author's idea. Abo, that the artist in his middle class simply could not be seen, as people looked in the old days, and painted them like their fellows. This is how the data of the stupidity of historians are explained. However, in the past, we have a lot of pictures, in which one can sing antiquity and the middle at the same time.
Why mitets zmіshav raznі culture? Chi is not obvious, scho really vіn imagining that culture, as a bule you know well, and so, in the "antique" that "middle" dress people walked for one hour?
One of the paintings of Cagliari, more famously known as Paolo Veronese, depicts a centurion, who stands on guard before Christ. This is the broadest Christian story. The centurion of robes is like a typical antique Roman military leader. The soldiers behind him were dressed and braced so, as it was in the middle of the middle. Other characters are also dressed in middle clothes.
Paolo Veronese. Christ is the centurion. Ser. XVI Art. Irrespective of those that the scene depicts the beginning of the 1st century AD, we are lucky that Christ and the centurion were transferred to the second thousand years in the future. And the nourishment is not in the fact that the mitets having put it down in such a life of the epoch, although it already in itself deserves a serious analysis of the moment, but in the fact that the antique robe is judged from the middle ones.
It is obvious that for the artist all the participants are dressed in this sense, and no anachronism of faults can be imagined here. The “antique” robe of a centurion is a middle-class robe, from which you can wear a brooch (and, marveling at other pictures, - and visnovok), that all antiquity, which is depicted, is an image of the middle novice.
Naturally, people always dressed in different ways: for hot weather - without sleeves and with bare feet, for cold weather - in warm and closed clothes. The efforts of historians "napіvgolі" became the characters of Antiquity, and "clothes" - the Middle Ages. There were two different European cultures, yak, through vіdminnіst, it was impossible to start at the same time, and they were piece by piece chronologically separated. So called Antiquity "went" on a rich table at the end, and we took away the stupidity and super-sophisticated history.
Paolo Veronese. The homeland of Darius before Oleksandr. OK. 1570 r. In this picture, Alexander the Great is depicted with his honor and the family of the Persian king Darius, who was overcome by him. We don’t have anything of the ancient Persian style in Darius’s native land – a splendid European middle-aged look. I, rather, navit not the middle one, but the lower one. Judging by the clothes of a woman, and navit from architecture, more guessing of the XVII-XVIII centuries.
Oleksandr looks amazing in the picture. Not in that sense, I know, that the wines of the premises are clearly middle-class, but in the fact that this collection is the sum of antique and middle-class robes. Clean up the robe of the panchokha and the long sleeves - and you can manage in a long time to command the ancient warriors. Such is the swindler herself and in the clothes of yoga accompanying.
Gaspar Dizian. Homeland of Darius before Alexander the Great. XVIII Art. The same plot. No wonder the pictures are similar, but the actual details are just identical. And all of them looked the same - a piznyoserednovichny looking out of the obvious house of antiquity. That, perhaps, is similar to the ancient clothes - is it the “form” of military commanders that is significant for the Middle Ages?
It’s the same with those who, from the moment Veronese’s paintings appeared, before the creation of Diziana, passed over the second century, but from the artistic point of view, there are no paintings between the two. You can think that the art of the style has not developed for an hour. Naimovіrnіshe, Paolo Veronese and other miracle artists of the Renaissance lived and worked at the same time, if they were placed by historians.
Gaspard de Crayer. Oleksandr and Diogenes. XVII century One more Oleksandr the Great. The Flemish artist depicted the famous philosopher Diogenes, the famous philosopher Diogenes, who is alive in Asia Minor. Judging by the sucylno-metal obladunkiv, on the right, it is in the middle, and judging by the other details - in antiquity.
Antiquity, Middle Ages and the New Hour - three great epochs in history Western Europe. Under antiquity, we understand the history of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Ancient Greece or Hellas is a common name for the territory of the ancient Greek powers on the pivdni of the Balkan Pivostrov, the islands of the Aegean Sea, the coast of Thrace, the western coastal swarm of Asia Minor. The first powers of Greece (Knossos, Festus, Mycenae, Tirinf and others.) settled on the cob of the 2nd thousand years before the stars. e. The invasion of Dorians (bl. 1200 BC) caused the disintegration of powers and the birth of ancestral vіdnosin. In the wake of the struggle of the demos with the tribal aristocracy in 8-6 centuries BC. e. in Greece, place-powers were formed - policies. The largest boules were Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Argos.
The Greeks attached special respect to vihovanny, which allowed the creation of culture, which established a sign of beauty in architecture, sculpture, music, literature, and more and more save time. Philosophers Plato, Aristotle, Socrates and close to them Pіthagoras, Euclid, Archimedes gave us a majestic splash, they know us more like mathematics. In the Greek system, science, science and sports were inextricably linked. Frail body, the presence of musical hearing and non-writing were judged (lower versions of the population and slaves were taken into account). Inspired by the spirit of the Hellenic boule, the Olympic Games, which were held in 8-4 centuries BC. That included sports, theatrical and religious events.
5-4 centuries BC e. - The period of the greatest rozkvіtu polіsіv. Vіn buv pov'yazaniy z pіdnesennâm Afіn y vysokovy vimogo grekіv v greco-Persian vyynah. The struggle between Athens and Sparta for hegemony in Greece until the end of the 5th century BC. e. called to the Peloponnesian war, all policies were drawn into the yak. Athenians recognized the blows, but shkodi was the leader of all Greece. Greece has spent its strength, which appeared at the pinnacle of the Olympian mountains. At the 4th century BC. e. Greece was conquered by the king of Macedonia, Philip, and Yogo son Oleksandr, having directed his conquest to the whole ancient light. Not long after the collapse of the state of Alexander the Great, Greece became one of the Roman provinces, and of the 4th century. e. - The main part of the Skhidnoy Roman Empire.
Following orders, Ancient Rome was founded 753 BC. e. In 8-6 centuries BC. e. Rome was ruled by kings. At 510-509 BC. e. roci Bulo established a republic. Until the middle of the 3rd century, having subjugated the entire territory of Italy, Rome turned into a great power, as if hegemony was gaining ground in the Mediterranean, which led to the closeness of Carthage. At 146 p. BC e. the fate of the three Punic warriors, having gained victory over Carthage, Rome became the largest Mediterranean power.
The Romans mayzhe did not create their own culture, but they adopted it and transformed the walnut. Prior to nourishment of religion, the stench came from the positions of practicalism. The priests chose the song term, like the townspeople, the gods looked like helpers on the right.
At Ancient Rome reached the apogee of the institution of slavery. In the middle of the 2nd century BC. i.e. two antagonistic classes took shape - the slaves and the slaves, who fought among the great rebellions of the slaves (the Sicilian rebellion, the rebellion of Spartacus). The disgracefulness of the peasants, who had grown strong at the link with the growth of the great earth-volunteer, called out to the wide revolutionary movement of the strong plebs and the first sleep of the bulk of the war on the streets of Rome. In the socio-political life of Rome in the 1st century BC. e. the Daedals began to play a greater role, the army and the її leaders. In the aftermath of the mass war of 49-45, Caesar became the unrestricted ruler of the state. At 44 roci Caesar was killed by the adherents of the republic. After a new period of massive wars, which ended with the victory of Octavian, Rome became an empire.
Serednyovichchi slid vіdrakhovuvati vіd hour, if the Roman Empire (III-V centuries) was conquered by the Germans and other tribes. Since then, the period of the new Empire is seen at the same time as the epilogue of the great epoch - Antiquity, and the prologue of the new one - the Middle Ages. The transition from ancient times to the Middle Ages takes a tribal historical period. Historians try to explain why the Roman Empire fell, and give respect to those sides of the life of the dead Rome, as if to testify about the historical inevitability of the death of a great power.
Before the turn of the II and III centuries, the Roman Empire reached its maximum expansion. At the entrance of the empire, the waters of the Atlantic washed, at night, on the islands of Britain, the cordon passed by the native Scotland, on the continent, the cordon passed along the right banks of the Rhine, then the Danube to the Black Sea. At the descent, the Roman Volodya gravitated to the upper Tigris and Euphrates and to the deserts of the Arabian Pivostrov. On the pivdnі, on the African continent, the Empire was bordered by the sands of the Sahara, and Egypt - the first threshold of the Nile.
For maintaining order in the Empire, for the defense of cordonies and the conquest of new territories, a great army was needed, for the morning of which colossal cats were needed. And so that no one could manage to pay taxes, the imperial government switched to the policy of attaching them to the month of their residence, and fixing them in your profession, which stench was engaged in. On the city dwellers, among the members of the city administration, collective responsibility was laid for collecting that payment of taxes. In times of arrears, the stench of the stench is small to cry with the help of the mine.
Thus, a large city dweller pretended to be a fallow power payer of taxes. Those became the same with the mass of the rural population. Bіdolashnі earthworkers, yakі rented delyanki from the land vlasnikіv - COLUMNS (settlers) - tezh were allowed to deprive the place of residence.
In order of columns, the mass of the working population, like before, became slaves, but the work was even more unproductive, because the slave did not get caught in the government and worked only with a primus. Saving the slave labor was the main reason why the technique could not be developed: the master of the slave was more likely to vikoristati yogo cheap working force chim vytrachatisya on be-yakі tekhnіchnі vdoskonalennya. They knew about the fact that part of the slaves were endowed with rubbish pieces of land.
The emperor was supported by the army and the bureaucracy, and this led to the fact that the military hung on the throne of their battalions, which were thrown off by other contenders for power. The struggle between different military groups swayed around the 3rd century. in a series of internal wars, unrest and rise.
The crisis was engulfed in spiritual life. At the same time, out of the decline of the freedoms of the people, the moral decline of the suspense emerges. The Roman religion was invincible against this storm. Yazichnitsky gods - instilled by quiet chi and other natural forces and human capacities - were wearing high garlic. Behind that vіruvannyami, the gods could intervene in human life, the stench was worshiped by that sacrifice, for yakі they paid for people with such blessings, but the stench was not moral ideals. Roman paganism was tolerated until the veneration of other peoples, which were included before the Empire, and often after the birth of a new province, the deities came to the Roman pantheon (community of gods) and in Rome violating the cult of these gods. The main one is the cult of the imperial power and worship of the person of the emperor.
At II-III Art. Among the population of the Empire, a new religion, Christianity, began to swell. On the back of Christianity, it was a sect (it was a small group that was cremated in any religion) JUDAIZMU - believe the Jews, which was seen on the aphids of other religions to recognize the one God.
The veneration of Christ was "not in sight of the whole world." The main thing in the new was the preaching of love to the neighbor, the immortality of the human soul and the fragility of the bodily light. Christ and yoga followers preached high morality and condemned the sinful way of life, which threatens the death of the soul. All other religions in the Empire were tribal religions: their gods were gods of that and another tribe or people. In the meantime, Christianity was christened in national identity, like, vtim, and іnshі vіdminnosti among people, among them among freemen slaves. It espoused faith in the one God, creating the world of that people. Christianity did not cry out to the poor and slaves to the point of disobedience, just as it did not cry out to the followers to the step against worldly power. Ale vono nibi іgnoruvaval tsyu vlad, i slapped virishal meaning not to the hromadskomu chi main camp of the people, but even to the yogo position before God, the inner world of the people, as if it were guilty of acting for the sake of God in the likeness of earthly people. In my foreignness to the earthly world, in ignorance of the pans of those rulers, the imperial power could not but incur great insecurity for itself. For this reason, if the deacons of the Roman emperors were to win over the Christian masses on their own beck, they were changed by cruel persecutions of Christians: they were applauded by the vassals and stratified. Often times, in the order of gladiatorial battles near the places of the Empire, species were ruled, for an hour wild animals were attacked by Christians. Possibly, those who were taken from similar sights by the city dwellers, as if they were tormented by the torments of Christian sacrifices, characterize the moral slump of the Roman suspіlstvo more than vaga.
The Christian masses had occasion to hang out in quiet places and dungeons-catacombs, and the stench continued to chanuvat their invisible God. Showing that, regardless of the zhorstokі pereshlіduvannya, the number of adherents in the new religion continued to grow, an organization was formed christian church, And the cult of the holy martyrs, who suffered for the faith, being more spitting, lower worshiping the pagan gods.
Irrespective of the scorching twilight of the ancient foundations of antiquity, the middle culture preserved the ancient forms, the creation of antiquity, ahead of them - Ancient Rome.
Yes, average illumination continued to be within the ancient framework, which included a system of "seven free mysticisms": grammar, rhetoric, and dialectics, then geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy. However, the goals of consecration changed: in Antiquity, consecration had little independent value, in the Middle Ages, consecration became a prerequisite for liturgical practice and that ruling power. Deyakі disciplines, zokrema rhetoric, completely changed their zmіst. In the early Middle Ages, rhetoric became a mysticism for writing, and not for sleeping a word, a practice for mastering business documents, and not a mysticism for speaking beautifully. Arithmetic was shaping the newcomers' rahunka, that cherry blossom, but in no way did it match the knowledge of the day of the world, like in Antiquity.
Middle theology also based on ancient foundations. The dekilka to create a new Christian dogma spawned with ancient light-gazing bases. Christianity was embarrassed to fight pagan philosophy, as it penetrated Christianity in the form of heresies. Philosophy in Serednyovichchi cease to be the remaining way of understanding the truth. More faith for her.
Church organization early Serednyovichchya still 3rd hour continued to follow the principle of ancient politics. Eminently independent metropolises were founded, as if united in the patriarchy, as if then they created a single union. The independence of Christian autonomy and the alliances in the ancient cities meant that the main surviving politic organizations were free from the community, and the Christians, navit bishops, were servants of God.
In their minds, becoming podіl christian church in 1054 p. on the skhіdnu gіlku (nadali - Orthodoxy) and zakhіdnu (nadali - Catholicism). At what hour did the Roman bishops activate their susilly at the creation of a centralized church, in fact, they were so right.
Bezsmnіvnіv vplіv mala middle-class art. Dome temple, yak basilica architectural forms Boulli zapozicheni іz roman culture. At sculptures the traditions of ancient maistrovs were victorious. Zvyazok icon painting and Greek painting appeared in technіtsі, forms, and more often than not in vikoristannі ancient plot as a symbol for the plot of the Christian.
Take care of that modern offensive ancient Roman and middle culture. Latina is deprived of my veneration and church preaching. However, people who respected my native language were less Daedal. Even before the VIII century. the majority of the European population has ceased to understand Latin.
At Serednyovichchi Bula, there is already a small part of the ancient philosophical and scientific decline. Moreover, the texts of ancient ancient authors were victorious in the main texts, as in the period of Antiquity they were more unknown, but they knew very little about those who signified the development of the scientific thought of Greece and Rome (Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy, Plato), they did not know much about the Middle Ages . For example, from the work of Plato until the XII-XIII centuries. less than a part of the dialogue "Timei" was twisted.
By the greater world, ancient cultural decay was preserved by Byzantium (the abode of Christianity - Orthodoxy), and it itself created the synthesis of ancient and Christian traditions, becoming an intermediary in the transfer of ancient decay to Europe.
Looking at the paintings of the artists of the Renaissance of that late century, one often marvels: in one scene, people are depicted, taken from early hours. Some clearly look like representatives of the Middle Ages, others - like characters of antiquity. It is impossible for some people to realize until what hour it would be possible to see the heroes in the paintings, the floorings of the super-excellent look, which will wear the elements of the clothes of different epochs.
Blame the law of nourishment: why did the mitzis of the Renaissance not know how the antiques looked? Aje mi know. And the stench was guilty of knowing better for us, fragments of information before them were more.
P'ero della Francesca. The Battle of Iraclius from Chosroes (fragment). OK. 1460
Here in the foreground are images of warriors, robes at a typical antique chiton. Behind the figure of that ancient "gladiator" we have a lot of classic middle-class knights.
The date is depicted until the 7th century, but the date is not important for us at the moment. The cost of all the pictures that are being looked at here. It is less important than those that the artist shows us the characters, which, judging from their modern look, are maddened to see until late hours. He himself, obviously, did not think about it and dragged his heroes into the battle of one era.
Yakby marveled at the paintings, for example, ancient characters are depicted only in a middle-class dress, - and such people are richly finished, - they could admit that such is the author's idea. Abo, that the artist in his middle class simply could not be seen, as people looked in the old days, and painted them like their fellows. This is how the data of the stupidity of historians are explained. However, in the past, we have a lot of pictures, in which one can sing antiquity and the middle at the same time.
Why mitets zmіshav raznі culture? Chi is not obvious, scho really vіn imagining that culture, as a bule you know well, and so, in the "antique" that "middle" dress people walked for one hour?
One of the paintings of Cagliari, more famously known as Paolo Veronese, depicts a centurion, who stands on guard before Christ. This is the broadest Christian story. The centurion of robes is like a typical antique Roman military leader. The soldiers behind him were dressed and braced so, as it was in the middle of the middle. Other characters are also dressed in middle clothes.
Paolo Veronese. Christ is the centurion. Ser. XVI Art.
Irrespective of those that the scene depicts the beginning of the 1st century AD, we are lucky that Christ and the centurion were transferred to the second thousand years in the future. And the nourishment is not in the fact that the mitets having put it down in such a life of the epoch, although it already in itself deserves a serious analysis of the moment, but in the fact that the antique robe is judged from the middle ones.
It is obvious that for the artist all the participants are dressed in this sense, and no anachronism of faults can be imagined here. The “antique” robe of a centurion is a middle-class robe, from which you can wear a brooch (and, marveling at other pictures, - and visnovok), that all antiquity, which is depicted, is an image of a middle novice.
Naturally, people always dressed differently: for hot weather - without sleeves and with bare legs, for cold weather - in warm and closed clothes. The efforts of historians "napіvgolі" became the characters of Antiquity, and "clothes" - Serednyovіchchya. There were two different European cultures, yak, through vіdminnіst, it was impossible to start at the same time, and they were piece by piece chronologically separated. So called Antiquity "went" on a rich table at the end, and we took away the stupidity and super-sophisticated history.
Paolo Veronese. The homeland of Darius before Oleksandr. OK. 1570 r.
In this picture, Alexander the Great is depicted with his honor and the family of the Persian king Darius, who was overcome by him. We don’t have anything of the ancient Persian style in Darius’s native land – a splendid European middle-aged look. I, rather, navit not the middle one, but the lower one. Judging by the clothes of a woman, and navit from architecture, more guessing of the XVII-XVIII centuries.
Oleksandr looks amazing in the picture. Not in that sense, I know, that the wines of the premises are clearly middle-class, but in the fact that this collection is the sum of antique and middle-class robes. Clean up the panchokha robe and dovgі sleeves - and you can manage in a long time to command the ancient warriors. Such is the swindler herself and in the clothes of yoga accompanying.
Gaspar Dizian. Homeland of Darius before Alexander the Great. XVIII Art.
The same plot. No wonder the pictures are similar, but the actual details are just identical. And all of them looked the same - a piznyoserednovichny looking out of the obvious house of antiquity. That, perhaps, is similar to the ancient clothes - is it the “form” of military commanders that is significant for the Middle Ages?
It’s the same with those who, from the moment Veronese’s paintings appeared, before the creation of Diziana, passed over the second century, but from the artistic point of view, there are no paintings between the two. You can think that the art of the style has not developed for an hour. Naimovіrnіshe, Paolo Veronese and other miracle artists of the Renaissance lived and worked at the same time, if they were placed by historians.
Gaspard de Crayer. Oleksandr and Diogenes. XVII century
One more Oleksandr the Great. The Flemish artist depicted the famous philosopher Diogenes, the famous philosopher Diogenes, who is alive in Asia Minor. Judging by the sucylno-metal obladunkiv, on the right, it is in the middle, and judging by the other details - in antiquity.
It is similar to mi bachimo in the painting "The Martyrdom of Saint Mauritius". Well, here are images of the ancient wars - modern Mauritius, prototypical middle-class face sholom in the hands of a fighter-carrier and the faces themselves, looking from a different plane, are sleeping. I don’t know the plot, to understand what hour the artist has been trying to imagine, it’s simply impossible.
El Greco. Martyrdom of Saint Mauritius (detail). 1580-81 pp.
I, to complete, a couple more paintings, according to the idea of the authors, which depict antiquity. All zrozumilo that without komentarіv. And vzagali, canvases, on some zmіshani antique that pіznyoserednyovіchna culture, even rich.
El Greco. Defeat Christ (fragment). 1577-79 r.b.
Paolo Veronese. Saints Mark and Marcellus... (fragment). OK. 1565 p.
Create painting with cultural and historical monuments, which we can judge from the way people looked at that hour. And just like the traditional cultural elements of the ancient civilization in the past era, then the traces of the work of the old-fashioned visnovka.
It is obvious that the native culture of antiquity, and at the same time antiquity itself, like a long-standing finish, did not exist. All the same, the culture of the late middle ages, part of which, through the nevirna, the Hibnu chronology, has become old.
