Food for self-verification and control.
1. The power of the special.
2. The main psychological indications of special features.
3. Motivation: problems of appointment, basic theories.
4. Tsіlepokladannya: special factor.
5. Special features, development of a person in an organization.
To understand the essence of managing an organization, the most significant concept is the phenomenon of leadership. Apparently the most significant theory of leadership.
Theory of special aspects (theory of characteristics). The theory was based on the manifestation of the singer's special qualities of the leader and the development of the methodology for adopting such figures in the character of people
Behavioral theory of leadership. The concept is based on those that the effectiveness of a leader is determined not by some special features, but by a style of behavior with appropriate
Theories of leadership based on situational analysis. At the heart of theories is the thesis about those that, when choosing a management style, it is necessary to take advantage of such a style, which is the most powerful and particular situation.
Theory of charismatic qualities of a leader. Vminnya perekonat that lead people.
Theory of social education. Together with the leader, they should concentrate their respect on their own behavior and the behavior of others, on the factors of dovkill, try to change the behavior of one another.
Replacement of leadership concept. In case of singing situations, the leader can vaguely swell into the ranks and swell into the underdogs.
Let's take a look at the main theories of leadership, which explain the phenomenon of influx of some people into the behavior of others in current organizations.
1) Theory of special qualities of leaders.
Vіdpovіdno to tsikh theories, turn around the most scorched rice (yakostey), domineering to the effective leader, and аky vіdrіznyає yogо іt іt іt whom іn vіn vіdе аftеr. As an example of similar theories, we introduce the theory of R. Stogdill, demonstrating such qualities:
physical strength - active, energetic, healthy, strong;
special qualities - adherence, self-confidence, authority, exaltation of success;
intellectual capacity - rozum, smart to accept the need for solutions, intuition, creative cob;
Mozhlivostі - kontaktnіst, easiness at splkuvanni, tactfulness, diplomacy.
The typology of people is widely known by B. Russell, as it is also rooted in special features. As far as the typology of all people can be mentally subdivided into chotiri groups:
People who seem to be so primordial in their character, like insolence at the reach of meti, faith in the power of strength, integrity and openness show their own power;
People who think fearfulness, shyness to the order of others, innocence in themselves, in their strengths and abilities;
People, like to behave situationally: in some ways to get rid of power, in others - to the order of others;
People who may be masculine to act in the order of others, as if they don’t want to command, run away from politics and don’t take part in it. The stinks joke and know the supplement to the power of science, science, creativity.
2. Behavioral (behavioral) theory of leadership.
Goloshuyut on nutrition to teach effective forms of behavior; It determines the leader's behavior based on two main characteristics:
Behavior, oriented, by the head rank, the creation of satisfaction with practice in the right way and development.
Behavior, oriented on a one-to-one basis vikonannya virobnichih zavdan for any price.
Behavior, oriented to the success of the decision of the laborers, with an one-hour satisfaction with the practice in the right development, sound, accompanied by greater showings of work, discipline and low levelness, against them, with the help of food, they ignore it.
3. Theories of leadership that are based on a situational approach.
Here we will think about the following to guess the work of F. Fidler. Vіn proponuvav, that the efficiency of the work of the group is dependent on the offensive factors: firstly, in addition, the style of management of the military specialty is more appropriate and, in another way, because of the ability of the kerіvnik, schob to spit on their behavior.
Vivchivshi behavior of the leader and yoga efficiency different situations, F. Fidler's contribution to the fact that an effective leader can alternately demonstrate, then a different style of management (depending on what is most necessary for a particular situation).
Fidler saw three groups of factors, which determine the efficiency of the work of the quarry and improved it in general:
Vzaєmini kerіvnika z pіdleglimi (stepіrlivosti їhnіkh vіdnosin, vаєmnoї povagi);
The nature of the regulation of practice.
Possibility of a kerіvnik to infuse into the work of podleglih for help picking, stimulating that pushing of cadres.
F. Fidler pointed out two main direct advances in the efficiency of core activity:
A. to attach the leader to the situation (for the help of yoga training, training and retraining, as well as stimulation).
B. Change the situation.
4) Theories of charismatic qualities of leaders.
The rest of the hour showed up a low number of new theories of leadership, in the middle of which a particular expansion of theories of charismatic qualities of leaders appeared. If you try to formulate those qualities of leaders, how to give them, in the eyes of the quiet, whom the stench leads after them, a halo of special significance, a vinousness and magnetism, which allows people to be groaned. Let's name the acts of these yakosts:
Practically the same is true in one's own judgments and needs;
Vminnya bachiti perspective is better, lower reshta;
Zdatnіst zakhopiti іdeєyu іnshih, nice roses'explaining and reconciliation;
Vіddanіst ideї, readiness to risk and take upon yourself the vіdpovіdalіnіst;
Unconventional behavior.
It has been established that those who follow the leaders can be charismatic, have a high motivation, work with enthusiasm and reach high results.
5) The theory of "participatory" management.
Transferring partner's blueprints of kerivniks and supporters:
regular for the sake of the ker_vnika with p_dleglimi;
Vіdkritіst vіdnosinakh mizh kerіvnik i podleglimi;
Received help from the distribution and acceptance of organizational decisions;
Deleguvannya kerіvnikom pіdlegli low ponovazhen;
The fate of cross-breeding practitioners in the planned and planned organizational visits;
The creation of a microgroup with the right to independently expand and propagate ideas, formulate problems and their vision
Leadership- Tse not management. The administration maintains respect for the fact that people speak correctly. Leadership is in the fact that people made the right speech.
Last update: 09/12/2018
One more article, translated by me. You may need someone for an abstract.
Interest in leadership grew on the cob of the twentieth century, especially the food how people become leaders? Leadership is a clear topic in social psychology and there are a lot of theories that can be explained different aspects of leadership. Singing like a roar of people as great leaders, what role do situational officials play? People are leaders, what is true leadership - a beginner, how can you learn?
In the early theories of leadership, they were naked, as if they were aware of the strength of eminence between leaders and successors, while other aspects marveled at the same time, as well as situational officials and intelligence and knowledge. Regardless of the great variety of leadership theories, most can be reduced to one of the eight main directions.
The theory of a great person admits that building up to leadership is innate - that great leaders are people, and not melt away. These theories often depict great leaders as being heroic and mythical, recognized as leaders, if necessary. The term " big man”Bav of vikorystva, to that in that hour they thought about leadership, first for everything, like about a person, especially from the look of Viysk leadership.
The singing world is similar to the theory of the "great people".
The theory of rice is allowed, that people will fall down like a bone and rice, like to shy away from them with more appendages for leadership. Theories of devils often indicate the peculiarities of the behavioral characteristics, the main characters. But how specific are the figures - the main features of the leaders, how to explain the fact that the deak people, how can they be like, do not lead them to be leaders? The power of food is the main folding in the explanation of the problem of leadership through this theory.
These theories base their respect on specific situations, and contexts in which stink is required, allowing you to determine which style of ceramics is best suited to a specific skin situation. Appropriate to the theory, there is no universal style of behavior for a leader, which is nevertheless good in all situations. The success of the deposit depends on a number of factors, including the style of the stone worker, the peculiarities of the successors, as well as various aspects of the situation.
Behavioral theories of leadership are based on a reconciliation that great leaders are not people, but become. Considering its roots in, in this theory of leadership, the main respect is given to the leaders' spirits, and not to their mental traits, but to their inner camps. As far as theory goes, people can learn and become leaders through learning and caution.
This theory concentrates the main respect on the borders of power and influx, as if creating a leader. At the heart of this theory lies the assumption that all roads lead to the leader, and the significance of the successors and the strength of the culture of the organization.
The transactional theory, which is becoming more and more fashionable, gives the main respect to the leaders and followers. They analyze mutually the choice of wines on the basis of exchange, if the leader speaks songs, it is like a resource for the wine city, in exchange for recognition by the followers of yoga.
Basic theories of leadership
PLAN
INSTUP ……………………………………………………………………… .2
1. Basic theory of leadership……………………………………………………… 4
2. Theory of the middle……………………………………………………………………… 6
3. Special situational theories………………………………………………… 7
4. “Humanist” theories of leadership…………………………………………… 9
5. Motivation theory of leadership………………………………………….. 11
WISNOVOK ……………………………………………………………….. 13
LITERATURE …………………………………………………………………. 15
INSTUP
The phenomenon of leadership occupies a special place in political psychology through its narration and civicity. Although for political science the main problem is power, then for political psychology it is a specific expression of power human factor politics. This particular viraz can have two roles. From one side, the power of the political-psychological world - the building of the volodary subject ("upper") should be supported, so that the potential of the leader, the political institution and the regime. From the other side, power - the readiness of the "lower" to bow to the "top". This is how the two sides of the same coin are blamed: the building of the “upper” and the readiness of the “lower”. The yak "pet vaga" of the skin with these components should be deposited in the rich conditions of the skin specific type.
The phenomenon of leadership is the problem of political psychology, which is most developed.. The main body of research, concepts and samples of theoretical knowledge has been accumulated here. With the development of this division of political psychology, the most productive is the post-mortem to the history of the problem, the destruction of the historical excursion in the conduct of the earlier investigation. In the past of the phenomenon of leadership, there is still no “residual diagnosis”, which allowed us to briefly sum up that achievement, revealing the wrong concepts.
The phenomenon of leadership is the most important topic for political psychologists. She will keep the interest of the general public busy, and she will drink the politicians themselves. Tobto one hour to bring a day of glory that pennies. Everything said is explained promoted respect, which manifests itself before the problem. Looking back at the accumulated scientific data as widely as possible. Significantly, the skin of the onset of the pidkhid did not buckle in front, but over the bumps from them. So there was an understanding, a rich understanding of the phenomenon of leadership.
1.Basic theories of leadership
Until the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century, the main approaches to the problem were small and short description character. Analysis of becoming nadbannyam of the XX century. Various theories vprituly tried to explain the nature of leadership and reveal the officials who inject this phenomenon. For a narrow-minded person, one can name a few groups of similar theories.
Theories of "heroes" and "theories of devils". Theories of group groups are the most recent. The styslo is more than deyaki їх coils. Apparently, a significant part of the political and psychological rice and features are determined by socio-cultural conditions. So, the ancient Egyptians attributed to their emperor “divine drawings”: “sweetly speaking” in the mouth, “resonant in the heart”, but “mova yoga is the tomb of justice”. Homerіvska Iliad rozkril chotiri nebhіdnі, on the thought of ancient Greeks, like the bones of leaders: justice (Agamemnon), wisdom (Nestor), cunning (Odyssey) and valor (Achilles). Transitions of such a number of similar traits are common in different cultures: The truth, models of behavior of leaders and “sets” of leader’s “devils” have been repeatedly changed throughout the year. Prote image the heroes of the boules, and they will always be. At every time, as long as the addicts of the roaming of history are saved, how to create "heroes", great people. This means that the lists of “heroic” pics are multiplying.
In the 20th century, representatives of the “heroic” theory (T. Carlisle, E. Jen-Nings, J. Dowd, etc.) slandered the ferociousness that “is transmitted from the downfalls” and “shrinks the lure of the masses.” Then, for the "heroic", already the "theory of devils" tried to give support to the authorities, as a leader as a special subject of activity. Її hoarders (L. Bernard, W. Binham, O. Ted, S. Kilbourn and others) respected that the leader of a person should sing songs of psychological strength and power (“risi”). The leader, viewed by them through the prism of low factors, in the first place, before such factors lay some "chill" - rozumov, verbal, etc. In another way, "achievement" - the enlightenment of that physical development. Thirdly, "vіdpovіdalnіst" - staleness, іnіtіtіаtіva, zazyatіst, bazhannya, etc. Fourthly, "fate" - activity, cooperation is too thin. . As a matter of fact, “situational drawings” of particularities were recognized as important.
Evidently, the main things, like the adherents of this theory, were considered necessary for the leader:
It is possible to put differently up to similar glances. However, brutally respect for the results, which brought a comprehensive follow-up of leadership behavior, carried out with an applied method for the US Department of State in 1979. It showed that the most important figures of a current political leader are informal organizational skills, uniqueness of bureaucratic approaches, tolerance to frustration, directness of judgement, the building of listening to someone else's thought, energy, a resource of growth and humor. Let's wait, the fates are coming, and the bitterness, which is attributed to the leader, is left unchangeable. With all the cіkavo, scho іntelektualnі zdіbnostі dosi not vvazhayutsya ob'yazkovymi for the leader.
At the development of the "theory of the devils" M. Weber added his contribution. Vіn vvazhav: "Three things are for the politician virishal: predilection, a little bit of povіdalnosti that okomіr...
Okomir, building with internal vibrance and calm infusion of realities... it takes a distance in relation to speeches and people... The problem lies in squeezing into that very soul and hot passion, and a cold okomir.
For all their cliques, theories of "heroes" and "devils" are not very productive in the scientific field. The stench allows you to beautifully describe the phenomenon of Yaskra, but not to bring the penetrating essence of Yogo. Irrespective of how much knowledge there is, theories of this kind continue to multiply the number of their addicts, create new lists of necessary leadership qualities. Singing peace for the inertia of the colossal, descriptive approaches. The scientific study of the phenomenon of leadership has gone far.
2.Theory of the middle
The main camp of a group of theories, which are united under this name, is to say: leadership is the function of sharpening, that is the singing hour, the place and the furnishings, including cultural ones. Tsej pіdhіd іgnoruvav іndivіdualі vіdmіnіnosti people, explaining їkhnyu їkhnu povedіnku vykljuchno vymogami sredovishcha. So, zgidno s Є. Bogardus, the type of leadership in a group should lie in the nature of a group of problems, which should be overcome.
V. Hawking admitting that leadership is a function of a group, as it is transferred to the leader, only if the group needs to follow the hanging program. Somy X. Person has two hypotheses: 1) the skin situation is regarded as the leader's and the leader's own; 2) the quality of an individual, as a situation is recognized as a leader's quality, as a legacy of the previous leadership situations. Not calling out the trade, such visnovki, however, also clarified little.
In his own time, J. Schneider zdivuvannyam showing that the number of generals in England in different times was directly proportional to the number of military conflicts, in which the country took its fate. The most clear illustration of the fairness of the theories of the middle. To assess the essence of the matter, A. Murphy is quick to discuss: the situation calls for a leader, which can become a tool for solving the problem.
3. Special situational theory
This group of theories is based on the symbiosis of the two in front. Within this framework one can see the psychological picture of a leader at once, and mind, in which one experiences the process of leadership. Sokrema, according to S. Kaze, leadership is generated by three main officials: the special qualities of the leader, the group of his successors and the situation, or “I’m going down”, which was formed (for example, by a problem, like a group).
R. Stogdill and Z. Shartle suggested describing leadership through the concepts of "status", "mutual modality", "information" and "behavior" of individuals as well as other members of an organized group. Also, leadership is seen as a system of people's recognition, but not as a characteristic of an isolated individual.
X. Gert and S. Mills considered that in order to understand the phenomenon of leadership, it is necessary to give special respect to such factors as drawing the leader’s motives, his supple image, the motives of his successors, the figure of the leader’s role, and also the right context of the “institution” of the situation .
In this way, in different versions of the group theory, there was a chance to expand the advantages of the forward approaches. However, it was not possible to reach the bazhany far away.
Theories of mutual modality-pointing. Based on the views of J. Homans and J. Hemfield, the theory of leadership is guilty of looking at three main changes: influence, interaction, and mood. Tse perebachaє, scho poslennya vzaєmodії that fate in spіlnіy dіyalnostі pov'yazane z poslenniâ chuttya mutual sympathy, as well as from the introduction of greater affinity to group norms. The leader of this theory stands out as a peredusim initiator of mutual modality.
For example, the theory of "strengthening the mind"R. Stogdilla is based on a simple hardened. The members of the group, having taken into account the vins, the process of mutual modality will be assessed for the fact that the skin of them continues to be a child of the highest rank. The role of the individual is determined by mutual assessments, expectations, and, as a result, one will be able to overcome the group’s assessments, and one will be allowed to come to her, so that one is allowed (“accepted”) to the group. The leader's potential of a person to lay a foundation in the form of yogo building, initiating the needs of mutual modality and ochіkuvannya.
Zgidno theories of "civil behavior"(path-goal theory) M. Evans, the leader’s step to show respect is the leader’s recognition by the followers of the future desire, and the leader’s step of initiating the structure is recognition of the fact that the behavior itself will be wanted. close to hermotivational theory”(R. Howe, B. Basse) understood leadership as an attempt to change the behavior of group members through changing their motivation. F. Fidler vvazhav, scho "leader's behavior" lie down in view of a specific situation. For example, the “work-oriented” leader will be effective in extreme situations (too easy for a robot). The leader, of orientations “on mutual”, sound the effective hour of the resolution of “dead”, like “intermediate” problems.
4. "Humanist" theories of leadership
The group of theories of leadership, which took the name “humanistic”, put the development of an effective organization in the field. In the opinion of the representatives of this approach, a person is "motivated" by his nature, and the organization is structured and controlled by his nature. The main function of leadership is the modification of the organization with the method of securing the freedom of individuals for the realization of their motivational potential and the satisfaction of their needs - however, with an one-hour achievement of the goals of the organization.
D. McGregor has developed two theories of organizing leadership. Persha, so called theory X , based on allowances, which individually sound passive, to resist the needs of the organization, then, their next direct “motivate”. friend, theory Y , based on allowances, that people can already motivate and realize their potential, so it is necessary to organize and direct them in such a way that the stench immediately realized both their goals and the goals of the organization. Two theories suggested, in fact, two stages in the development of organization.
S. Argiris also pointed out the presence of a conflict between an organization and an individual. On one thought, the nature of the organization transfers the structure of roles to members and control over their goiter. In the nature of a human being, the exercise of self-realization is laid down through the manifestation of initiative and virtuousness. Henceforth, effective leadership can be taken to the point of respect and spire to us in front of it.
R. Likert having taken into account that leadership is a process of recognition, and the leader can be taken to the point of respect, recognition, value, inter-society navitchki podleglih. The leader is obliged to give a reasonable understanding that the organizing process of directing to zhnyu melancholy, the shards will provide them with freedom for a positive and initiative praise of the decision.
Within the framework of this theory, R. Blake and J. Mouton zoomed in to depict leadership graphically: along the abscissa axis - turbota about individuals, along the ordinate axis - turbota about the result. The greater the significance of these coordinates, the greater the rozvinenі vіdnosini dovіri that povogi to the organization.
In a snarky way, having voiced on the clever "humanity" of these theories, we smashed the visnovoks: all the same, the whole thing was ahead of the equal with the predecessors. The humanist mentality is based on the destruction of the analysis of the specific psychological root of the phenomenon of leadership.
Theory of exchange . Representatives of this theory (J. Homans, J. March, X. Simon, X. Kelley, etc.) appear to be a form of special exchange, in the course of any member of the group to make a song not only real, productive, but also this is a psychological contribution, after which the singing psychological “profit” is taken into account. Vzaemodiya trivaє doti, docks all participants know such an exchange mutually. T. Jacobs formulated his own variant of the theory of exchange by the coming rank: the group gives the leader the status and honor in exchange for some invincibility before reaching the goal. The process of exchanging folded organizations, including the numerical systems of "crediting" and folded "pay".
This group of theories, being super-rationalistic, strikes, madly, only one side of the leadership phenomenon. However, having poured into modern political psychology, it is significant. Seemingly, the whole history of the development of the phenomenon of leadership has led to the fact that two super-approaches have been called out: rationalistic and humanist.
5. Motivation theory of leadership
Appropriate to V. Stone, the motive is a peculiar “intrusive idea”, based on internal needs to competently behave dovkillam. Regardless of the primary needs (power, prestige, self-expression), the motivation to lie down is based on human abilities. Obviously, even stronger motivation can help you get better. For example, a candidate with too much motivation, who objectively has little chance of success, can blindly believe that he won in the elections. Prote, most of all, an individual puts forward his candidacy, if he sees that he can win, enough newcomer and serious support. Yak respecting DSchlesinger, "ambition often develops in a specific situation as a reaction in the mind to the possibility that politics is being developed." " ambition theory » transmitting a rational assessment of the situation. J. Stern propagated the following formula of motivation:
motivation = f (motive x motivation x incentive).
Tse means that the ambition of the candidate is the function of three different ones. Firstly, due to some special motives (power, success, povaga). In a different way, in the light of yoga, plant a zayattya. Thirdly, in the form of "the value of the prize." The score of an individual is determined by the standards up to political system, with future possibilities like a politician, with an assessment of the power of life and with a possible encouragement. In other words, three speeches - future prestige, power and salary - signify the ambitions of the politician.
Motivation, according to J. Atkinson, is divided into two types: motivation for success (MU) - and motivation for unique failure (MN). On my formulas, you can write:
MU \u003d f (MuhOUhSU),
MN \u003d f (MnxONxCH).
That is the level of satisfaction at times of success and the degree of humiliation at times of defeat to lie down in the form of subjective scoring of the individual possible traces like that, so and more. As for the motivational model of the individual MN, I change the MU, the individual chooses either the situation of success, or the risk of undertaking (for easy correcting one’s failure). Even though MN is better than MU, effective motivation is good for zero, it’s practically no day. And if there is more MU versus MN, then more subjective ability to success, shards of visible strength of motivation pour in tsyu ability to move uphill. Concern about the failure of the team is stronger, less chance of success is approaching the 50/50 cordon.
Also, for leadership, the motive plus the feasibility of its implementation is important, but the motive without such feasibility is good without direct. Vіdomy prikhilnik humanistic psikhologii A. Maslow at histheory of hierarchical needshaving confirmed that the roots of leadership are blamed on the process of transformation of human bazhan (motives that come out of the senses) in consumption, social activities, collective honing and political benefits, that is in motives that lie in the middle. In the hierarchy of needs, physiological needs are changed for the lower level, for the middle level - for safety, for the highest level - for affective needs. The frustration of lower needs increases the motivation for their satisfaction. The task of the leader is to ward off frustration, apathy, neurosis and other forms of "suspenseful discord" through the transformation of the needs of the community in a socially productive direction. The leaders of the nibi convert nadії that pragnennya from sanctioned scoring. The lance of a controlled leader will become like this:
bajannya ta consumer => nadії ta
expectations => extortion => political affairs.
For the leader himself, then A. Maslow distinguished two types of power needs from him:
1) the need for strength, reach, autonomy and freedom;
2) the need for dominance, reputation, prestige, success, status, etc. bud. Most of the contributors are thinking that the main motive is to satisfy one need - the dominance. D. Berne head element political ambitions - the need for a povaz (one hour, for a high self-esteem and a high estimate of others). Mustache "great people" demonstrated the obviousness of their needs. The first butt is the leader with a flawed self-esteem (W. Wilson, according to 3. Freud). According to D. Burns, the reason for this is pathology, and the need for self-actualization is less advanced. Self-actualizer - ce and є potential leaders.
WISNOVOK
This is how these main approaches to the problem of leadership look like, as they laid the cob foundation of scientific development. Only in the world the molding of the tsієї supports can be seen as an offensive crock: a sample of the creationtypology of leadershipthat vision of types of leaders.The phenomenon of leadership is rooted in the biological nature of people. Protolleadership manifests itself in the midst of creatures, like leading a herd way of life (mavpi, deer, wovki). Here, for sure, є vatazhok - the strongest, dosit sensible, easy-going and rіshucha persona, which cheruє herd (graєyu) is viable to genetic laws. The herd is a well-organized system with clearly defined needs. The main one is the need for self-organization, ordering the behavior of the other elements of the system with a method of saving and integrity and ensuring development. This sort of ordering can be reached both vertically and horizontally by subdivision of functions and roles. A ієrarchіchna pyramid is being formed, the top of which is the protolider. Great social groups are richly folded systems, self-organization and development of such cannot be grounded only on natural factors. The clearness of seeing the position of the leader here is dependent on the degree of interdependence of the members of the group one and the same as the mutuality of the group as a whole with the most important middle ground. In systems with a low group integration and a high level of autonomy of the members of the leader's function, they may be less pronounced or not stronger (there are no signs of leadership in national passenger traffic or among passengers in transport). In the world, the needs of the group in the collective activities are growing, the leaders of the growth are in need.
LITERATURE
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9. Collins D. From good to great. St. Petersburg: Stockholm School of Economics, 2006. - 303 p.
10. Lansberg M. Leadership. Bachenny, that energy. - M: Phoenix. - 2000. - 224 p.
11. Leader of that team (R. Jay, S. Moris). - M: Phoenix. - 2002. - 296 p.
12. Michael Miller - M: Phoenix. - 2005. - 232 p.
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14. Pimenova A.A. Psychology of a leader - K .: 2003. - 318 p.
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17. Stolyarenko L.D. Psikhologiya i etika dіlovih vіdnosin. - M: Phoenix. - 2003. - 512 p.
Psychology of leadership.
Entry
Theory of leadership.
Typology of leadership.
Functions of leadership.
Theory of devils of a leader.
Styles of ceramics.
Leader(Vid English. leader- provіdny, first, sho go in front) - a person in a be-yakіy group (organization), who is worthy of a great, recognized authority, who can infuse, which manifests itself as a cheruyuchi deiї. A member of the group, for which he won't know the right to make decisions in situations that are significant for her, so that the specialty is the most authoritative, as it plays a central role in the organization of joint activities and regulation of mutual relations among the group.
Theory of leadership.
1) Theories of "heroes" and "theories of the devil".
In the 20th century, representatives of the “heroic” theory (T. Carlisle, E. Jen-Nings, J. Dowd, etc.) slandered the ferociousness that “is transmitted from the downfalls” and “shrinks the lure of the masses.” Then, for the "heroic", already the "theory of devils" tried to give support to the authorities, as a leader as a special subject of activity. Її hoarders (L. Bernard, W. Binham, O. Ted, S. Kilbourn and others) respected that the leader of a person should sing songs of psychological strength and power (“risi”). The leader, viewed by them through the prism of low factors, in the first place, before such factors lay some "chill" - rozumov, verbal, etc. In another way, "achievement" - the enlightenment of that physical development. Thirdly, "vіdpovіdalnіst" - staleness, іnіtіtіаtіva, zazyatіst, bazhannya, etc. Fourthly, "fate" - activity, cooperation is too thin. . As a matter of fact, “situational drawings” of particularities were recognized as important.
Evidently, the main things, like the adherents of this theory, were considered necessary for the leader:
Theory of the middle. The main camp of a group of theories, which are united under this name, is to say: leadership is the function of sharpening, that is the singing hour, the place and the furnishings, including cultural ones. Tsej pіdhіd іgnoruvav іndivіdualі vіdmіnіnosti people, explaining їkhnyu їkhnu povedіnku vykljuchno vymogami sredovishcha. So, zgidno s Є. Bogardus, the type of leadership in a group should lie in the nature of a group of problems, which should be overcome.
V. Hawking admitting that leadership is a function of a group, as it is transferred to the leader, only if the group needs to follow the hanging program. Somy X. Person has two hypotheses: 1) the skin situation is regarded as the leader's and the leader's own; 2) the quality of an individual, as a situation is recognized as a leader's quality, as a legacy of the previous leadership situations. Not calling out the trade, such visnovki, however, also clarified little.
2) Special situational theory. This group of theories is based on the symbiosis of the two in front. Within this framework one can see the psychological picture of a leader at once, and mind, in which one experiences the process of leadership. Also, leadership is seen as a system of people's recognition, but not as a characteristic of an isolated individual.
3) Theory of interaction-pointing. Based on the views of J. Homans and J. Hemfield, the theory of leadership is guilty of looking at three main changes: influence, interaction, and mood. Tse perebachaє, scho poslennya vzaєmodії that fate in spіlnіy dіyalnostі pov'yazane z poslenniâ chuttya mutual sympathy, as well as from the introduction of greater affinity to group norms. The leader of this theory stands out as a peredusim initiator of mutual modality.
4) " Humanist" theory of leadership. The group of theories of leadership, which took the name “humanistic”, put the development of an effective organization in the field. In the opinion of the representatives of this approach, a person is "motivated" by his nature, and the organization is structured and controlled by his nature.
D. McGregor has developed two theories of organizing leadership. Persha, so called theory X, based on allowances, which individually sound passive, to resist the needs of the organization, then, their next direct “motivate”. friend, theory Y, based on allowances, that people can already motivate and realize their potential, so it is necessary to organize and direct them in such a way that the stench immediately realized both their goals and the goals of the organization. Two theories suggested, in fact, two stages in the development of organization.
S. Argiris also pointed out the presence of a conflict between an organization and an individual. On one thought, the nature of the organization transfers the structure of roles to members and control over their goiter. In the nature of a human being, the exercise of self-realization is laid down through the manifestation of initiative and virtuousness. Henceforth, effective leadership can be taken to the point of respect and spire to us in front of it.
R. Likert having taken into account that leadership is a process of recognition, and the leader can be taken to the point of respect, recognition, value, inter-society navitchki podleglih. The leader is obliged to give a reasonable understanding that the organizing process of directing to zhnyu melancholy, the shards will provide them with freedom for a positive and initiative praise of the decision.
Within the framework of this theory, R. Blake and J. Mouton zoomed in to depict leadership graphically: along the abscissa axis - turbota about individuals, along the ordinate axis - turbota about the result. The greater the significance of these coordinates, the greater the rozvinenі vіdnosini dovіri that povogi to the organization.
5) Theory of exchange. T. Jacobs formulated his own variant of the theory of exchange by the coming rank: the group gives the leader the status and honor in exchange for some invincibility before reaching the goal. The process of exchanging folded organizations, including the numerical systems of "crediting" and folded "pay".
6) Motivation theory of leadership. Prote, most of all, an individual puts forward his candidacy, if he sees that he can win, enough newcomer and serious support. As having respected D. Schlesinger, “ambitions often develop in a specific situation as a reaction of an individual to the possibility that politics is being developed.” " ambition theory» transmitting a rational assessment of the situation. J. Stern propagated the following formula of motivation:
motivation = f (motive x motivation x incentive).
Typology of leadership.
1. Business leadership . Vono is a taman group, which is blamed for the improvement of foraging purposes. In the yoga basis lie such a quality, like a high competence, smarter than others for virishuvati organizational tasks, business authority, dosvіd thinly. Business leadership contributes most to the efficiency of ceramics.
2. Emotional leadership . It is blamed on socio-psychological groups for the improvement of human sympathies, the privability of inter-special intercourse. The emotional leader invites people to trust, promotes warmth, instills enthusiasm, increases psychological tension, creates an atmosphere of psychological comfort.
3. Situational leadership . Strictly seeming, due to its nature, it can be both businesslike and emotional. However, yoga water rice is unstable, timchasov obmezhenist, svyazok only with the singing situation. A situational leader can lead a group behind him only in a songful situation, for example, for a total destruction of the next hour.
Є Є іnshі klasifіkatsiії ії ії stalely іnіd typesіv іdera. So chi. Uman saw six types (roles) of a leader :
leader-organizer (visiting the function of group integration);
leader-initiator (carrying out when new problems are being developed, ideas are being developed); leader-generator of emotional mood (dominating the mood of the group);
leader-erudite (experienced by the breadth of knowledge);
leader-etalon (є the center of emotional tension, playing the role of "star", to serve as a star, an ideal);
leader-master, master (fahivets I have a kind of activity).
Tsikavoy є typology of leadership, proponed by prof. B. D. Pryginim. At її the basis was laid by three different criteria: first, for zmіst; in a different way, for style; thirdly, the nature of the leader's activity.
leaders-nathnennikiv, yakі rozroblyayat and promote the program of behavior;
leaders-winners, organizers of the winnowing already given by the program;
leaders, yakі є one hour i nathnenniki and organizers.
According to the nature of the activity, they distinguish:
universal type, which constantly manifests the character of a leader;
Situational, which shows the quality of a leader less in a singing situation.
Krіm names, often victorious classification of leaders fallowly in their spriynyattya group . Vidpovidno to such a criterion are seen foot tipi leaders:
1) "one of us" . The leader of which is not especially seen among the members of the group. Vіn priymaєtsya as "the first middle equal" in the singing sphere, the most happy, but by the will of the fall, leaning on the stone plantation. And with a veil of wine, at the thought of a group, live, radiate, suffer, take the right decisions, make pardons thinly, like all other members of the team;
2) "the best of us." The leader, who belongs to this type, is seen from the group for richness (business, moral, communication and other) parameters and is generally accepted as an example for succession;
3) "good people." A leader of this type is accepted and valued as a real instillation of the best moral qualities: decency, kindness, respect to others, readiness to help.
4) "servant". Such a leader will always play the role of a spokesman for the interests of his pribіchnikіv and groups in a flash, orienting himself from their thoughts and their names.
Tipi spriynyattya leader okremy members of the group often spіvpadat chi superimposed on each other. So, one spіvrobitnik can evaluate the leader as one of us, and others take him at once as the best of us, and like a servant, etc.
Leadership depends on the strength of the injection on the members of the group (organization). People listen to one leader impeccably, I will gladden others to go less than a dozen, docks of stink do not enter into the battle with their powerful interests and attitudes.
Influence of directness to the implementation of the organization’s goals of leadership is divided into:
constructive (functional), tobto. spryyaє zdіysnennu tsіley organіzatsії;
destructive (dysfunctional) , tobto. what is formed on the basis of pragnia, what is the leader of shkodi organizations (for example, leadership among the group of villains or habarniks, what was formed on the basis of entrepreneurship);
neutral, that is. that does not directly affect the efficiency of virobnic activity (for example, leadership among a group of workers in one organization of gardeners-amateurs).
Leader functions:
The leader's career lies not only in the form of ignorant minds, but also in the form of special qualities. Yogo suspіh mozhlivy pіd hour zdіysnennya low functions. Let's call the deacons of them.
1) Administrative function. The most obvious leader is the role of the supreme coordinator of the group's activities. Regardless of the fact that he himself is responsible for the main directions of business policy, that the stench is punished by this beast, until the stake of this viability, the function of guarding the vicons will inevitably enter. Moreover, the day of the administrative function belongs to the independent vikonnian work, and the attribution to other members of the group.
2) Constructive function - the expression of the interests of the support on a specific program. Vaughn can be oriented to the satisfaction of the interests of all those who have a greater social life, it is possible to do so greater number people and groups, but mind you, that the stench does not interfere with the interests of other versions of society. This ideal installation is practically rarely possible, but it can be installed, especially more often, without blaming. Ale by itself won - the mind of leadership and yogo success. A few reforms and revolutions ended in failure through a series of timely, clear and thought-out, enlightened successes that were accessible to political programs until the end.
Kolya in the distant 1517 p. Martin Luther, having nailed his famous 95 theses about the evil of the Catholic hierarchy and church authority, on the portals of the church at Wittenberg, he accurately depicted the mood of the people in them, that they were angry and demanded a retrial. Luther emerged as the right leader. The idea of religious and political reform blew minds and shook the Nimechchina, and behind it those other lands. The leader propagates the support of his program and, in fact, viroblya її jointly with the support and the best opponents of yoga interests.
3) The organizational function includes the creation of personnel and the management system, the organization of priber workers, the planning of political processes and practical aspects of political work. The leader forms the apparatus, rozpodіlyaє at new obov'yazki, creating minds for vyhovannya, vysuvannya and recognition of kerіvnіkіv, control є reguliuє vіdnosinі mіzh them, orientiєєєєєєєєє їєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєє їх їн єх їн їн їн їн їн їн є їн єй їх on kompromіs аbo on rіshuchu chіnіnu pіlіtії i zam_nu karіvnіtstva.
4) Coordinating function - uzgodzhennya diy іnstitutіv vlady, statutes, direct їhnої іаlnostі. The leader is responsible for making these decisions that political choice in the mind to a suspenseful thought, with the system of values adopted in the suspense.
5) Integrative function - the formation of one-thinkers, sharpening, supplications around the leader's program.
The training of the leader and that yoga of self-training is carried out by training to lead people, to establish a relationship with them and to organize political management on this basis. It is not ambition that excites the leader, it is the power to be seen and the real victory, but the natural right of a strong, strong-willed and at times intellectual specialty to lead people.
Vin is guilty of dying, as having shown W. Churchill, to take away the greed from the most vigilant positions. Especially the leader's art is to turn into allies and bring in obvious opponents.
The theory of devils of leadership.
In the sociological concepts of M. Weber and Ege. Trelcha was introduced a special term for the designation of such a specific figure of a leader, like charisma - a person's vinyatkova talent, as a way to cope with the particular hostility of ardent yoga people.
The theory otrimala chimalo prostuvannya have zv'yazku z tim, scho raznі see the life of the social group vmagayut raznyh yakost of the leader.
The situational theory will vote the importance of the situation in the process of becoming a leader.
The leader is a function of the situation.
As the social situation of the background of the group changes dramatically, the high mobility of the leader changes.
T. Shibutani saw two psychological factors that lie in the face of changing situations: the stages of formalization of the group and the stage of autonomy of the members of the group.
Types of social situations fallow depending on the change in the level of formalization and the autonomy of the subjects:
1) rapt critical situations. The stench is not peredbachuvanimi, they blame it as a spontaneous process that adopts the appearance of a new leader;
2) critical repetition, transfer of situations. Leaders and kerivniks are specially prepared for singing performances in such situations;
3) typical situations that are repeated, which are based on conventional norms.
Such situations do not allow the obviousness of the leader.
People who are capable of dominating in splintering often act in the role of a leader;
4) typical repetitions of conventional situations that have installations of a different mind (everything that works with a large number of people);
5) group rituals. These are informal statements that signify the patterns of social behavior of most members of the group.
Situational theories of leadership led to the development of the theory of the initial role of followers.
Leadership is a function of evaluating (expecting) successors. The leader is impossible to exist without a social group.
If the group does not support the leader, it is necessary to use the ability to carry out activities, it is necessary to tie up the group's interests.
Within the framework of the theory of devils, the situational theory and the theory of the initial role of the successors, various problems were raised in the same way.
Oskіlki i risi leader, i situation, in yakіy vіn dіє, i thought sledovnіvnіv є significant mayzhe for all the minds of the activity of the leader, the complex (relational) theory of leadership was decomposed, which includes the main ideas of all three.
In the concepts of psychoanalytic directing, leadership was seen as the effect of people's desires not realized in social life (Z. Freud).
A. Adler, having realized that the exercise of power is born of fear. Who is afraid of people, to succumb to the need to pan over them.
In today's social psychology, the popularity of the psychological theory of management, aimed at solving the problems of scientists of the so-called middle class, gained popularity.
Leadership styles.
Leadership style is a typical system for a leader to accept members of a group (subject to conduct).
1) The authoritarian style is manifested in the zhorst methods of management, in the presence of discussion of the decisions taken, the management of a group of only one person - a kerivnik, who himself makes decisions, controls and coordinates the work of the right people.
2) The democratic style is supported by collegial discussions of problems among the group, interested in kerіvnik іnіtіativi podleglih, active exchange of information between the leader and members of the group, making decisions on the open gatherings.
3) A conniving style is seen in a volunteer leader in managerial functions, the adoption of a managerial function, the transfer of management functions to members of a group.
Leather style has its own advantages and disadvantages.
For a democratic style, the writer can have more information about group processes, which will make it easier to make a decision and work with adequate situations.
Prote itself is praised more often in connection with democratic procedures.
Kerіvnik is guilty of his mother's special virtues: feistiness of behavior, tolerance for growing older, patience and strimanity with high equanimity of communication.
This style is more friendly to the psychological climate of the group, less authoritarian. Here the clerk may have problems with the connection with the control of the activity.
The puckered style is tighter.
For such a style, the group is self-reliant and itself determines the main directions of its life.
Step-by-step it is necessary to observe the same time in the form of formal declarations, the social distance between the members of the group sharply shortens.
In such a situation, interest may change to the right, and the full meta may not be reached.
Only a high level of special professional development of a group member can accept a normal robotic group for such management.
The most successful leaders and stoners are oriented to all three styles in the field of minds of activity.
FIGURE OF A LEADER
Understanding the "leader" I look through the shutters of the people to the object - pennies yak
rule over life. Without a doubt, pennies - the only mediator of economical funds on this planet, a guarantee of freedom and realization of specialness, the price of a city to those who win.
The leader of us has an important specialty. Right leader - tse a fateful moment for the spirit of the world, like a helping hand for rich people. The leader is a person who pleases his sovereignty, realizing a suave interest. The great leader, guiding by interests, spreading the benefits and developing the power of activity, providing hundreds of people with work, stimulating the progress of the society, making contributions, dialectics, which give a step-by-step evolution.
For the way, in the ugly people, people are like one -in -one, the same itself, to wear the same firm, briskly, the people of the spirit of the people, the people of the people. to unite all mankind into one people. A businessman, of course, like a bearer of values: there is a lot of trouble for everyone who has leadership, but crazy, a moment of incentive to progress. We bring wealth to everyone, proclaiming the best, and give the skin a free way to speed it up in our own way.
The leader of the future is heavenly paradise. Ale and zovnіshnіy paradise - warehouse part of the life. Above those, leader, stimulating the mind and dialectics, who encourage the heart to deceive, stimulate the “superhuman”, rozumіyuchi, that “you are right, you are to rule you.” Tse - building that vibir.
Let's specify three terms: manager, businessman and leader.
Manager- "The one who maneuvers actions." The word "manager" came from english movie, but etymologically it sounds like Latin: “manus agere”, “manibus agere”, which means “to work with your hands”. By this term, I designate a person, as if he were operating in the economic sphere with objects, speeches and situations, transforming them into pennies. Tse mozhna vіdnosti yak to zagalnoe, so і private.
businessman- Literally means "do the person", "do the person". I sign yoga yak
"operator of economic supplies". The responsibility between a manager and a businessman is for those who have a manager’s economic interests, which are the direct directives for the profit, and the businessman is less for the sake of the profit.
Leader- the whole chapter, specialty-vector, specialty, how to control the operation and how to synthesize the context of the visualization. Tse - operational center of impersonal visualization and functions. The most precise term for the leader's understanding is "ієрх"1. In fact, wine and archetype of functions: designing, controlling, developing, guiding them to the point of being specific. The designation of the "operational center" does not mean that you should blame yourself for others and commanders - such a rationale would be an infantile projection. The leader is the one who vibudovuє function - perfects and reinforces like a craftsman, if necessary. Vіn vmіє vstanovlyuvati vіdnosiny, reaching the front and taking the profit.
Use three maintheoretical approaches rozumіnі povzhennya leadership.
Theory of devils(otherwise a charismatic theory) to get out of the position of the German psychology of the XIX century - the beginning of the XX century. she concentrates her respect on the innate qualities of a leader. A leader, zgіdno z tsієyu theory, may be less such a person, yak mає nbіr sobistіsnyh yakostі or bukupnіnі sіnіh psikhologichnyh fig. The deyakі authors tried to see the resemblance of rice of the natural leader, so that they could carry out tests for a selection of people every year, like mayut tsі risi. For example, K. Byrd, 1940 having seen 79 characteristics of a leader, such as, for example, initiative, comradeship, a sense of humor, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, friendliness (R. Stogdill added to them pilnist, popular, krasnomovstvo). And then it should be noted that having created a strong variety of translations between various authors, the shards of the same rice did not take their mіstsya. Zreshtoy, this theory was put forward, the shards were recognized, that these changes are more important than the experimenter’s figure, but not the leader’s. In fact, the theory of the devil could give evidence about the future of leadership.
Situational theory of leadership. The theory of characteristics in this conceptual scheme does not seem to be commonplace, but rather it is confirmed that leadership is a product of the situation. In different situations of group life, one can see about the members of the group, as if they surpass the others in the same one, but the shards themselves are the same and appear necessary in this situation, a person, like a volunteer, becomes a leader. In this way, the idea about the innate nature of the identities was rejected, and instead, the idea was accepted that the leader is simply better for others and can be actualized in a specific situation of power between (the reality of which, in principle, cannot be denied in other ways). Powerfulness, figures and qualities of a leader were evident. In the same situation, the situation of the Theoric, the head of the head of the head of the gisuvannya yogo, was in the same way, the same sama, in the same way, the people of the people of the singing of the native, do not show the natives in the same situation. Criticism of this theory was based on the fact that the activity of the leader was not protected here, vin buv on the kshtalt of the "weather vane" (J. Piaget). To understand the super eloquence of this situation, E. Hartley propagated 4 models with the method of explaining why people become leaders and why the situation flows into them. Qi models:
Even if you become a leader in one situation, it is not excluded that you will become such a leader in another situation
Due to the infusion of stereotypes, leaders in one situation are sometimes seen as a group as leaders in fire.
A person, having become a leader in one situation, gains authority, and his authority is applied to those who are given a person to be taken as a leader for the next time
Let's condemn people with authority "shukati post", after all, why stink, behave yourself in such a way that they "give post"
System theory of leadership. Leadership is accepted as a process of organizing inter-society activities of a group, and a leader is a subject of managing this process. For such an approach, leadership is interpreted as a function of a group, and therefore follows this from a glance of the goals and task of the group, although the structure of the specialty of leaders in their own may be thrown off the shoulders. Recommend vrakhovuvati y іnshі zminnі, yakі stosuyutsya zhittya grupi, for example, trivalіst її іsnuvannya. Most of the achievements of the leadership in life are built up at the borders of those close to this model, although there is a need for new ones to reach it, dictated by the overthinking thoughts of the dynamic processes of the group: it’s not easy to set up “situations” on the spot, but more specifically, the tasks of group activities, in some songs, the members of the group can demonstrate their ability to organize the group for the completion of their tasks. The visibility of the leader of the other members of the group is manifested in his own over the presence of some particular rice, and the visibility is greater high level infusion. Tsikava at the time of R.L. Krichev's concept of valuable exchange as a mechanism for hanging a leader. By itself, the idea of a valuable exchange among buyers, impersonally earlier, was developed in social psychology (J. Homans, D. Thiebaud, Do. Kelly and others.). Here is the idea of a valuable exchange of vikoristan with an explanation of the phenomenon of leadership: valuable characteristics of the members of the group (significant power of specialty) are exchanged for the authority and recognition of the leader. The leader is considered to be the one who, to the most recent look, has such a quality, as a particularly significant group activity, that is. yakі є groups of values. In such a rank, a leader position in the course of interaction is such a member of the group, which is identified with the largest set of group values. To the very same, the wine and the largest injection (Krichevsky, Ryzhak, 1985).
