At the beginning of the 20th century, all regions of the Earth were already trained by geographers. The hour of traditional geographic statements, as they used to say in the description of previously unoccupied lands, has mostly passed. In the twentieth century, a new geography was born, as if trying out answers for food: Why is our Earth ruled by itself in this way, and why not? The beginning of the XX century
And in the XX century, on the map of the Earth, there were more rich white beaches. Before them lay, nasampered, majestic unknown regions of the Arctic and Antarctic. In the distance, the expanse of suvorim, the hour of the deadly climate for the people, the trival hour, was inaccessible. As soon as a perfect technique showed up, try to clean up the districts and become successful. The prototype of the Arctic and Antarctic expeditions is composed not only of heroic, but also of tragic sides. The triumphal achievement by Roald Amundsen of the Pivdenny Pole is terrible death at the ice of Robert Scott; Umberto Nobile’s recent flight on the airship Italia to the Pivnichny Pole and the death of Amundsen, which hastened to help him, is the axis of only a few rows of rows from this chronicle. Before them lay, nasampered, majestic unknown regions of the Arctic and Antarctic. In the distance, the expanse of suvorim, the hour of the deadly climate for the people, the trival hour, was inaccessible. As soon as a perfect technique showed up, try to clean up the districts and become successful. The prototype of the Arctic and Antarctic expeditions is composed not only of heroic, but also of tragic sides. The triumphal achievement by Roald Amundsen of the Pivdenny Pole is terrible death at the ice of Robert Scott; Umberto Nobile’s recent flight on the airship Italia to the Pivnichny Pole and the death of Amundsen, which hastened to help him, is the axis of only a few rows of rows from this chronicle. The XX century also had the most important mountain peaks and the most deep oceanic depressions. The XX century also had the most important mountain peaks and the most deep oceanic depressions. But regardless of those that may have been the whole Earth for a long time already known and described, geographers are still violating the same spring in the expedition, the shards of knowing the light of the day can be, if only dipped yoga in the eyes. "Bіli plyami"
The polar night The hero, who never reached the Pivnіchny Pole Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian polar explorer () This ancient and mandrіvnik was nicknamed the Viking of the XX century. I started my acquaintance with Pivnichchyu wines from Greenland, if in 40 days I transferred them immediately to the landing on the licks and pishki of this gigantic island. After 5 years of wine, having embarked on the development of an even more grandiose and bold project, the basis of which boulder was put a hypothesis, formulated by him as follows: For example, we have bestial respect for the forces that are powerful in nature itself, and we try to work together with them, and not against them, we know the best and easiest way to reach the pole. Fritjof Nansen
F. Nansen, having taken into account that there are currents in the Ice-cold Pivnichny Ocean, for help, on the ship, which is frozen by the drifting ice, you can overturn the Central Arctic Basin and reach the Pivnichny Pole. I axis near the serpnі 1893 rock on a steamboat Fram Nansen, specially induced for ice navigation near the Karska More and heading to Chelyuskin Miss. On the 21st of spring, Fram froze at the krizhin at 78 p.m. that 133 s.d. and rozpochav drift. For example, in 1894 Fram reached only 83 p.sh. Nansen understands that the drift has stuck to the pole. Having flooded the Fram, on the Nansen sleds, having tried the distance to the poles, but, not moving up to a new 419 km, the noises of the boats turn around. Fram at the ice. Through hummocks. Travel Nansen
Dream about PIVNICHNY POLE??? Robert Edwin Pirі, American polar explorer () Frederik Albert Cook, American polar explorer, doctor () April 6, 1909 R. Piri writing down with his student: The meta of my life has been reached. More than 20 years I have given її reach. Having built the straps in the world, I know the point of the pole ... However, 5 days before the first announcement, a telegram arrived in Europe, signed by F. Cook, in which it was said that on April 21, 1908 (then on the river earlier than Pira) the Pivnichny Pole was reached. Oskіlki vycherpnyh proving the reach of the pole nі Kuk, nі Pіrі taxes could not, nutrition Who was the first to reach the joint venture? zalishaetsya vіdkritim.
Georgy Yakovich Sedov Russian polar explorer () Spir between Piri and Kukom maw as an international resonance, and played a fatal role in the share of the Russian polar explorer G.Ya.Sedov. Georgy Yakovich, being a Viysk hydrographer and commander of a destroyer during the Russian-Japanese war, conceived his expedition to the Pivnichny Pole - the Persh Russian national expedition. The scandal that blew up in the United States, less than zmіtsniv senior lieutenant Sєdov in yoga idea: Pivnіchny Pole is not rooted - after all, you need to put a Russian ensign there, even if your country has long deserved such an honor! That is true of the man’s, faithful to the officer’s word and the man’s obov'yazku, which will lead to his heroic death. Obіtsyavshi sobі th Russia to reach the Pole, Sєdov viyshov spring 1914 rock near the ice. During the 2nd winter of May, all the members of the expedition suffered scurvy and became very weak. Tim not less than 6 Sjdov, having frozen the ship frozen in ice on the coast of Franz Josef Land, with the escort of 2 sailors, they are also very ill, breaking on the road. On June 5, 1914, having traveled more than 100 km along a 1000 km route to the Pole, Sedov died near Rudolf Island, the largest in the archipelasis. G.Ya. Sedov
Persha Dreyfuyucha Vіdomiy polar explorer Rudolf Samoylovich at his small book Way to the Pole writing about the history of the eternal thrust of a person to the center-point-magnet: Radiansk polar explorers do not try to set records... We are to blame, we can, zavdyaki high level modern technology practice without sacrifice. On the way to the Pole it is not guilty to have more graves! І explaining: It would be very important to stay at the Pole with a lot of money for months, to work on various scientific and advanced works. This is how the activity of the first station, which is drifting, PIVNICHNY POLE, was planned. The whole majestic country ordered the expedition.
Ivan Dmitrovich Papanin Otto Yuliyovich Shmidt Ivan Dmitrovich Papanin (). Hydrobiologist and oceanographer Petro Shirshov, geophysicist and meteorologist Yevgen Kostyantinovich Fedorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel underwent universal training at Great Earth. At the birch of 1937, a grandiose expedition was carried out at that hour at the warehouse 40 p. Zayvoy people on 4 aeroplanes (plus light aircrafts-rozvіdniki) headed for pіvnіch. Academician Otto Yuliyovich Shmidt ()
21 Travets 1937 Roku Litak, Mav on board 4 participants in the Expedics: chief of the station ivan Dmitrovich Papapanina, chief of the station ivan Dmitrovich Papapanina, the dosvіdno polar explosion - radio operator Ernsta Shipye Tu, the radio operator of the Ernsta, Okaino Okaino, Grensto Okaino, Grensta Okaino, Grensta Okaino Okaino, Grensta Okain. magnetologist Yevgen Kostyantinovich Fedorov, astronomer and magnetologist Yevgen Kostyantinovich Fedorov, safely on the Krizhan field. On the same day, the first at the light station at the Pivnichny Pole began scientific work. Nezabar z'yasuvalos, scho krizhanі field drifting near the beck of the Greenland Sea. The Pivnichniy Pole (SP) station turned into a polar station that drifted, as in 274 days it traveled more than 2,500 km from the pole to the coast of Greenland, and the majestic krizhan field turned into a small krizina with an area of less than 500 sq.m (). On February 19, 1938, the winterers were taken at once from the fittings of the crygolamic steamboats Taimir and Murman. For this unapplied drift, the station's surveyors picked up all kinds of absolutely new materials about the nature of the Central Arctic. Expedition established: there are no lands on the way to the drift of the station; that there are no lands for the drift of the station; the relief of the bottom was twisted by the stretching of the long-tailed drift; the relief of the bottom was twisted by the stretching of the long-tailed drift; it has been established that the warm Atlantic water and the clay current penetrate from the Greenland Sea to the very Pole; it has been established that the warm Atlantic water and the clay current penetrate from the Greenland Sea to the very Pole; it was asked for permission about mayzhe povnu the lifelessness of the polar region; it was asked for permission about mayzhe povnu the lifelessness of the polar region; twisted the top balls of the water under the splash of the wind; twisted the top balls of the water under the splash of the wind; the nature of the ice and the regularity of their drift has been established……. the nature of the ice and the regularity of their drift has been established……. "Pivnichniy pole"
Ice drifters of the Antarctic The Norwegian polar mandrill Roald Amundsen, having crossed the Fram Nansen, repeat the drift near the Pivnichny ice-covered ocean. However, otrimavshi ahead of the day in the call, scho Pіrі vіdkriv Pіvnіchniy Polus, vіn chіnіv іnіvіy plan і not prіvnіv vіdnіch, but іvdenі, schob try vіdkrіti Pіvnіchniy Polus. Roald Amundsen
Having reached the shores of Antarctica, the expedition of R. Amundsen, after a safe winter, broke on July 20, 1911, to the Pivdenny field. Yogo zadum crowned with success. December 15, 1911 Roald Amundsen reached the first place of Pivdenny POLE OF THE EARTH.
Commemoration of the Ocean of Light The ear of the contribution of the Ocean of Light was laid by the English Expedition on board the Challenger ship. scientific - last ship science - last ship CHALLENGER - scientific - last ship, on which the PERSH COMPLEX EXPEDITION FOR THE SVITOVOGO OCEAN was built. lower mustache in the front. Challenger specially equipped deck
Celebration of the Light Ocean For advanced reading For advanced reading Scientific and historical ship VITYAZ Radyansk scientific and historical ship, as it became famous for its achievements in the Pacific Ocean, at the hour of which it was discovered the Marianskaya trough. Marian Islands
THE HIMALAYA GOING TO EVEREST In the middle of the 19th century, the Indo-British explorers began to intensively climb the Himalayas and the Karakorum, the rocks behind them lay Central Asia - the object of the desire of the English imperialists. From the middle of the 19th century, the Indo-British explorers began to intensively move the Himalayas and the Karakoram, the rocks behind them lay Central Asia - the object of the desire of the English imperialists. In the other half of the 19th century, about 20 expeditions were carried out in the Himalayas, reaching the largest massifs and climbing to their peaks. In the other half of the 19th century, about 20 expeditions were carried out in the Himalayas, reaching the largest massifs and climbing to their peaks. In the first half of the 20th century, there were already about 80 expeditions, most importantly English ones, for the tasks of the Viysk exploration. In the first half of the 20th century, there were already about 80 expeditions, most importantly English ones, for the tasks of the Viysk exploration. Himalayas
INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RIK International geophysical rock is the period (not obov'yazkovo rіchny) of one-hour geophysical guards due to the scientific forces of different countries for a narrow program and a single methodology. For geophysical rock, a period was set from the fall of 1957 to December 31, 1958. The watch was carried out in all zones of the Earth on land, on the sea in the atmosphere. Particular respect was given to the weakly developed areas of the Earth, the least explored areas of Antarctica. In 1955, the low country began to organize scientific research bases in Antarctica. One of the most important works was to overcome the tightness of the ice cover: the thickness of the roof dome to become larger m. Azrofotozoomki, razrobennye litchik kіlkoh krajn, that shore work even painted the image of the contours of the mainland. International geophysical river
Our fellow travelers The famous Russian mandriving man Fedir Konyukhov: a man is a legend a man is a legend of Persh, and for the data for 2005, the only person in the world has reached the 5th pole of our planet: Everest (high pole) Miss Horn (yachtsmen pole). Fedir Konyukhov made three circumnavigations around the world, crossing the Atlantic 15 times.
Our participants As part of the Sim of the Summits of the World program, Fedir Konyukhov created a similarity: 1992. (lute) - m. Elbrus (Europe) 1992 (grass) - m. Everest (Asia) 1996 r. (sichen) - Vinson massif (Antarctica) 1996 r. (birch) - Cape Aconcagua (Pivdenna America) 1997 r. (luthium) - Kilimanjaro (Africa) 1997 r. grass) - McKinley Peak (Pivnichna) America) Official side of Fedor Konyukhov: Detailed information You know, having seen the Official side of Fedor Konyukhov: For additional reading
Our co-workers Kerivnik the first in the history of the expedition on the ground to the Pivnichny Pole (1979). In 1988, a rotational Radianian-Canadian expedition led by Dmytro Shparo crossed the Pivnichniy Liodovitiy Ocean on the ice over the route of the SRSR - Pivnichniy Pole - Canada. Polar Expedition of Dmitry Shparo Dmitro Shparo In 1989, Dmitro Shparo organized the ADVENTURE Club, which is engaged in sports rehabilitation for the disabled: organized and held a unique marathon in the disabled, climbing to the tops of Kazbek and Kilimand. Additive material
Visnovok Zіbranі in expeditions, the materials allowed us to make hypotheses (admissions) about the nature of that other phenomenon, as well as to develop scientific conclusions on the basis of the achievements of other sciences (physics, mathematics, biology). Vcheni created the theoretical foundations of geographical science, revealed causal and inherited links, fallowness between the components of nature, established regularities, authorities in the development of nature on the whole Earth. Geography revealed the regularity of the placement of great forms of relief, shaped the circulation of the atmosphere, created a concept about the soil as a particular component of nature. The head of the geography was the vchennya about natural complexes and about the largest complex - the geographic shell of the Earth, in which the living and working people. So step by step geography from the science of pre-descriptive-description changed into a science that explains the peculiarities of the nature of the Earth. Humanity never loses its majestic interest to the sweet booth, our black planet.
It turns out that the hours of pershovidkrivachiv have already passed at once, the white beaches have not been lost on the map. Ale, it seems, and in our days it is possible to rise in price, to see the unknown bits of the planet. Let's see all the continents and islands, let's get out of space to find the most distant and important areas, and the rich people's mind to set new tasks and organize expeditions. Who stinks, modern mandrivniki of the 21st century?
If we are talking about the famous pershopidniks, in order of the great Columbus, Magellan, Cook, Bellingshausen, Lazarus and others, we are talking about our fellows. The names of Cousteau, Heyerdahl, Senkevich, Konyukhov and other successors also sound like a hymn to the victory of our planet. Modern mandrivniki that їх vіdkrittya are beautiful
Cousteau is the greatest oceanographer, a French scholar. Tse people, yak made a fresh light for the people. With the same hands, eyepieces for the first scuba diver were prepared, the first scientific vessel was owned, which swirled sea depths. I have to lay down the first films, taken under the water.
In the past, people took away the ability to move freely in a tovshch and drive to descend to the depths of up to 90 m. On the back, there were archeological investigations on the bottom of the ocean and photoshoots on the glybins near the kilka kilometer.
If Cousteau, having made a "water saucer" - a mini-water choven, the possibilities of the wedding of the comrades' waters increased sharply. Prodovzhennyam was the beginning of timchasovyh underwater scientific stations, de modern mandrivniki lived for many months and could lead the guard without a middle in the sea.
The result of Cousteau's bagatorical work from the development of the underwater world were books and films, which made them very popular: "At the world of serenity", "Light without sleep", "Cousteau's underwater odyssey". Since 1957, the fate of the ocean has opened the Oceanographic Museum near Monaco. In 1973, the Association of Cousteau for the Protection of Marine Nature was founded.
In the midst of their honorable honors, the head of the wines, having honored the Order of the Legion of Honor. Cousteau died in 1997 in Paris.
Tse im'ya is also known to the skin, who wants a little bit of chirping mandrivkas. Thor Heyerdahl became famous for his sea trips, which were created to prove his look at the population of various regions of the world.
Heyerdahl was the first to put forward the idea that the islands of Polynesia could be inhabited by foreigners Pivdenny America. In order to bring this theory to light, today's mandrillers, using a simple ceramics, created an uncomplicated swimming on the Kon-Tiki balsa raft across the Pacific Ocean. Healthy close to 8 thousand kilometers in 101 days, the expedition reached the islands of Tuamotu. With this plate, I saved my buoyancy, and the yakbee is not a storm, singsongly, I could reach the shores of Asia in a moment.
Then the expeditions went on the next lines "Ra" and "Ra-2", in which our compatriot Yury Senkevich took a part. Chauvin "Tigris", sailing on which it is not enough to show the possibility of zv'azkіv between Mesopotamia and the breeding island of Hindustan, was burnt by the crew as a sign of protest against the military shores of Djibouti, and the expedition was not completed.
Heyerdahl did not wait long for the great world, and hanging out his theories. A lot of rocky vines surmounted the mysteries of Velikodaynya Island, especially the journey of the famous stone blasts. The tour has made sure that these gigantic statues could be prepared and delivered to the island by the natives of the island, as there are not a few modern tools for stone processing and transferring. The results of this study were sensational, even though more of them were not recognized.
Three of Heyerdahl's more advanced theories are a significant version about connections between the Vikings and the inhabitants of the Caucasus and Azov. Vіn vvazhav, scho vikings - vihіdtsі z Pivnichny Caucasus. Ale to bring this theory to you, the death of 2002 brought death to you.
Numerical books by Heyerdahl about yoga, look at the mastery of the world that is more expensive documentaries, Know about them, dosi zalishayutsya even hoarsely and cіkavim for any kind of people.
A modern Russian mandriving man and a conductor of our country's popular TV show "The Road Club", a polar explorer, taking part in the 12th Radian Antarctic Expedition.
In 1969, during the organization of the expedition to "Ra" Thor Heyerdahl wrote a sheet to the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR from the requests to participate in the niy doctor with garniy knowledge english movie, with dosvidom robit in expeditions and with a touch of humor. Viber falling on Senkevich. Cheerful and bezzhurny, with an optimistic outlook on life as a practicing doctor, Yuriy Shvidko was friendly with Heyerdahl and other members of the team.
Over the years, the stench more than once took part in the expeditions of the famous Norwegian. The rich stories of Heyerdahl became familiar to the Radyansk TV watcher at the same time as the stars of the TV show, like Yury Senkevich. "Club of the Road Movies" became for the wealthy a friend of the world, which made it possible to know cіkavimi missions terrestrial kuli. The guests of the program were modern mandrivers: Heyerdahl, Cousteau, Jacek Palkiewicz, Carlo Maury and a lot of others.
Senkevich took part in the medical expedition to the Pivnichny Pole and Everest. Yuriy Oleksandrovich died in 2006 at the time of the Chergovy telecast.
A lot of modern mandriving people repeat the routes of seafarers and pershoprokhidniks of the past. One of the most famous is Briton Tim Severin.
Pershu my dear wines zdіysniv traces of Marco Polo on motorcycles. The sailors from Venice, Severin and his comrades turned over the whole of Asia and crossed the border to China. Here it happened to be completed more expensively, I allowed the shards to be removed from the edge of the countryside. Dali was a vivchennya (for an hour she sailed on a canoe and a motor boat). An expedition is coming - following the route of St. Brendan across the Atlantic Ocean.
Suffocating with the benefits of Sinbad the Sailor, Severin decided to cross from Oman to China on a glass ship, orienting himself only with stars.
In 1984, Severin, with a team of 20 paddlers, repeated the route of the Argonauts to Colchis (Zahidna Georgia). And the advancing fate is more expensive with the traces of Odysseus and Homer's imperishable eponymous poem.
The whole route of Severin is more than deyakі. He wrote hoarse books about his usefulness, and for "Move Sinbad" he was awarded the prestigious Thomas Cook award.
Regardless of those who are in the yard of the 21st century, the spirit of love has not died down to suitability and cost. And at the same time, people who don’t sit at home in comfort, they cause the unknown, the unknown.
Among them are the modern mandrivniki of Russia. Perhaps we will find Fedir Konyukhov among them.
Before yoga name often add "first". Vіn the first of the Russians having visited three poles of the Earth: Pivnіchny, Pvdenny and on Everest. The first on the Earth having lifted five poles - the Pole of Inaccessibility in Antarctica and Miss Horn, which is considered such for yachtsmen, reached the front ones. The first of the Russians, having healed the "great symbol" - having risen to the highest peaks of all continents, vvazhayuchi Europe and Asia okremo.
On yoga rahunka there are no-one expeditions, most importantly extreme ones. Grooms chotiri once again having risen in price on yachts to the world. Participant of the transition "SRSR - Pivnіchniy pole - Canada".
Yogo books are read in one breath. And in the plans for the future - on the turn of the cool.
Let’s immediately exchange: the polar mandriving and the doslidnik. As early as 1970, the fate of the wines had begun a long expedition to the islands of Komsomolskaya Pravda. Three years later, the price for Taimir went up at the warehouse of the famous polar explorer Eduard Toll. In 1979, roci pіd yogo kerіvnitstvom was zdіysnenno first in the world expedition on the slopes to the Pivnіchny Pole.
One of the most famous trips is off Canada through the Pivnichniy Ice-free ocean at the warehouse of the Russian-Canadian expedition.
In 1998, turning the rock out of blue at once on the slopes of 2008, having organized two expeditions to the Pivnichny Pole. One of them is seen by the first in the world to reach the pole on the licks at night time. And the other took the fate of juveniles from 16-18 years old.
Dmytro Shparo - organizer of the Prigoda Club. The pledge is to hold a marathon on the territory of the country for the fate of people who have become addicted to the disabled. The most popular was the international convergence to Kazbek of disabled travelers from Transcaucasia, Norway and Russia.
The geography of today's more expensive ones is already great. In the main, there are few and important areas of the Earth. Qi are most likely to be seen in extreme minds, which influence the voltages of all forces.
Well, in one article it is important to remember all the names. Anatoliy Khizhnyak, who lived through the small tribes in the jungles of the Amazon and Papua New Guinea... Naomi Uemura, who alone made a trip to the Pivnichnogo Pole, who strayed through the Amazon, crossed Mont Blanc, Matterhorn, made..., Akonkumanjaro... all 14 eight-thousanders in the world... I could write a whole book about their skin care. Come on, let's breathe mandrivniks.
The thought about those that all geographic views have long been broken and the geographers have nothing to give light - not so.
True, great geographic reports, like they brought worldly knowledge about new continents, great rivers, mountain ranges and lands that lasted until the 20th century. And yet, in the XX-XXI centuries, the last ones continue to divuvate the world of unknown places on the planet, the quality and character of these victories have changed. Far more expensive across the seas and continents they were replaced by a glance and an analysis of cosmic signs at a writing table. To the services of geographers now methods of geophysics and geochemistry, aerial photography, radar survey of special satellites. The very concept of “geographical insight” has expanded and now includes in oneself an increase in dry land and water depths, and again, more recently, geography can reveal laws and regularities that control the skin geographical component of that interrelationship with each other.
In the 20th century itself, it became possible to determine the exact position of the Pivnichny and Pivdenny poles (1909–1911). Zavdyaki znіmkam і from space, geographers far away spaciously orient objects (burn, rivers), give them a coordinate base and a clear connection. The object of the pilgrimage of geographers was already in the rivers and lakes, so many of them changed their course and for hundreds of kilometers one type of one and the same water bodies fell into the same stench earlier (such a trend is in the Aral sea lake and the Caspian).
For the help of space zjomki far away into the rich new high-mountain lakes near the Himalayas and the mountain massif in Antarctica, covered by a five-kilometer ball of ice (2009). Cі burn, scho guess on their territory and the height of the Alps, ale 10 times older (the Alps are close to 50 million years), climb up the hill for 3 thousand kilometers, and geographers did not guess about it.
New technologies have allowed geographers to look farther back to the long-awaited lands of the Earth, but it has allowed the discovery of cyclical bagatokilometer-shaped hollows - nuclear structures. Їhnє doslіdzhennya to suggest to the mind that if the Earth was covered with majestic craters and guessed the surface of the Moon.
Significant luminous geographic significance was the appearance of the Russian sights of the lake Skhid (on the name of the scientific and historical station "Skhid", yak on a new bula) in Antarctica. Behind the nearby pіdrakhunks, the lake has a million rocks and for the whole hour of a rainy day it has not once stumbled from the atmospheric winds, over a 4-kilometer thick ice. Chi є in the lake of life? What happens if the lake water comes into contact with each other? How to take a sample of the water in such a way as not to allow contact of the water with the current atmosphere? Behind all the food to stand for the future vіdkrittya. The beginnings of the study of water samples, the vcheni spodіvayutsya exactly innovate the climate of the mind on the Earth. chemical warehouse that power of the atmosphere before the appearance of the ice-loving people. As in the lake, living organisms will be found (and wash with a large number of suitable: + 10˚С and more sour water - 50 times higher, lower on the surface of the Earth) - will become another geographical sight.
NEW EVENT (XX century)
Roald Amundsen
If Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) was only twenty years old, he came to Visnovka, so many previous expeditions to the Arctic suffered because their commanders were never captains of ships. For most of the sailors, the navigational powers had to rely on the informed skippers. In this rank, vyishovshi by the sea, the expedition is small not of one chief, but of two. Amundsen succumbed to the nedolіk. For whom it was necessary to acquire the knowledge of the skipper and take the captain's seat.
Amundsen already firmly vyrishiv that he would become an honorary man, even if he did something wrong, and with the power of his succession, having made a sailor on the ship’s window, so that he would gain the certificate necessary for the removal of a skipper’s diploma. It was not an easy job for a young person with a rich family, who already had two years of experience at the Faculty of Medicine and little ability to rule her life in a great and easy way. To Ale Amundsen, I’m sure that service as a simple sailor is an inevitable part of that route, which I’ve chosen as a boy after reading the description of Franklin’s first expeditions to Canada.
In 1897 the Belgians organized a scientific expedition to Antarctica. Before the warehouse, the squadron of the expedition included officers from different lands, Amundsen, having taken to her as the first navigator.
The expedition went straight to the shores of Pivdennoy America and spent a little time in the white of the Fire Land, on that hour there was little known island. They picked up many different specialties for a new rich collection, and in a year straightened them to Graham's Land. Here the ship raptly ate a pack of cries from the villages and got stuck at the new one. I had a chance to grow up for the winter. The command of the expedition did not allow for such a turnaround right, it was not prepared for winter. Winter brought a lot of hardships to the survivors. The fire for scorching, that illumination was thinned out, the cabins were filled with cold and gloom. People, oppressed by self-esteem and noise from the uninterrupted crackle of ice, fell into a gloomy canopy.
All suffered from scurvy, and two sailors were god-willed. The head of the expedition and the captain were so severely ill that they could not get up from their beds. Amundsen happened to take command.
Vіn robiv mustache, sho mіg, schob to ease the camp of comrades. Vvazhayuchi, scho deak raznomanіtnіst їzhі to improve the camp of scurvy ailments, digging out the dead seals from kuchugurs and starting to grow ailments on seal cutlets. I ce truth did the hostile action on health and became the spirit of the winterers.
And with the head dzherel of strength and goodness at this important hour, after the words of Amundsen, the ship’s doctor, the energetic little American Cook, who, in his own time, came from Piri near Greenland. Cook for the beginning of merriment, never losing heart and innocently saying about all the weak participants in the expedition. Vіn organіzuvav vylazki on rozvіdku ice, schob dіznatisya, yakі є є chances zvіlnennya z ice full, vin same sformuvav party of volunteers for drilling ice and vibuhu yogo dynamite cartridges.
If the cartridges, stashed along the straight line of the bow of the ship, swelled, nothing special happened, but if it was summer, the krizhan field cracked the line of vibuha, and the ship froze.
Behind the words of Amundsen, Dr. Cook is honestly, a good and incredibly lifelike person. And at that hour, Cook himself, singing like a year, that he was on the top of Mt. At the same time, I struck the world, releasing a bit, which reached the Pivnichny Pole. Buv navit the moment, if you were believed. Pіznіshe vіn sidіv v'yaznytі for shahraystvo.
After the thirteen-thirteen-year-old crying, the ship of the Belgian expedition was full of ships, turning back to Europe and bringing valuable scientific material.
On the offensive rock, Amundsen took off the captain's diploma and arrogantly announced the organization of his first independent expedition. When tsimu vin koristuvavsya with joys, she helped Nansen. Ale navittsia help did not provide yogo in the form of hvilyuvan, rozcharuvan, difficulty and calling in the collection of pennies necessary for the expedition. This expedition, modest behind the stained-glasses on it, is small to bring Amundsen to the top of glory, trying to go through the Pivnichno-zahіdny passage and proudly establish the exact location of the Pivnichny magnetic pole.
Amundsen bought a small Norwegian fishing schooner "Ioa" for long-distance navigation. Dviguni internal fire they began to appear suddenly, and Amundsen was almost never slapped with laughter, if they installed engines on the schooner to help the windows. The engine, having honestly served in the expedition, although as if it had not caused great misfortune in the engine room, burned out, and yakby the fire went to the tanks with the palms, Amundsen with the strength of the team would inevitably die by the fire in the midst of the crying expanses of the Arctic.
Amundsen in the red 1903 rock. Yogo team was formed less than six osіb. So, since until the moment when youmu was not able to repay the creditors, he and his comrades made their way on board the ship at night, in the rain, and the stench swam into the sea.
"Ioa" quickly traveled to one of the harbors of the western coast of Greenland, where she took a dog team and a motor boat. Then Amundsen straightened on the westward, to the island of Bіchi, de provіv low dolіdzhen, schob dіznatisya, in which the magnetic pole is directly known. The magnetic arrow pointed to the Pivostrіv Butiya, and Ioa went there through the Pilya Canal. Glibini in the archipelasis were even more unknown, and Amundsen turned on their vimir in the plan of his robots.
The two occupants of the ice did not vanish once before the engine room, and suddenly, in a strong storm, as if it almost broke the ship on the rocky reef.
When winter came, the mandrivniki knew a small bay on birch tree The lands of King William and wintered there. The stench prompted a small observatory, they installed new precise fittings for terrestrial magnetism.
Cі guards hindered them at the bay, the stench spent two rocks there.
Only on September 13, 1905, the expedition ventured to explore the Pivnichno-Zakhidny pass. Amundsen, having chosen the best path - through the Simpson channel, on the vіdmіna vіd іnshih doslidnikіv, like a better man tried to pass through the archipelago richly pіvnіchnіshe, against the edge of Butiї. Pivdenny way through the vuzki canals appeared free, even as wide pivnіchnі ducts were constantly clogged with ice.
Irresistibly on the uninterrupted sea of the lot, "Ioa" successfully went forward and on the 26th sickle she shot the whaling ship that came from San Francisco. Amundsen grafted himself successfully. Vіn thinking that it would be possible to go to the Pacific Ocean before autumn, if a simple whaling ship, which is coming from the Pacific Ocean, zoomed in to the south of you.
However, the kriegs closed in on themselves, and on the 2nd spring “Ioa” froze in a pack opposite the King’s Miss, and not far from the Herschel Islands, whaling ships hibernated, Amundsen prepared until the third polar winter.
Amundsen's companions ruled in "winter quarters", and he himself was the captain of a whaling ship thrown ashore, with a guide-eskimos and that yogo squad, having made a short trip on a sleigh near the cliffs of the mainland. The stench crossed the mountains of Alaska 2700 meters and descended into the Yukon Valley. Amundsen saw Fort Egbert, the most important military post of the Successful States. Zvіdsi vіn telegraphed to Europe about their success and about the camp of the expedition.
Then we turned back through Fort Yukon to the ship. At the linden, the krieg cracked, and the Ioa passed without crossing into the Bering duct. At the same time in 1906, fate came to the coast of California.
Amundsen gleamingly saw the task, as if respecting the purpose of his life, and over such a protyazh of hundreds of years, his champions fought unsuccessfully, sacrificing dozens of ships and hundreds of human lives. Truthfully, from the opening of the Panama Canal, the entrance to the Pivnichno-Zakhidny Passage has lost its practical significance, that interest has changed to a new one, the shards of the Amundsen's Ways have flowed through the seas and channels, like boules to a new one. Prote swimming "Ioa" was a miraculous reach. Highest value little more accurately is the designation of the mission of the Pivnichny magnetic pole and the great number of magnetic vimiriv, vibrated by the crew of the Ioa.
Amundsen, having set his advancing commanders to attack the Pivnichny Pole, but unstoppably replaced the Pivnichny Wines, leaning against the Pivdenny Pole without a hitch.
In 1909, when Amundsen was preparing to repeat Nansen's drift and to bring back the old Fram, he quickly recognized that Cook and Pir had already reached the Pivnichny Pole. In 1910, the captain Amundsen praised the decision to storm the Pivdenniy Pole, and then tried his own decision to taєmno navitt in his command.
On September 14, 1911, the expedition landed in Kitov Bay and organized a tabir. Amundsen virіshiv virushiti on the road іz chotirma with his comrades. Before the hour of preparation of the route, all the pardons of the previous expeditions were seriously insured. According to the price of wines through the skin, the degree of vlashtovuvav food warehouses and paliva and signifying them with high flagpoles. On tse pishov mayzhe rik.
On July 20, 1911, Roku Amundsen woke up on a sleigh pulled by dogs. A month after that, as part of the provisions were sifted, I ordered to slaughter one dog each day, which served even other dogs and people. Tsya, seemingly unappetizing hedgehog, turned out to be alive. On December 15, 1911, the expedition reached the Pivdenny Pole. Pershovidkrivachs raised the Norwegian ensign there. After the march, after 99 deb, we successfully turned back to the camp.
Tsey text is a cognizable fragment. From the book 100 great geographical references author Balandin Rudolf KostyantinovichThe most recent discovery It settled no less than 45 centuries ago on the territory of present-day Pivnichnoy Syria and Lebanon, the state of Yebla was not zagarbnitskaya, wanting to expand its territory, the inhabitants of її (eblaїti) nevertheless expanded, expanding in
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From the book I know the world. Great price author Markin V'yacheslav OleksiyovichThree views of Svalbard In the Icelandic chronicle dated 1194, there is the following entry: “Found the Cold Coast (Svalbard). In the Pivnichnaya part of Iceland - a few days of the sea way to Svalbard, ... but one day on the pivnіch to the kryzhany deserts of Greenland. Most scientists of Scandinavia
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From books In the world of facts author Zemlyanoy BIN VІDKRITTYA TA VINAKHODO P'єra Kyury and yoga team Maria Sklodovska-Kyury are called "fathers" of radium. The stench at once opened the new chemical elements radіy and polonіy, at once doslіdzhuvali manifestations of radioactivity. For his work in the hall of radioactivity P'єr Cury in 1903 roci buv
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From the book “Zda on the tips of the fingers or the horse’s cherub at the contact with her” author Schulte BrigittaNew results of the investigation - anatomical analysis As it was already guessed more, until the previous results of the exact examination of the horse's company were taken away. Such a short amount of information gave rise to the launch of a new future program
The one who can be recklessly resigned to the riches of the twentieth century, and the twenty-first century, intercessor of the director of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professor, doctor of geology, member of the Presidium of the Russian Geographical Society, dedicating all life to science, Arkady Tishkov rosepov about the most important. geographical insights of the past century.
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was practically no space left on the Earth, no geographer would have set foot: the main continents were more and less occupied, and the manifestations of the modern world about the most important world were clearly marked on the maps. In this rank, for the romantics-mandrivniks of the "bіlikh plyam", less daedal was left. To help the drunken mind of the heir came new technologies geochemistry and geophysics, capture from space satellites, aerial photography. The understanding of the “geographical insight” has significantly expanded and started to include not only the visual description, but also the attempt to explain the geographical phenomenon in all its fullness and totality of regularities, which are considered to be the skin component of nature okremo. Tim is no less, after a century, we are remembered by the most important geographical indications, as they significantly expanded the information about our native house under the name of the planet Earth.
"Bila Plyama" expanded in half of Europe
In 1926, the regional geologist Sergiy Obruchov and the geographer-cartographer Kostyantin Salishchev saw the Chersky Ridge at the Pivnichny Skhodі Sibir. The main mountain system has a length of 1500 km along the territory of Yakutia and the Magadan region, and the nastiest point - Mount Peremoga - is located at an altitude of over 3000 meters.
At the same time, the celebration of the entire pivnichny gathering of Russia went on, which for a long time was filled with “white flame” on the map and taїv at its own marvelous vіdkrittya. Beyond the area is the territory of the most beautiful half of Europe. Pershoprokhіdnikom, like a vivchiv tsyu region for example 19th century, becoming Jan (Іvan) Dementiyovich Chersky.
Photo: Oleksandr Mekheda, water-rf.ru So, from Verkhoyansk to Oymyakon, it was transferred to the pole of cold Pivnichnaya pivkul. Offended at once settlements Mayut tsey status with an absolute minimum of -67.8°C and -67.7°C is normal.
Perlina of Kamchatka
At the end of 1941, one of the largest and most significant light sources was found - the valley of geysers in Kamchatka was found. The pioneers were the geologist Tetyana Ustinova and the explorer Ansifor Krupenin. Mіstsevіst was revealed at the hour of the wedding of the river Shumna.
The valley of geysers represents the canyon of the river Geyser, which covers an area of 6 km2 and is composed of a large number of thermal maidanchiks, hot springs, mud pots, lakes and water falls. The unique microclimate has bred up to an abnormally high biological diversity in the surrounding area.
At the river vіdkrittya, that description of the us dzherel was broken. For the reasons of Aunt Ustinova, the stench was called, for constructive features, for the tightness of the bet and the drive, for the geyserite of other signs.
In 2007, the river valley was full of mudflows, which happened. Masi Gruntu blocked the river of Geyser with a dam and more thermal vents appeared deep under the water. It's wonderful, but a unique natural object showing miraculous building to self-improvement. After six rokіv repeated force broke through the dam, the valley was cleared and the number of geysers, which were blowing, increased. Perlina has become even more beautiful.
About the history of the Earth "Skhid"
At the fierce 2012 fate, a podia became, ten years were minted on the yak without rebilling: in the area of the Russian scientific and historical station "Skhid" in Antarctica, ice was drilled at a distance of 4000 meters and a unique lake was drilled, and a million winds were drawn Podlіdne lake took away the name "Skhіd".
The foundation of the lake was theoretically transferred in the middle of the last century, and the confirmation of the hypothesis took off in 1996. The end of the century brought a great number of new meals to the end of the 21st century. What are living organisms in the lake? What happens when the lake water comes into contact with the current atmosphere? Chi not є unsafe old bacteria for people?
In this manner, it is possible to affirm that the geographic evidence is strong enough to allow, among others, to recreate the history of climate change on the Earth, even in the future.
Burn in Antarctica
Previously, it was important that the landscape of Antarctica was a plain without any distinct geological formations. However, in 1958 a number of successive checkers received a surprise. The Third Radianskaya Antarctic Expedition discovered the whole system of sub-girs near the central part of Skhidnaya Antarctica. The stench was named after the Radyansk geophysicist and academician Grigory Gamburtsev. The rosemaries of the mountainous formations are practically close to the European Alps: the valley is about 1300 km, the width is 200 to 500 km, the most vіdomi points are 2990 m and 3390 m. And all the chain under krizhanim curve, the greatest comrade of any sygaє 4000 meters!
Gori Gamburtsev was formed 1 billion years ago. The manifestation of this mountain massif is also important to understand the processes of molding the earth's ice sheet. Based on current paleontological theories, the Skhidno-Antarctic shield, which dominates the territory in Antarctica, having settled 33-35 million years ago. Vіn no less hoisted the mountains of Gamburtsev under him, and step by step he covered the whole continent with a bagatometer ball.
Burn in the ocean
Like the mountains of Gamburtsev stumbled under the thick ice, then the Lomonosov and Mendlєєva ridges, which were hit by the Radyansk high-latitude expeditions in 1948 and 1949, were apparently stuck in the waters of the Pivnichnoy Lidovy ocean.
The Lomonosov Ridge may pass through the Pivnichny Pole, its length is about 1800 km, the width varies from 60 to 200 km, the height above the ocean floor from 3300 to 3700 meters, the minimum height of the water ball above the ridge starts from the sign of 900 meters. The Mendeliev Ridge can make a little bit of history. Vіn divisions by an underwater valley with a depth of up to 2700 meters, and the name "Mendeliev's Ridge" can only be seen to a part, which is closer to Russia.
Installation of the ensign of Russia on the days of Pivnichny Icy Ocean
Vіdkrittya pіvstoіtnої opacіvіn nepodіvano has turned to itself respect in our days, if Russian Federation filed an application with the UN Commission, in which it was argued the need to install new cordons on the continental shelf of Russia in connection with the fact that the Lomonosov and Mendeliev Ridges were submerged to the Eurasian continent.
