Metamorphosis is the name given to the sudden consolidation of changes in organs associated with a change in their basic functions. Metamorphosis vegetative organs The growths are extremely varied.
One of the greatest all sorts of things The biological root has a mutual relationship with fungi. Does this phenomenon have a special name? Mycorrhiza (which literally means fungal root) and there is a great deal of literature devoted to it. Mycorrhiza is characteristic of an important majority of flowering plants (probably less than 90%). Due to such a wide expansion, mycorrhiza is rather a rule, but a tradition has arisen, and we still view it as a modification of the root.
Zanshny Boku, Bagato Roslin, so yak orkhіdnі, especially pro -saprofiybi resort Life, nastilki tіno good mushrooms, and there can be no longer possible to get out without “infection” with the specifically Mikoriznim Grib.
Mycorrhiza comes in two different types.
Up to the first type ectomycorrhiza(external mycorrhiza). In this type, the hyphae of the fungus are wrapped around the roots of the weeds with a thick sheath (hyphal mantle) and also penetrate into the interclinium (not the cliniform of the measles). Under the influx of hormones, which look like a mushroom, the young roots become very soft and begin to simmer. Ectomycorrhiza is typical for many trees of the death zone, including species of oak, birch, willows, maples, conifers, poplars and others. Ectomycorrhiza is created by both basidiomycetes and sometimes ascomycetes.
Wider, more universal width may be endomycorrhiza(Internal mycorrhiza). They can be observed, for example, in apples, pears, sonicas, tomatoes, cereals, orchids and many other species. There are a lot of flower groves. With endomycorrhiza, the fungal sheath around the root does not harden, the root hairs do not die, but the hyphys penetrate deeper into the root tissue and spread into the cells of the measles parenchyma. There are a number of different types of endomycorrhizae, and each of them varies greatly from one type to another.
The most specialized type of endomycorrhiza can be observed in orchids. In orchids there is no hyphal mantle near the roots and the mycelium may be located in the middle of the root. The hyphae of the fungus in the measles cells create their own balls. These tangles are soon poisoned by the Lord's dew. Mushrooms that cultivate orchid mycorrhiza, create organic compounds and feed the roots with their products. And this is especially important for the saprophytic method of eating. The fungal component of endomycorrhiza of this type may have been previously thought of as oomycetes.
Mycorrhiza is of great importance in tropical woodland forests. Through a strong rinsing regime (sparing of litter) the soil is practically removed (all living substances are washed away from the soil). Roslins are faced with the problem of food. At the same time, there is a lot of fresh organic matter: scorched leaves, leaves, fruits, sap. This organic matter is inaccessible to plant growths, and they come into close contact with saprotrophic fungi. Thus, the main source of mineral resources in these minds is not soil, but soil mushrooms. Mineral speeches The roots are located directly in front of the hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi, and boardwood trees are characterized by a superficial root system. The extent to which mycorrhiza works effectively can be judged by the fact that tropical rainforests are the most productive species on Earth; the maximum possible biomass develops here.
The sprouting of plant roots with nitrogen-fixing bacteria is significantly less widespread. True, the biological significance of this phenomenon is extremely high. In addition to all common legumes, root bulbs are also found in representatives of other families, for example, in some conifers, in the velvet family, in a number of casuarinaceae, buckthornaceae, and oleraceae. We will not dwell on this widely visible phenomenon.
The roots of any growing plants contain a large number of stored living substances, most importantly carbohydrates: especially starch and zucchini; in other forms? Inulin. However, in certain situations, the function that stores becomes hypertrophied and comes to the fore. When the root becomes lean, it becomes fleshy. Most often the structure becomes narrower, which is called the root core. Vaughn is especially characteristic of garden growing plants: beet, radish, brukva, turnips, carrots, celery and many others. Exotics can be called ginseng, chicory. Root crops have a complex morphological nature, the fragments in the light of the root crop take part in both the root and the stem (more precisely, the subcotyledon - the hypocotyl). But in order to establish: what part of the root crop is represented by the root, and what part of the root crop is represented by the stem? necessary special anatomical investigations.
The growths in the appearance of root cones are sharpened and in plants with a fibrous root system, for example, in Georgina.
In many cases, the root is used for vegetative propagation. In many rich growths, above-ground groves develop from root accessory branches. These pagons are called root plates. Up to the root shoots you can see: aspen, plum, cherry, buzok, v'yun, bergenia, sow. The remaining are angry and important weeds that have been eradicated. When the soil is cut, small pieces of horses easily take root and give rise to new shoots.
In many plants that climb, for example, ivy, special appendage-roots are established on the stem, which penetrate into the cracks and unevenness of the tree, rocks, or walls and softly dry the shoots.
It seems like the root of the plant is like a ficus choking plant.
The whole other function is carried out by the so-called contractile (which moves quickly) or the root, which attracts. The stench is characteristic of many rhizomatous, cibulin and bulbocybulin plants. A classic plant with contractile roots is the crocus. In addition to the primary roots, the crocus develops additional contractile roots, which quickly draw bulbocybulin into the soil. In this case, the contractile roots seem to collapse, become transversely wrinkled and, as a result, are easily cut off from the original roots.
U in special situations The roots can be reservoirs for storing water. In many tropical epiphytic orchids (and epiphytic plants that grow as a substrate for the growth of other plants), the outer part of the bark, called velamen, is formed from empty large cells that are used to absorb water on the lips. ki. Before the hour is over, the custards will be filled with water, which is stored in them and, if necessary, vicorized with roses. Behind the walk is velamen - tse bagatosharova rhizoderm.
How many tropical villages grow in the top rank of mangroves (for example, avitenia), which grow in freshwater tropical swamps, as well as in the shallow waters of ocean shores, develop special ventilation or reactive roots? pneumatophores. The stinks appear on underground tree roots and grow vertically uphill, rising above the water or soil. It is noteworthy that such a root is characterized by negative geotropism.
The same mangroves produce roots of a different type, called stilts. These additional roots are supports. The stench appears on stems and stems and grows downwards, penetrates the substrate and thoroughly rubs away the growth, for example, in the pulp. Such roots support a wide range of mangrove tea leaves - rhizophora. The most effective stilted roots are found in the ficus banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis). Numerous additional roots of the banyan tree grow down, take root and develop a strong root system. After all, one banyan tree grows on an entire grove. Such troops can occupy enemy areas.
No less powerful is the plank-like root, which is typical for the great trees of tropical plank forest. For obvious reasons, plank trees lose their surface root system, and at the same time the trees of the first tier reach great heights. The root of the primordial tree cannot anchor the growth in the soil (of which there is no such thing), and these giants fade under the hour of frequent storms and rage. Therefore, at the roots of such trees, which spread along the surface of the soil, special vertical growth develops, as the boards lie down to the tree’s stem.
The bud-like root is rounded in the transection, but then there is a strong one-sided secondary growth. In tropical plank forests, the height of the plank-like root often exceeds human growth.
Not less than the adventitious root of our primary swamp growths is the “on top” of Budova. True, this root does not have a special name.
The flow is the most important organ of growth. This type of power is typical for him:
Already in the first place, the stages are divided into two types: 1) vegetative and 2) generative.
Beware of a clear change in the forms of growth and function during the process of biological development. For example:
Let's look at the main types of specialized and metamorphosed organs of constant movement.
It develops in rich herbs and chagarniks with well-grown taproot. Is this a kind of rich organ of eternal movement? Call up the woody lower sections of the pagons to pass at the woody shorthorn roots.
Caudex carries with it numerous lines of renewal. In addition, the caudex is the place for storing spare living materials.
As a rule, the caudex is underground and rarely reaches its surface? above ground.
Nowadays, the caudex can be installed behind the leaf scars and the natural growth of the nirok. Caudex rhizomes are grown by dying. As the movement decreases from the center to the periphery, its organ divides (cracks) along the edges of the area - the particulates. Apparently, the process of articulation is called particulation. As a result, a structure is established that is often called: rich-headed rhizome, knobby rhizome, rich-headed stem root, stem root. These are called to accurately represent the appearance of the caudex, to create its image.
It is clear that there is particulation in old (blue) growths.
The caudex is especially expressed in empty, empty and high-altitude forests. In some species, Caudexis reach a large size and weights, for example, in representatives of the Pangos genus, up to 15 kg.
The systematic growth of caudex grows is rich in legumes (alfalfa), umbelliferous (stegnets), and complex flowers (kulbaba, polyn).
Rhizome or rhizome (root-like)? This is a long-lasting underground flow, which serves the functions of vegetative renewal, reproduction and often storage. The rhizome does not bear green leaves, but has a clear metameric structure and is completely subdivided into the root. Woozles can be seen behind leaf shoots, scars or axillary burrows.
As a rule, appendage roots are formed on the rhizomes, grown at the nodes with lobes or individually.
Increasingly at the top - the distal part, the rhizome is gradually dying out in the old? proximal part.
It is important to divide the development of internodes of the roots of the plant into:
When the rhizome gilds, a clump of above-ground runners is formed, which actually lie on one individual. Such curtains are called a clone.
Also, a large number of roslins are characterized by a clonal form of growth. There are two ways to form rhizomes.
In the case of young roslins, the entire flow is aboveground. It bears lustrous and green rosette leaves. Further, the leaves die, and the stem part is drawn into the soil, where it becomes a structure for the storage of spare parts and transforms into the rhizome.
Thus, the structure can still be divided into two phases: above-ground and underground. In the course of ontogenesis, the process recognizes active transformation, metamorphosis in the literal sense. Such rhizomes are called enclosed or epigeogenic aboveground rhizomes. This pattern is used for the molding of rhizomes: cuffs, gravilata, sunitsa, lungwort and others.
In other growths, the rhizomes begin the growth phase of the roots that are under the ground. Such rhizomes from the beginning of underground travel are called hypogeogenic. Beware of rich herbs and tea leaves: pyria, crow's eye, kupena, speedwell and others.
And here the rhizomes are thin and serve more than vegetative propagation.
Bulbs of increased underground flow like potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes. Are bulbous shoots beginning to develop at the ends of underground stems? stolons. The stolons are unsustainable and tend to grow throughout the growing season, during which time they develop into rhizomes.
In the bulbs, the parenchymal cells of the heart grow significantly. The conductive tissues are even weaker and noticeable between the core and the measles. The bulb is covered with a periderm with a thick ball of cork, which helps to endure the harsh winter calm.
The leaves on the bulb fall off very early, and the scars appear on the bulb's eyes. Each tree has 2-3 axillary buds, of which only one sprouts. Nirki for friendly minds can easily sprout, feeding on the spare speeches of the bulbs and growing in their own growth.
So, the third conducting function of underground carriages? vegetative renewal and reproduction.
Several types of plants create their own leaf bulbs (for example, a thin-leaved core). These are modified leaf blades that sit on the petioles of rhizomes. These leafy bulbs are shoveled, pinnately veined and infused into the tissue mesofilm, or are non-chlorophyllous and are used to add spare starch.
Gladiolus bulbocybulina is similar to from the outside looking in to cibulin. However, in a later view it is clear that its stem part is strongly twisted and transformed into a bulb to accommodate reserve words. At the bottom of the bulbocybulin there are numerous adventitious roots that form the fibrous system. Among them are contractile roots that retract.
Cibulina is another type of highly shortened underground flow. On the opposite side of the bulb, a small part of the stem is leveled? bottom. A number of leaves are attached to the bottom, which overlaps each other and takes away the name of the cibulin lice.
In the urban cibulina, for example, the fleshy lurks are covered with dry, floaty dry lurks, so all cibulina of this type is called floaty tunicate or concentric. In the case of fleshy leeks, the skulls often overlap one another, apparently, and the cibulina is called imbricated.
The saplings of the cibulini are derived from the lower vein leaves of the pagon. The top green leaves are found at the top of the river.
All cibulins are eaten in two categories: with rhizomes and without rhizomes. Cibulins with rhizomes can also reproduce by broodstock: from the bottom of the cibulinum, rhizomes grow, which grow horizontally in the ground and on the opposite side of the mother cibulinum they create a new cibulinum - broodstock. The cibulin takes root and after a few years it can bloom. This category includes several types of tulips and wild plants and cybulae.
Cibulini without rhizomes are known to everyone because they serve as the primary planting material in sheep and vegetable gardening.
In the axils of the sap leaves, daughter cibulins (children and teeth) are formed, which develop to flowering. A lot of cibulins develop, for example, in a watchmaker.
The storage of water in the parenchymal cells of juiced onions is ensured by the formation of special mucus membranes, which strongly swell in water and remove water.
In most breedings, cibulins are found as ephemeroids. Their above-ground wings have been around for a long time: they appear early in the spring and die out already at the beginning of summer. Khiba sprouts “flow out of the dry land.”
Suculents are plants that bear sap, fleshy leaves or stems, which act as reservoirs for storing moisture. This is how you can succulently and economically spend the entire dry period.
Suculents are divided into two great groups:
Stem succulents have fleshy stems, and leaves, as a rule, have turned into spines (to reduce transpiration). The types of stem succulents can be called American cacti and African milkweeds, which are similar to them.
Leafy succulents - thick, fleshy leaves. Before them can be found the sedum (Crassulaceae): sedum, golden root; liley, amaryllis, agave, aloe, gasteria, havortia.
A special occurrence of the metamorphosis of nirka into a succulent organ - cabbage - is observed in the most commonly cultivated cabbage. Apparently, cabbage is a garden weed. At first the leaves appear rosette, lightly succulent, then the leaves sharply increase in size and turn into buds. On the other hand, after overwintering, cabbage, like a typical gardener, gives a continuous flow of blood.
There is a great diversity of thorns and thorns in the bushes, which, in addition, may vary in appearance. For example, in cacti and barberries spines are a modification of leaves. The use of such spines is primarily intended to reduce transpiration, their function being in most cases and in other rows.
Other growths (glodu, wild apple tree) loom thorns of the eternal walk- These modifications are shortened. Often stinks begin to develop like normal leafy leaves, and then become woody and lose leaves.
Further development of undeveloped leaves and transfer of their functions to green stems leads to the formation of such metamorphosed organs as phylocladies and cladodes.
Phylocladies (Greek philon - leaf, klados - girdle) - these are flat, leaf-like stems and form whole stalks. The most popular butt of plants that undergo metamorphoses of a similar kind are heads (Ruscus). These trees grow near Crimea and in the Caucasus; stinks are often released in room brains. It’s really interesting that on the leaf-like stems of the stem, lustrous leaves and flowers develop, which never happen on a normal leaf. In addition, phyllocladies and leaves grow around the area.
Cladodes are called clumps of stems that, when replaced by phyloclads, have preserved their originality until mature growth. These are rare species that are becoming more pronounced, for example, among the Australian Mühlenbecks.
U bagatioh climb roslin(Peas, chini, watermelon, etc.) Beware of the leaves changing into tendrils that may twist around the support. The stem of such plants is thin and weak, so it is impossible to keep it in an upright position.
Roslini creeping(sunica, brushwood, etc.) form a special type of pasta, serving for vegetative propagation, such as batogs and stolons. They belong to the category of above-ground-bending growths.
How brown is this material?
Roslin's organs: their functions, future and metamorphoses.
The organs of the plants that serve to support the individuality of the life of the plant (root, stem, leaf) are called vegetative. The stench is present in the embryonic stage of the skin.
Generative organs ensure the process of state reproduction. The flower is modified, unharvested due to the intergenerational growth, and is prepared for state reproduction with further development of the plant and fruit. The organs of the flower are modified leaves: the outer surface of the leaf forms sepals and petals, and the spore-producing leaf gives rise to larvae and queens. The peculiarities of the knitted flowers are related to the filing methods.
Metamorphosis of vegetative organs.
The main vegetative organs of a plant are the root, stem and leaf. The number of typical vegetative organs is often narrowed by their variations, which resulted from the trivial process of evolution. This phenomenon is also called metamorphosis, which means transformation. Changes in organs occur on the same basis, so that their differences cannot be immediately determined.
Another form of the plant (for example, beet root) changes due to activity.
Morphology of the root and root system.
Korin is a specialized organ of ground food. It contains the following functions:
depletes water and mineral elements
serve to secure the ground;
there is rukhovo activity (extension zone);
we can also have reserve functions, swelling the forms of root bulbs (georgina);
the introduction of new functions to bring to fruition: a) wild root in swampy groves; b) root – prichipok (ivy); c) dried orchid root etc. modification.
The main function of the root is soil food. This function signifies the peculiarity of life. First of all, the root may have a large surface contact with soil particles and grow heavily from them. Otherwise, the wet working plots of the roots cannot be lost in place - they are to blame for drying out, exploring new spaces and further supporting the chalky soil.
Drying in shallow soil allows the upper growth of the root to dry and dry, which allows the lower upper meristem to break through between the soil particles.
The soaked fabric fulfills the most important function of the root – soil food. It is made up of one ball of tissue, which is spread on the surface of a young root. The entire outer ball of cells that covers the young root is called rhizoderm.
The clinches of the soaked ball form thin shells and firmly adhere to the soil particles. The stench actively flows onto the ground and stirs up the necessary words. This activity requires a significant expenditure of energy, which is ensured, first of all, by a steady tide organic speeches and, in other words, intense oxidation of these substances, then. let's die from burning sourness. Therefore, the root cause of the problem is the interclinary system, filled with gases and relieved gas exchange.
The wetting balls create long-lasting growths - root hairs, which often increase on the surface of the root.
Root hairs rarely grow at any distance from the root. This means that the root section between the hairs and the cap feels strongly stretched and sticks between the particles in the soil. Any inequalities or interventions in this area would prevent the roots from penetrating into the soil.
The first plant to grow when the plant germinates is the cap root, which develops from the germinal root. The head root is all first order. From here come the secondary roots, with axes of a different order, from them come roots of the third order, etc. Through war, the root system is formed.
On the growths of stems and leaves, adventitious roots often appear. Their functions are the same as those of the cephalic root.
Since the stem is mostly tied to the roots, there is a difference between them. The place where the stem transitions into the root is called the root collar, and the section of the stem located between the root collar and the cotyledons is called the hypocotyl, or the subcotyledon. From this, adventitious roots often emerge. The secretion of their secretion is absorbed by the subglottis of the growths. Due to the growth of the adventitious root, the root system increases, which increases the life of the growth, making it more stable.
The root system can be taproot, since the head root appears in the middle of other roots due to its size, or fibrous, since the head root is weakly developed and does not grow apart from other roots.
Behind the shape of the stem root there is: cone-like (parsley); turnip (turnip, beet); thread-like (flion sprouts); spindle-like (like varieties of carrots).
The amount of roots varies at significant intervals. In cultivated cereals, the main mass of them develops in the core horizon, and around the roots it falls to a depth of 1.5 – 2 m.
The total yield of roots in one line of life or wheat (without root hairs), grown in field drains, reaches 600 m - 70 km.
The growing and moist roots are separated. The first ones grow quickly, are covered with a cork and do not soak up water. Acidic growth is complete, long-term deprived of soil and soil damage is well absorbed. The stench is the end of the root of great orders.
Metamorphosis of the root.
The rootstock is formed from the head root of a plant from a large number of living streams. Root crops are established in the minds of the cultural cultivation of plants. Beetroot, carrots, radishes, etc. have a stink. The root crop is divided into: a) the head, which bears a rosette of leaves; b) neck - middle part; c) the best root, from what kind of roots come from.
Root bulbs, or root cones, contain fleshy reinforced buds and also adventitious roots. Sometimes the stench reaches even great magnitudes and is a receptacle for reserve substances, especially carbohydrates. The root bulbs have chistyaka, orchids, and starch as a reserve. Inulin accumulates in the adventitious roots of the gorgina, which have been transformed into the root of the bulb.
The growing plants are called sweet potatoes, from the Yunkova family. Their root bulbs reach 2 - 3 kg, but they can be larger. Cultivated in subtropical and tropical areas for extracting starch and zucchini.
Povitryane roots take root in many tropical trees. The stinks develop like appendages from the stem, have a brown color and hang freely in the wind. Characterized by the presence of clay and atmospheric vault. They can be found in orchids.
The roots that are dripping, behind the help of some weak stems of the vines climb uphill along the stacks of trees, along the walls, along the slopes. A similar accessory root that grows into crevices anchors the growth well and gives it the ability to climb great height. Before the group of such vines there is ivy, which grows widely in Crimea and the Caucasus.
Dihalne root. In swampy growths, to which access to the roots is very difficult, a special root grows, straight up from the ground. The stench is above the water and dominates the atmosphere. The wild root is found in swamp cypress. (Caucasus, Florida).
Organs are similar and homologous.
Ch. Darwin introduced the concept of analogous and homologous organs.
Similar organs acquire new functions, but there may be differences between them (the thorns of a cactus and the thorns of a cactus).
Homologous organs may be similar, but have different functions. (Pear thorn, kupen roots).
“Tissues of Roslin” - Morphology and anatomy. As a rule, the thickness of the axial organs increases. There is a gas-filled chamber under the breather. It is made of cells with uniformly thick, often wooden walls. The division of functions led to the emergence of specialized groups of cells - tissues and organs. Clients-companions. 20.
“Budova leaves of the growth” - Perevіrochni robots with a strong hand or saving the file. The animations are very intelligible and intelligent. The gallery is a variety of educational material. Very barvy photographs. Vykoristannya in the teaching staff helps to maintain low methodological and didactic instructions. Choose the right firmness. Manager. The growth of the leaves of the roslins presented on the doshtsi.
“Klitinna Budova Arkusha” - Fill in the missing letters: Mizh...vuzol, opposite, p...big, v...g...tivni, g...n...r...tivni, leaf...va, zh...lki, dug...voje zh...lk ... bath, cold ... r ... fill ... Where there are no leaves, there are no fruits. Meta: Formulate a lesson about the fabric of the cotton leaf Lesson objective: To gain knowledge about the fabrics of the forest 2. Develop creativity, criticality, respect and memory 3. Develop communicative skills.
“Biology Meeting” - By the city of Lusk additional roots of the Verkhivkova Nirka. Structural structure. FUNCTIONS in-in blame roset. light reserve. Biology Science. Plid. Do-ki, speaking correctly, the old man is not correct. CHLORO... Life. Straight. Mizhkl. R. top up. K l i t k i. Item. Gardens, parks. The vitality of the cell. Tk vein. Chromosomes.
“Organs of the flower plant” - Root Vecha Stem Leaves Flower Fruit Family. Reproduction organ of flower weeds. Organs of the flower plant. 2. Generative organs of plants. Organs of kvitkovyh roslins. Ferns Golosonasinny. Name the organs of the flower plant? The leaf is one of the main organs of the plant, which occupies the most important position in the plant.
“Russian organism as one whole” - Bulba. Monocots and bicotyledonous skins are the germ of a reserve of living rivers. It is not computers who create miracles, but readers! Dry juices are single-vested, rich in content, and have a wide content. Plid. And before us, parachutists descend from the sky. The sucker is crazy. Roslina. Loch pshat. Korin. Guess the riddle.
To marvel at the presentation with pictures, designs and slides, download the file and open PowerPoint on the computer.
Text instead of presentation slides: The dream has so much meaning. Sleep (lat. somnus) is a natural physiological process of being in a state with a minimal level of cerebral activity and a reduced reaction to excessive light, powerful planets, birds, fish and other creatures. Other creatures, including comatose ones (for example, fruit flies). During the hour of sleep, the brain becomes aroused, the rhythmic activity of neurons is renewed, and strength is renewed. SLEEP Full phase Swede phase Complete the table (handbook, page 222) Full sleep Swede sleep The heart beats more; Exchange of speech reductions; Eyes apples under the ageless eyes. The robot's heart will be strong; The apples begin to crumble under the eyelids; Hands clenched into fists; The names of the sleep phases are associated with the biostrum of the brain, which is recorded using a special device - electroencephalography. With heavy sleep, the device indicates rare vibrations of great amplitude. In the light sleep phase, the curve, which is distorted, registers parts of the vibration of small amplitude. Dreaming. All people have dreams, but not all of them remember them and can tell about them. Therefore, the robot’s brain is not touched. At the hour of bedtime, the information is removed for the day and organized. Here we explain the facts, if there is a problem in our dreams, but it was not possible to live in the state of sleeplessness. The state of anxiety imposes its influence on the dream: they can trigger a nightmare. Sometimes it is connected with physical and mental illnesses. Cause disturbing dreams occur after people wake up or their experiences end. In healthy people, dreams are often of a calm nature. Significance of sleep: make a note and write it down. Sleep will provide essential repairs to the body. Sleep promotes the processing and storage of information. Sleep (especially deep sleep) facilitates the consolidation of the grafted material; fast sleep is realized under a specific model of wounding processes. Sleep is the process of restraining the body until the light level changes (day-night). central nervous system engages in analysis and regulation of robots internal organs. The need is as natural as hunger and sprague. If you go to bed at the same time and repeat the ritual before going to bed, the mental reflex reaction is activated and sleep comes quickly. Poor sleep patterns and lack of sleep can cause negative legacy. Before going to bed, it’s nice to: * take a walk in the fresh air; * have dinner 1.5 years before bedtime, live an easy, well-acquired life; * bed must be done manually (unfortunately sleep on an overly soft mattress and high pillow); when the apartment is open; * brush your teeth and rinse thoroughly before going to bed. A trivial dream is as bad as a trivial lack of sleep. It is impossible to stock up on sleep. Home improvement paragraph 59, read the basic concepts, compose the memo “Rules for healthy sleep.”
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Along with the typical tropes, in which the leaves carry out photosynthesis, and the stems provide the most space for the leaves to be distributed in space, the growths often develop modifications of the patrimony.
Changed organs occur as underground, so i aboveground Typical types of underground parts of yubegu include rhizome, bulb, cibulina and bulbocybulina (Fig. 8.14). They all smell like rice; nodes, intersites, verkhivka and bichny brunki, modified leaves.
rhizome- Underground flow of rich herbs, aromatic herbs and tea leaves. The root of the rhizome is similar to the root, but the true root is cut due to horizontal growth in the soil, the presence of a luscious leaf, scars from a fallen leaf, roots and adventitious roots, the absence of a root Chokhlika. At the top of the rhizome, axillary nirka develops, and in the axils of the meadows - axillary nirka. From the branches of the rhizome, above-ground vines are rapidly developing, like dying in the spring. The old parts of the rhizome also die, the connections between row groups of runners are destroyed, and as a result, over time, a sprout of daughters develops from one plant from the loosened rhizome (Pyria sublime, Convalia, Snit, magnifying glass and in.). Internal Budova The rhizomes are also typical of the stem. Thus, rhizomes are important organs of vegetative propagation, and in some growing plants (latatya, konvaliya, lepekha, kupenya) a large number of spare living rhizomes accumulate in the absorbed rhizomes.
Bulba- modified due to a heavily thickened stem, which accumulates reserve living words.
Bulbs are either underground or aboveground. Underground bulbs grow as a result of growth on a thin leafless underground flow - stolons (potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes). The place where the bulb is attached to the stolon is its basis. Verkhivka and bichni brunkas develop on the bulb. Vichka. Dilyanka bulbi between nirks (glasses) - tse interuniversity. The basis of the skin color is retouched brivka- place for attaching the reduced sheet. As on the original patterns, the lines on the bulbs grow spirally. Behind the eyes of the bulb, aboveground leaves and flowing pods develop. Therefore, in addition to the functions that it reserves, the bulbs acquire the function of vegetative propagation.
Figure 8.14. Changes in both parts: a —vusa sunitsi; b - stoloni and potato bulbs; b-cibulin hyacinth (hilarious appearance and late bloom); G — cibulin lily; d — short roots of the kupenya; e — barberry thorn (modified leaf); g - white acacia spines (modified leaflets); h, l - thorns and honey locusts (varied varieties); i — hiss shipshini; to the pea tendril (part of the leaf has been modified); m—grapes (modified pasta); 1 — stem (bottom); 2 —leaves; 3—the rudiment of sutvittya; 4—appendage root; 5 —scars from dead aboveground stems.
Tsibulina- the underground is shortened along with the succulent leaves, attached to a short stem called bottom. At the top of the day, the top brunka grows, and in the axils of the juiced lusks there are ben brunkas, which are used to give the cob to the young cibulin-children (chasnik). The succulent trees accumulate spare life-long speeches. The ring of cibulin in many roslins is covered with dry lustres, which contributes to its drying function. Cibulini can also appear as species of above-ground pagonians. For example, small cibulins (bulbs) develop in the axils of the leaves (in some species of cibulins).
Bulbotsibulina The call is similar to the cibulin, but it grows up from its bottom, which has grown greatly, serving as an organ for accumulating spare living substances. The sound is covered with dry plastic leaves. The bulbocybulina has well-developed apical and axillary nodules, which give rise to the flower-bearing stalk and club of non-children cibulins. Bulbotsibulini are found in Likholittya, gladiolus, and saffron.
Changes in above-ground cultivation are typical for rich growths. In which it appears as both parts of the flow (stem, leaves, branches), and flowing under the hull. For example, in normal or pumped cabbage, the kachan, It consists of a short stem with numerous branches that overlap one of the leaves, possibly containing chloroplasts. Kachan is essentially a metamorphosed giant nirka, like a germinal flow.
Plants with modified patterns most often congregate in dry areas, where there is a shortage of water, and therefore the vegetative organs of the plants begin to override the function of storing water. Roslins with such shoulder straps are called succulents(Div. § 14.4).
Satisfied with the wider variety of parts throughout thorns. In some growing plants, leaves transform into spines (in barberry, cacti), leaflets (in white acacia) or leaf petiole after the leaf blade falls (in astragalus). In glodu, zoster, wild apple, wild pear, the stem of several barrels is transformed into a thorn. In peas, peas and other plants that climb, the upper part of the folding leaf turns into branches, and in grapes - into runners.
To replenish the waste of living waters in the soil and in advance of nitrogen shortages, the leaves of mosquito-bearing plants (sundews round-leaved, puffy grass, hybrid nepenthes, etc.) are created. catchers of apparatus.
Dzherelo : ON THE. Lemeza L.V. Kamlyuk N.D. Lisov "A Handbook of Biology for Entrants to VNZ"
